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1、PARTONEDESCENTORORIGINOFMANCHAPTERI.THEEVIDENCEOFTHEDESCENTOFMANFROMSOMELOWERFORM.HEWHOwishestodecidewhethermanisthemodifieddescendantofsomepre-existingform,wouldprobablyfirstenquirewhethermanvaries,howeverslightly,inbodilystructureandinmentalfaculties;andifs
2、o,whetherthevariationsaretransmittedtohisoffspringinaccordancewiththelawswhichprevailwiththeloweranimals.Again,arethevariationstheresult,asfarasourignorancepermitsustojudge,ofthesamegeneralcauses,andaretheygovernedbythesamegenerallaws,asinthecaseofotherorgani
3、sms;forinstance,bycorrelation,theinheritedeffectsofuseanddisuse,&c.?Ismansubjecttosimilarmalconformations,theresultofarresteddevelopment,ofreduplicationofparts,&c.,anddoeshedisplayinanyofhisanomaliesreversiontosomeformerandancienttypeofstructure?Itmightalsona
4、turallybeenquiredwhetherman,likesomanyotheranimals,hasgivenrisetovarietiesandsub-races,differingbutslightlyfromeachother,ortoracesdifferingsomuchthattheymustbeclassedasdoubtfulspecies?Howaresuchracesdistributedovertheworld;andhow,whencrossed,dotheyreactoneach
5、otherinthefirstandsucceedinggenerations?Andsowithmanyotherpoints.Theenquirerwouldnextcometotheimportantpoint,whethermantendstoincreaseatsorapidarate,astoleadtooccasionalseverestrugglesforexistence;andconsequentlytobeneficialvariations,whetherinbodyormind,bein
6、gpreserved,andinjuriousoneseliminated.Dotheracesorspeciesofmen,whichevertermmaybeapplied,encroachonandreplaceoneanother,sothatsomefinallybecomeextinct?Weshallseethatallthesequestions,asindeedisobviousinrespecttomostofthem,mustbeansweredintheaffirmative,inthes
7、amemanneraswiththeloweranimals.Buttheseveralconsiderationsjustreferredtomaybeconvenientlydeferredforatime:andwewillfirstseehowfarthebodilystructureofmanshowstraces,moreorlessplain,ofhisdescentfromsomelowerform.Insucceedingchaptersthementalpowersofman,incompar
8、isonwiththoseoftheloweranimals,willbeconsidered.TheBodilyStructureofMan.Itisnotoriousthatmanisconstructedonthesamegeneraltypeormodelasothermammals.Allthebonesinhisskeletoncanbecomparedwit
