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1、LecturethreeSpeechSound(Phonetics&Phonology)Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived.Aspeechsoundgoesthroughathree-stepprocess.(speechproduction--------speechtransmission----speechperception)(articulatoryphonetics----acousticphonetics------auditory
2、phonetics)Ifweareinvestigatinghowindividualsoundsegmentsarearticulated,wecanfindanswersinphonetics.Butnaturalspeechisacontinuousprocess,thewordsstreaming/flowingfrommouth.Sosoundscontinuallyshowtheinfluenceoftheirneighbours.PhonologyPhonologyisthestudyofthesoundpatternsandso
3、undsystemsoflanguagesSoundpattern:whichsoundunitsareusedandhowtheyareputtogetherandaimtodiscovertherulesthatunderliethesoundpatternse.g.theconsonantclustersconsistofavoicelessfricative摩擦音andavoicedplosive爆破音inEnglish.Inconsonantclustersofplosivesandfricatives,theyusuallyshar
4、ethesamevoicefeature.ThethreevariantsofthepluralforminEnglishareappliedinthefollowingfashion:a.The[s]appearsaftervoicelesssounds.[t,k]b.The[z]appearsaftervoicedsounds.[l,n,b,d,g]c.The[iz]appearsaftersibilants.齿擦音[s,xi,qi]Soundpattern:theinventoryofdistinctivesoundsthatarepho
5、nemesHowspeechsoundsaremade?1.Speechorgans/vocalorgans发声器官Thosepartsofthehumanbodyinvolvedintheproductionofspeech:thelungs,thetrachea,thethroat,thenoseandthemouth.Vocaltract:thepharynx咽,mouth,andnose(鼻腔nasalcavity,口腔oralcavity)theresonatingcavities.Themannerofarticulationthe
6、actualrelationshipbetweenthearticulatorsandthusthewayinwhichtheairpassesthroughcertainpartsofthevocaltract1.Stop(orplosive)爆发音:completeclosureofthearticulatorsisinvolvessothattheairstreamcannotescapethroughthemouth.[p,b,t,d,k,g]2.Nasal鼻音:iftheairisstoppedintheoralcavitybutth
7、esoftpalateisdownsothatitcangooutthroughthenasalcavity.[m.n.]3.Fricative摩擦音:africativeisproducedwhenthereiscloseapproximationoftwoarticulatorssothattheairstreamispartiallyobstructedandturbulentairflowisproduced.[f.v...s.z...h]4.Approximant近音:thisisanarticulationinwhichoneart
8、iculatorisclosetoanother.Thegapbetweenthearticulatorsisthereforelargerthanf
