Chapter 2 Phonetics & Phonology语音学与音系学.ppt

《Chapter 2 Phonetics & Phonology语音学与音系学.ppt》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。

1、Chapter2Phonetics&PhonologyInstructedbyYanShangyuanContents1.Speechsounds2.Phonetics语音学2.1Whatisphonetics?2.2Speechorgans2.3IPAandBroadandnarrowtranscription2.4ClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds3.Phonology音系学3.1Phone音素,phoneme音位andallophone音位变体3.2Phonemic音素analysis3.3Phonol

2、ogical音系学的rules3.4Suprasegmental超音段的phonology1.SpeechsoundsSoundswhicharesystematicallyusedinhumanlanguagesarecalledspeechsounds.Soundsmadebyahumanbeingbutnotusedinlanguagearenotconsideredasspeechsounds(coughing,snoring,sneezing).2.Phonetics语音学2.1Whatisphonetics?(p.25)Thestu

3、dyofthespeechsoundsthatoccurinallhumanlanguages.Itisthesciencewhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofhumansoundmaking,particularlythesoundsusedinspeech,andprovidesmethodsfortheirtranscription,descriptionandclassification.Threeareasofphonetics:(p.26)Articulatoryphonetics(发音语音学):prod

4、uctionofspeechsoundsAuditoryphonetics(听觉语音学):perceptionofspeechsoundsAcoustic[ə'kuːstɪk]phonetics(声学语音学):physicalpropertiesofspeechsounds2.2Speechorgans(p.27)1-nasalcavity2-lips3-teeth4-alveolarridge5-hardpalate6-velum(softpalate)7-uvula8-apex(tip)oftongue9-blade(fro

5、nt)oftongue10-dorsum(back)oftongue11-oralcavity12-pharynx13-epiglottis14-larynx15-vocalcords16-trachea17-esophagusAccordingtothefunctioninthesoundproduction,thevocalorganscanbedividedintothreeparts:initiatoroftheair-stream,theproducerofvoiceandtheresonator['rɛzə'netɚ

6、].Divisionofvocalorgans:2.2.1Theinitiatoroftheair-stream:(1)Theinitiatorincludesthelungsandthetrachea;(2)Thedirectionoftheairstream:outgoing/pulmonic:inalllanguagesNon-pulmonicsounds:ejectives(挤喉音),clicks(吸气音),implosives(内爆音inSindhi,Igbo)2.2.2Thevocalcords(theproducerofvoice

7、)(1)Pitchdependsontherateofvibrationofthevocalcords.(2)Vocalcords:Completeblockage(totallyclosed)forproducingglottalstop[נ]:[נeni][נidiət]Vibrating(closetogether)toproducevoicedsounds:[m][b][g][z][e][i]Notvibrating(apart)toproducevoicelesssounds:[p][h][t]2.2.3Threeresonators

8、(amplifierandmodifier)(1)Pharyngealcavity(咽腔)(2)Nasalcavity(3)Oralcavityact