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1、外文翻译原文ModelsforEvaluatingandPlanningCityLogisticsTransportationSystemsMaterialsSource:CIRRELT-2007-65Author:TeodorGabrielCrainicetc.IntroductionThetransportationofgoodsconstitutesamajorenablingfactorformosteconomicandsocialactivitiestakingplaceinurbanareas.Forthecityinhabitants,i
2、tsuppliesstoresandplacesofworkandleisure,deliversgoodsathome,providesthemeanstogetridofrefuse,andsoon.Forfirmsestablishedwithincitylimits,itformsavitallinkwithsuppliersandcustomers.Indeed,therearefewactivitiesgoingoninacitythatdonotrequireatleastsomecommoditiesbeingmoved.Yet,frei
3、ghttransportationisalsoamajordisturbingfactortourbanlife.Freightvehiclescompetewithprivateandpublicvehiclestransportingpeopleforthecapacityofthestreetsandarteriesofthecity,andcontributesignificantlytocongestionandenvironmentalnuisances,suchasemissionsandnoise.InmajorFrenchcities,
4、forexample,ithasbeenfoundthatfreightvehiclesconsumeonaverage30%ofthecitystreetcapacity,two-thirdrepresentingparkingfordeliveryandpick-upoperations.OnaverageforthirteenAmericancities,freighttransportationrepresentssome10%ofthetotalvehicle-kmtravelledwithinthecities;thesamemeasuref
5、orthethreelargersFrenchcitiesvariesfrom13%to20%.Figuresareequallytellingregardingemissions.AnOECDreportassigns,forexample,43%ofsulphuroxides(SOx)and61%ofparticulatematter(PM)emissionsinLondon,UK,tofreighttransportation,whilefornitrogenoxides(NO)emissions,thefiguresare28%forLondon
6、,50%forPrague,and77%forTokyo.Thesenuisancesimpactthelifeofallpeoplelivingorworkingincitiesaswellastheproductivityofthefirmslocatedinurbanzonesandofsupplychainsinvolvingthesefirms.Moreover,theamplitudeoffreighttrafficalsocontributestothebeliefthat“citiesarenotsafe”thatpushesnumero
7、uscitizenstomoveoutofthecitylimits.Andtheproblemisnotgoingtodisappearanytimesoon.Infact,thenumberoffreightvehiclesmovingwithincitylimits,whichisalreadyimportant,isgrowingandisexpectedtocontinuetogrowatafastrate.Majorcontributingfactorsarethecurrentproductionanddistributionpractic
8、esbasedonlowinventoriesandtimelydeliveri
