哈佛大学公开课Justice-What's the right thing to do 03

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1、Justice03FreetoChoose/WhoOwnsMe?Whenwefinishedlasttime,wewerelookingatJohnStuartMill'sattempttoreplytothecriticsofBentham'sUtilitarianism.InhisbookUtilitarianismMilltriestoshowthatcriticstothecontraryitispossiblewithintheutilitarianframeworktodistinguishbetween

2、higherandlowerpleasures.ItispossibletomakequalitativedistinctionsofworthandwetestedthatideawiththeSimpsonsandtheShakespeareexcerpts.AndtheresultsofourexperimentseemtocallintoquestionMill'sdistinctionbecauseagreatmanyofyoureportedthatyouprefertheSimpsonsbutthaty

3、oustillconsiderShakespearetobethehigherortheworthierpleasure.That'sthedilemmawithwhichourexperimentconfrontsMill.WhataboutMill'sattempttoaccountfortheespeciallyweightycharacterofindividualrightsandjusticeinchapterfiveofUtilitarianism.Hewantstosaythatindividualr

4、ightsareworthyofspecialrespect.Infact,hegoessofarastosaythatjusticeisthemostsacredpartandthemostincomparablybindingpartofmorality.ButthesamechallengecouldbeputtothispartofMill'sdefense.Whyisjusticethechiefpartandthemostbindingpartofourmorality?Well,hesaysbecaus

5、einthelongrun,ifwedojusticeandifwerespectrights,societyasawholewillbebetteroffinthelongrun.Well,whataboutthat?Whatifwehaveacasewheremakinganexceptionandviolatingindividualrightsactuallywillmakepeoplebetteroffinthelongrun?Isitallrightthentousepeople?Andthereisaf

6、urtherobjectionthatcouldberaisedagainstMill'scaseforjusticeandrights.Supposetheutilitariancalculusinthelongrunworksoutashesaysitwillsuchthatrespectingpeople'srightsisawayofmakingeverybodybetteroffinthelongrun.Isthattherightreason?Isthattheonlyreasontorespectpeo

7、ple?Ifthedoctorgoesinandyankstheorgansfromthehealthypatientwhocameinforacheckuptosavefivelives,therewouldbeadverseeffectsinthelongrun.Eventually,peoplewouldlearnaboutthisandwouldstopgoinginforcheckups.Isittherightreason?Istheonlyreasonthatyouasadoctorwon'tyankt

8、heorgansoutofthehealthypatientthatJustice03FreetoChoose/WhoOwnsMe?1youthink,well,ifIusehiminthisway,inthelongrunmoreliveswouldbelost?Oristhereanotherreasonhavingtodowithintr