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1、WALDRONFTPPAGINATEDB.DOC3/7/201110:02:27AMPLANNINGFORLEGALITYJeremyWaldron*Legality.ByScottShapiro.Cambridge:HarvardUniversityPress,2010.Pp.472.$39.95.I.ComparisonsWhatislawlike?Whatcanwecompareitwithinordertoilluminateitscharacterandsuggestanswerstosomeoftheperennia
2、lquestionsofjuris-prudence?Naturallawyerscomparelawstomoralpropositions.Ahumanlawisanattemptbysomeonewhohasresponsibilityforahumancommunitytorep-licate,publicize,andenforceapropositionofobjectivemoralitysuchas“Killingiswrong.”Lawislikemoralreasoning,saythenaturallawy
3、ers,andlawsshouldberegardedasprinciplesofrightreason(principlesthatreasondictatesasanswerstothemoralquestionsthatneedtobeaddressedinhu-1mansociety).However,inrecenttimeslegalphilosophershavelookedforilluminationinthedomainofsocialfactratherthanintherealmofvalue.Lawis
4、likepower,theyhavesuggested,orlikecertainfactsabouttheexis-tenceandexerciseofpower.So,forexample,JohnAustin,writinginthefirsthalfofthenineteenthcentury,saidthatlawswerelikecommands.Acommandistheexpressionofawishcoupledwiththethreatofasanction,andalawexpressesthewisho
5、fasovereignalongwithathreat(fortheeventofnoncompliance)thatthesovereign’sascendancyinasocietymakes2credible.JusticeHolmesofferedadifferentcomparison:alaw,hesaid,is3likeapredictionofwhatcourtswilldoinacertainevent.Thelawprescrib-ingfifty-fivemilesperhourasthespeedlimi
6、tforthestateofNewYorkisapredictionthatthecourtswillimposefinesonthosewhoarecaughtdrivingfasterthanthat.Sojurisprudenceislikesocialscience:ittakesaseriesofpredictionsaboutwhatpowerfulpeoplewilldoandittestsandorganizesthem.H.L.A.Hart,writinginthemiddleofthetwentiethcen
7、tury,usedadif-ferentcomparisonfromsocialscience.Hearguedthatlawsarelikesocial*UniversityProfessorandProfessorofLaw,NewYorkUniversitySchoolofLawandChicheleProfessorofSocialandPoliticalTheory,OxfordUniversity.1.See,e.g.,ThomasAquinas,SummaTheologica,inAquinas:SelectedP
8、oliticalWritings103,121(A.P.D’Entrèvesed.,J.G.Dawsontrans.,1959).2.SeeJohnAustin,Theprovinceofjurisprudencedetermined21,166(Wilfrid
