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1、TranslationtheoriesinthewestAccordingtoSteiner(1998:248-9),thehistoryofdiscourseontranslationisdividedintofourperiods:(1)the"traditional"period,fromthebeginningoftheChristianeratotheendoftheeighteenthcentury,whichisaperiodof"immediateempiricalfocus”(2)aperiodof"theoryandhermeneu
2、ticinquiry",growingoutofGermanRomanticismaroundthebeginningofthenineteenthcentury,(3)a"modern"period,reachingwellintothetwentiethcentury,inwhichtheinfluenceofGeneralLinguisticsisincreasinglydominant(4)thecontemporaryperiod,aculturalturntotranslationstudies.The"traditional"period
3、Overtwomillennia,onlyafewauthorshavesucceededinintroducing"anythingfundamentalornew".Thesecreatorsandtransformersinclude"SaintJerome,Luther,Dryden,Holderlin,Novalis,Schleiermacher,Nietzsche,EzraPound,"(1998:283)Cicero(西塞罗公元前106-前43年,古罗马政治家、雄辩家)"Isawthattoemploythesameexpressions
4、profitedmenothing,whiletoemployotherswasapositivehindrance…AfterwardsIresolvedtotranslatefreelyGreekspeechesofthemosteminentorators".Asaconsequence,"Inotonlyfoundmyselfusingthebestwords,andyetquitefamiliarones,butalsocoiningbyanalogycertainwordssuchaswouldbenewtoourpeople,provid
5、edonlytheywereappropriate"(Robinson1997a:7).西塞罗主要观点译者应该像演说家一样，使用符合古罗马语言习惯的语言来表达外来作品的内容。直译是缺乏技巧的表现。翻译应保留词语最内层的东西，即意思。翻译也是文学创作。各种语言的修辞手段彼此相通，因此翻译可以做到风格对等。提出“解释员”式翻译和“演说家”式翻译，即直译与意译。St.Jerome:LatinscholarwhoproducedtheVulgate,thefirstauthenticLatintranslationoftheBiblefromHebrewHei
6、nsistedon“theaccuratetransmissionofthemeaningofthetextratherthanthebuddingorator'sfreelyrangingimagination“.Heintroduced"thefirstmajorshiftinwesterntranslationtheory”.Jeromeinitiateedthemajortermsofsourcetextandtargettext,originalmeaningandtranslatedmeaning,theconceptsofliterala
7、nddynamictranslation("wordforword"and"senseforsense“).Interpretingtheoriginalmeaning"correctlyinordertoreproduceitproperly"哲罗姆（347--420）翻译不能始终字当句对，而必须采取灵活的原则。应当区别对待文学翻译与宗教翻译。前者意译，后者直译。正确的翻译必须依靠正确的理解。MartinLutherLuther"saimistokeepcommunicationwithreadersandlisteners,buttheaudien
8、ceforhisnewtranslationofthescriptureswascompose
