smart materials and new technologies:elements and control systems

smart materials and new technologies:elements and control systems

ID:8081540

大小:1.27 MB

页数:30页

时间:2018-03-05

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1、5ElementsandcontrolsystemsThroughoutthisbook,wehavebeendiscussingtheuniqueabilitiesofsmartmaterialstoactlocallyanddiscretelyinrealtime.Wenowknowhowtheyfunction.Buthowdowedecidewhenwewantthesematerialstoactandforwhatpurpose?Furthermore,wheredowefindthenecessaryinformationfor

2、guidingtheresponse?Fundamentaltotheunderlyingtechnologicalinfrastructureofoursocietyareinnumerabledevicesformeasuringtheextentorquantityofsomething,orforsensingchangesinthestateofanobjectorenvironment(asimplethermometerpressuregageprovidesanexamplehere).Therearealsomanydevi

3、ces(transducers)forchangingenergyfromoneformtoanother,e.g.,chemicalenergyintoelectricalenergy.Aclassicgeneratorconvertsmechanicalenergyintoelectricalenergy.Likewise,therearemanyactuationdevicesinusewhereinenergyistransformedintoaphysicalorchemicalaction.Electricalenergymigh

4、tbeusedtopoweradrillorrotateafan.Smartmaterialscanassumemanyformsandservemanyofthedifferentrolesdescribed.ManyofthemorebasicactionsandbehaviorsofsmartmaterialsthatweredescribedinChapter4canbedirectlytranslatedintorolesassensors,transducers,oractuationdevices.Indeed,manysmar

5、tmaterialsofeithertheproperty-changingclassortheenergy-exchangingclassinherentlyprovidevarioussensoryfunctions.Itshouldbeevidentthatthebehaviorsdescribedareoftenidenticalwithwhatmoreclassicallydefinedsensors,transducersandactuatorsaccomplish;butthattheydosointegrallywithint

6、hematerialitself.Apropertychangeinamaterialthatoccursinresponsetoanexternalstimuluscannormallybeuseddirectlyasasensorforthatsamestimulus.Weknow,forexample,thatasimplethermochromicmaterialchangesitscolordirectlyinresponsetoatemperaturechange.Achangeinthecolorofamaterial,ther

7、efore,isamarkerofthechangeintemperatureofthesurroundingenvironment.Aswaspreviouslynoted,thesesamethermochromicmaterialschangecolorsatspecifictemperaturelevels.Thus,colorscanbecalibratedwithtemperaturelevelstoprovideatemperaturemeasurementdevice.Sincethesematerialscanalsobed

8、esignedtochangecolorsatspecifictemperaturelevels,itisquiteeasytoproducevisuallyeva

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