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1、31TheRelativityandEthnocentricityofHumanRights*JamesGriffinI.EthicalRelativityEthicalrelativism,asI shallunderstandit,makestwoclaims: first,thatethicaljudge-mentsaremadewithinaframeworkofbasicevaluations,whichmaytaketheformofbeliefs,preferences,sentiments
2、,andsoon;and,second,thattherearedivergentframe-worksforjudgementsonthesamematter,nooneframeworkbeingmostauthorita-tive.1Wecanthenspecifytheframeworkfurthercasebycase—thebasicevaluationsofindividualpersons,ofsocialgroups,ofcultures,and so on.Ethicalrelativ
3、ism,asmostcommonlyexpressed,isuniversal: allethicaljudgementsarerelativetoaframework.Itscontradictoryisthereforeparticularnegative: somearenot.I havealreadyargued2thatsomeethicaljudgements—namely,judgementsaboutbasichumaninterests—areobjective,where‘objec
4、tive’meansdependentnotuponaperson’ssubjectivestatesbutuponconsiderationsthatwouldleadallsuccessfullyrationalpersonstothesameconclusion.Souniversalethicalrelativismis,I conclude,false.Butphilosopherstendtotreatvaluesasiftheywereuniform: allareobjective,orn
5、oneis;allareamatterofknowledge,ornoneis;allarerelativetoaframework,ornoneis.ButI havealsoquestionedthisassumptionofuniformity.3Somecomplexmoralnorms,suchas‘Don’tdeliberatelykilltheinnocent’,haveanelementofpolicytothem,andsolackempiricaltruth-value,whereas
6、thejudgementsthataparticularhumaninterestisorisnotmethave one.Relativismneednottakeauniversalform.Considerrelativitytotheevaluativeframeworkofindividuals,basedontheirdifferentdesiresandsentiments.Valuebeliefscanbesubjectedtocriticismbyfacts4andbylogic.5Ma
7、nyethicalbeliefsareshapedbyaperson’sunderstanding,oftenmisunderstanding,oftheempiricalworld: ofthecon-sequencesofouracts,ofwhattheobjectsofourdesiresarereallylike,andsoon.Onceone’sdesiresandattitudeshavebeencorrected,onemaycometochangethem;overtimetheymay
8、increasinglyconvergewiththedesiresandattitudesofothers.Whatarelativistmustmaintain,however,isthatsomedivergentbeliefswillremain,and*ThischapterfirstappearedinJamesGriffin,OnHumanRights(Oxford: OxfordUniversityPress,
