有机合成反应机理：离子与自由基反应机理课件-英

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1、2021/7/23有机合成CollegeofMaterialScienceandEngineering2021/7/23考核方式：闭卷考试成绩评定：期末考试占70％、平时成绩占30％；期末考试：试题（试题满分100分）考题类型：1.选择题；2.填空题；3.简答题；4.机理题；5.合成题平时成绩：满分30分；2021/7/23StructureandBonding;AcidsandBasesContents:PrefaceAtomicstructureElectronConfigurationofAto

2、msCovalentBondsHybridization:sp3;sp2;spBondPolarityandElectronegativityAcidsandBasesChapter1.2021/7/23PrefaceMid-1700sFoundationsofOrganicChemistryalchemistsnoticeddifferencesbetweencompounds:livingsourcesandmineralsIn1770SwedishchemistTorbernBergman“Or

3、ganic”and“Inorganic”substancesOrganicChemistry:Chemistryofcompoundsfromlivingorganisms.2021/7/23In1828FriedrichWohlerIn1848GmelinOrganiccompounds:containingtheelementcarbonAmmoniumcyanateUrea2021/7/23ShellsandsubshellsShell:1,2,3Subshell:s,p,d,f1.1Atomi

4、cStructureAtomicnumber(Z,原子序数)=protonsMassnumber(A,质量数)=Protonsplus(+)neutrons2021/7/23Boundarysurfacesofa1sorbitalanda2sorbital.Theboundarysurfacesenclosethevolumewherethereisa90-95%probabilityoffindinganelectron.Boundarysurfacesofa2porbital2021/7/231.

5、2ElectronConfigurationofAtomsThreerules:Rule1(Aufbauprinciple):theorbitalsoflowestenergyarefilledfirst,accordingtotheorder:1s-2s-2p-3s-3p-4s-3dRule2(Pauliexclusionprinciple):Onlytwoelectronscanoccupyanorbital,andtheymustbeofoppositespin.Rule3(Hund’srule

6、):iftwoormoreemptyorbitalsofequalenergyareavailable,oneelectronisplacedineachwiththeirspinsparalleluntilallarehalf-full.2021/7/232021/7/231.3CovalentBonds1.4Hybridization:sp3,sp2,sp2021/7/23CH4(Methane):2021/7/23sp2Hybridization2021/7/23CH2CH2(Ethylen

7、e):2021/7/23spHybridization2021/7/23CHCH(Acetylene):2021/7/232021/7/231.5BondPolarityandElectronegativityBronsted-LowryDefinitionAcid:asubstancethatdonatesaproton(hydrogenion,H+)Base:asubstancethatacceptsaprotonLewisDefinition1.6AcidsandBases:Electroneg

8、ativity:theintrinsicabilityofanatomtoattractelectronsinacovalentbond.2021/7/23OrganicReactionMechanismNucleophilicsubstitution:SN1andSN2Elimination:E1andE22021/7/23（一）NucleophilicsubstitutionNucleophile(亲核试剂)：带负电荷的试剂(OH-,RO-,CN