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1、Chapter3 WordFormation10/4/20211WordFormationSomebasicconceptsofword-formation(1)Word-formationrules=definethescopeandmethodswherebyspeakersofalanguagemaycreatenewwords.Example:1.Adj.+N+ed=adj.2.N+N+ed=adj.3.N+en=verb4.Adj.+en=verb10/4/20212WordFormationExamplesoftherules:Long-handed;red-handed,
2、;Pig-headed;time-honored;Strengthen,hearten,threaten;Weaken,soften,darken,etc.10/4/20213WordFormationSomebasicconceptsofword-formation(2)Notallwordswhichresultfromtheapplicationoftheruleareacceptable.Ex.Short-handed,black-handed,sheep-headed,time-dishonored,nosen,booken,strongenarenotacceptableE
3、nglishwords.10/4/20214WordFormationRoot,stem,base:Root=notfurtheranalyzable,eitherderivationallyorinflectionally.(compoundwords=tworoots)Stem=isofconcernonlywhendealingwithinflectionalmorphology=thepartofawordwhichremainswheninflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.Base=anyformtowhichaffixesofanykindc
4、anbeaddedor=aformtowhicharuleofwordformationisapplied.10/4/20215WordFormationThedifferencebetweenroot,baseandstem:Thedifferencebetweenrootandbase=arootisindivisiblewhileabaseisdivisibleeitherderivationallyorinflectionallyorevenbothderivationallyandinflectionally.Thedifferencebetweenbaseandstemis
5、thatbothderivationalandinflectionalaffixescanbeaddedtoabase,whileonlyinflectionalaffixescanbeaddedtoastem.10/4/20216WordFormationTheThreeMajorProcessesofWordFormation10/4/20217WordFormation10/4/20218WordFormationCompoundingorWord-compoundingreferstothefacultyanddeviceoflanguagetoformnewwordsbyco
6、mbiningorputtingtogetheroldwords.Inotherwords,compound,compoundingorword-compoundingoccurswhenapersonattachestwoormorewordstogethertomakethemoneword.10/4/20219WordFormationThemeaningsofthewordsinterrelateinsuchawaythatanewmeaningcomesoutwhichisverydifferentfromthemeaningsofthewordsinisolation.10
7、/4/202110WordFormation10/4/202111WordFormation10/4/202112WordFormationOrthographiccriterion:Solid=backache;backbite;backbone;backdoor(method)阴谋;background;backstrokeHyphenated=back-bench;back-bencher;back-country;back-yardOp
