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1、CommentsonHumanRightsAconceptionofhumanrightsismeanttoplayacertainroleinglobalpoliticalargument(inwhatRawlscallsthe“publicreasonofthesocietyofpeoples”):principlesofhumanrightsaremeanttoprovidesharedstandardsforevaluatingandcriticizingthepracticesofapoliticalsocietyinitstreatmentofitsindividua
2、lmembers.Threepoints—signaledbythethreeitalicizedphrases(sharedstandards,practicesofapoliticalsociety,individualmembers)—areimportantinthischaracterizationofhumanrights.First,thefocusonindividuals.Theroleofaconceptionofhumanrightsistopresentasetofimportantstandardsthatallpoliticalsocietiesare
3、tobeheldaccountable,bytheirmembersandbyoutsiders,intheirtreatmentofindividualmembers.Astatementofhumanrightspresents,asiscommonlysaid,asetoflimitsoninternalsovereignty,or—perhapsbetter—presentsconditionsonwhichastate’sinternalsovereigntyisacknowledged.Theideathattherearesuchlimitsoninternalso
4、vereigntyisoftensaidtobeafundamentaldeparturefromtheWestphalianconceptionofthsovereigntythatprevailedfromthemid-17centuryuntiltheendofWorldWarII.Krasnerexpressessomeskepticismonthispoint:thoughthenormsofWestphaliansovereigntydenyexternalaccountability,thosenorms,heargues,havepersistentlybeenv
5、iolatedbyexternally-guaranteedprotectionsofrights;that’swhysovereigntyisorganizedhypocrisy.ThechangesinceWorldWarII,Krasnerclaims,isbetterunderstoodasashiftfromabridgementsinthenameofminoritygrouprights(alwayspartoftheWestphaliansystem)toabridgementsinthenameofindividualhumanrights,ratherthan
6、ashiftinthebasicunderstandingofsovereignty.Krasnerisrighttoemphasizethatprotectionsofminorityrightswereabridgementsofconventionalunderstandingsofinternalsovereignty.ButIsuspectthatthemorerecentdevelopmentshavechangedthenormsofsovereigntythemselves,andnotsimplyshiftedthecontentofthepredictable
7、abridgementsoftheconventionalnorms.Second,theconceptionofhumanrightsissupposed,insomesense,tobeshared:humanrightsstandardsarestandardsthatcanbeendorsedbypeoplewhoholddifferentreligiousandphilosophicalviews.Thestandardsrepresentapartialstateme
