有机合成反应机理：离子与自由基反应机理教学教案-外文翻译教学教案.ppt

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1、2021/9/14有机合成CollegeofMaterialScienceandEngineering2021/9/14考核方式：闭卷考试成绩评定：期末考试占70％、平时成绩占30％；期末考试：试题（试题满分100分）考题类型：1.选择题；2.填空题；3.简答题；4.机理题；5.合成题平时成绩：满分30分；2021/9/14StructureandBonding;AcidsandBasesContents:PrefaceAtomicstructureElectronConfigurationofAtom

2、sCovalentBondsHybridization:sp3;sp2;spBondPolarityandElectronegativityAcidsandBasesChapter1.2021/9/14PrefaceMid-1700sFoundationsofOrganicChemistryalchemistsnoticeddifferencesbetweencompounds:livingsourcesandmineralsIn1770SwedishchemistTorbernBergman“Orga

3、nic”and“Inorganic”substancesOrganicChemistry:Chemistryofcompoundsfromlivingorganisms.2021/9/14In1828FriedrichWohlerIn1848GmelinOrganiccompounds:containingtheelementcarbonAmmoniumcyanateUrea2021/9/14ShellsandsubshellsShell:1,2,3Subshell:s,p,d,f1.1AtomicSt

4、ructureAtomicnumber(Z,原子序数)=protonsMassnumber(A,质量数)=Protonsplus(+)neutrons2021/9/14Boundarysurfacesofa1sorbitalanda2sorbital.Theboundarysurfacesenclosethevolumewherethereisa90-95%probabilityoffindinganelectron.Boundarysurfacesofa2porbital2021/9/141.2Ele

5、ctronConfigurationofAtomsThreerules:Rule1(Aufbauprinciple):theorbitalsoflowestenergyarefilledfirst,accordingtotheorder:1s-2s-2p-3s-3p-4s-3dRule2(Pauliexclusionprinciple):Onlytwoelectronscanoccupyanorbital,andtheymustbeofoppositespin.Rule3(Hund’srule):ift

6、woormoreemptyorbitalsofequalenergyareavailable,oneelectronisplacedineachwiththeirspinsparalleluntilallarehalf-full.2021/9/142021/9/141.3CovalentBonds1.4Hybridization:sp3,sp2,sp2021/9/14CH4(Methane):2021/9/14sp2Hybridization2021/9/14CH2CH2(Ethylene):202

7、1/9/14spHybridization2021/9/14CHCH(Acetylene):2021/9/142021/9/141.5BondPolarityandElectronegativityBronsted-LowryDefinitionAcid:asubstancethatdonatesaproton(hydrogenion,H+)Base:asubstancethatacceptsaprotonLewisDefinition1.6AcidsandBases:Electronegativity

8、:theintrinsicabilityofanatomtoattractelectronsinacovalentbond.2021/9/14OrganicReactionMechanismNucleophilicsubstitution:SN1andSN2Elimination:E1andE22021/9/14（一）NucleophilicsubstitutionNucleophile(亲核试剂)：带负电荷的试剂(OH-,RO-,CN