古希腊哲学（英文）

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1、ClassicalGreekPhilosophySocratesSimplemanStonemasonShrewishwifeLoyalserviceinthewarIncredibleconcentrationWisestmaninAthens(oracle)Gadfly(Dialectics/Socraticmethod)“Theunexaminedlifeisnotworthliving.”SocratesConvictedof“corruptingtheyouth”Describedas“thebestandwisest”and“mostnoble”manPlatoStudento

2、fSocratesTheAcademyMathematicsWhatistherealnatureofthings?WhatmakesthisaChair?ChairnessPlatoTheRepublicIdealsocietyRulebythephilosophersTheAllegoryoftheCavePlatoSuperiorityoftheintellectuallifePlatonicloveDevaluedthephysicalCreationbytheDemiurgeShapingimperfectmatterintotheperfectFormEthicsFindthe

3、ForminallthingsAristotleTaughtbyPlatoLyceumNaturalsciencesTruthisbestunderstoodfromobservationoflivingthingsCapableinmanyareasFormscanbeunderstoodfromthephysicalaswellasfromthepurelyintellectualAristotleAristotelianScientificMethodUsedfor2000yearsBasicassumptionsbasedonreasoningDeductivemethodObse

4、rvationsusedtoconfirmtheassumptionsExample:Elementsofearth(4)andheavensExample:QualitiesofthingsDidnotemployexperimentationDisturbsnatureAristotleFourCausalQuestions(Physics)MaterialQuestion(Whatisitmadeof?)EfficientQuestion(Whatcausedit?)FormalQuestion(WhatisitsFormoressence?)FinalQuestion(Whatis

5、itsfinalendorpurpose?)AristotleExample:AMouseMaterial:moleculesEfficient:birthFormal:dna(information)Final:fulfillitspurposeasacreatureofGodAristotleMotionBodiesmovetoachievetheirstable("natural")positionHeavierbodiesfallfasterPoeticsRhetoricEthos=powerofpersuasioncreatedbythecharacterofthespeaker

6、(GettysburgAddress)Pathos=powerofpersuastioncreatedbythepassionofthespeaker(IHaveaDreamspeech)EthicsActtoavoidextremesThankYouZenoEpicurusAverroesAnaximanderPythagorasAnaxagorasHypatiaParmenidesEschinesAlcibiadesXenophonAlexanderSocratesHeraclitusPlatoAristotleDiogenesEuclidZoroasterPtolemyRaphael

7、ClassicalGreekPhilosophySocrates470-399BCDividedphilosophyinto2groupsPre-SocraticsAfterwerebaseduponhisethicsandmethodsPhilosophersversusSophistsBelievedinasingle,allpowerfulGodUseddialectics(SocraticMethod)tofin