smart materials and new technologies：materials in architecture and design

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1、1MaterialsinarchitectureanddesignSmartplanes–intelligenthouses–shapememorytextiles–micromachines–self-assemblingstructures–color-changingpaint–nanosystems.Thevocabularyofthematerialworldhaschangeddramaticallysince1992,whenthefirst‘smartmaterial’emergedcommerciallyin,ofallthings,snowskis.Define

2、das‘highlyengineeredmaterialsthatrespondintelli-gentlytotheirenvironment’,smartmaterialshavebecomethe‘go-to’answerforthe21stcentury’stechnologicalneeds.NASAiscountingonsmartmaterialstospearheadthefirstmajorchangeinaeronautictechnologysincethedevelop-mentofhypersonicflight,andtheUSDefenseDepart

3、mentenvisionssmartmaterialsasthelinchpintechnologybehindthe‘soldierofthefuture’,whowillbeequippedwitheverythingfromsmarttourniquetstochameleon-likecloth-ing.Attheotherendoftheapplicationspectrum,toysasbasicas‘Play-Doh’andequipmentasubiquitousaslaserprintersandautomobileairbagcontrolshavealread

4、yincor-poratednumerousexamplesofthistechnologyduringthepastdecade.Itisthestuffofourfutureevenasithasalreadypercolatedintomanyaspectsofourdailylives.Inthesweeping‘glamorization’ofsmartmaterials,weoftenforgetthelegacyfromwhichthesematerialssproutedseeminglysorecentlyandsuddenly.Textsfromasearlya

5、s1300BCwerethefirsttodocumentthe‘science’ofalchemy.Metallurgywasbythenawell-developedtechnologyprac-ticedbytheGreeksandEgyptians,butmanyphilosopherswereconcernedthatthisempiricalpracticewasnotgovernedbyasatisfactoryscientifictheory.Alchemyemergedasthattheory,eventhoughtodayweroutinelythinkofal

6、chemyashavingbeenpracticedbylatemedievalmysticsandcharla-tans.Throughoutmostofitslifetime,alchemywasassociatedwiththetransmutationofmetals,butwasalsosubstantiallyconcernedwiththeabilitytochangetheappearance,inparticularthecolor,ofgivensubstances.Whileweoftenhearaboutthequestforgold,therewasane

7、qualamountofattentiondevotedtotryingtochangethecolorsofvariousmetalsintopurple,thecolorofroyalty.Nineteenth-centurymagicwassimilarlyfoundedonthedesireforsomethingtobesFigure1-1NASA’svisionofasmartplaneotherthanitis,andoneofthemostremark