Coordinated Voltage Control by Smart Inverters and FACTS Devices in Distribution Systems

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2018ChinaInternationalConferenceonElectricityDistributionTianjin,17-19Sep.2018CoordinatedVoltageControlbyInvertersandFACTSDevicesinDistributionSystem*112BoJie,TakaoTsuji,andKenkoUchida1YokohamaNationalUniversity,2WasedaUniversitysamefeederline.Thus,droopcontrolstrategieshavebeenAbstract—Duetotheintegrationofphotovoltaic,itisanappliedwidelytostabilizethecontrolbehaviorofmultipleimportantissuetomaintainthevoltageprofileindistributionsmartinverters.systems.TheinstallationofsmartinverterswhichcancontrolInordertoimprovethecontrolperformance,thecontrolactiveandreactivepowerflexiblyiseffectivetomanagetheparametersofeachsmartinvertershouldbepreciselyadjustedvoltagecontrol,inparticular,tomitigatethevoltageincreasewhenaheavyreversepowerflowappears.Inordertoregulatedependingonthelocationandcapacityoftheinverter.Tothisthevoltagefluctuationproperly,theapplicationofdroopcontrolend,therearevariousstudiesinwhichthecontrolparametersstrategyisoneofpracticalways.Ontheotherhand,variousaredecidedbasedontheoptimizationtechniquesgiventhevoltagecontrolequipmentbasedonflexibleACtransmissioninformationoftheentiredistributionsystem.Here,thesystem(FACTS)devicesarebeinginstalledinadditiontothefollowingtwoperspectiveshavetobecarefullytakenintoconventionalequipmentsuchason-loadtap-changes(OLTC).account:First,variousvoltagecontrolequipmenthavebeenTherefore,thecontrolparametersofthesmartinvertershavetobeadjustedtorealizeacoordinatedcontrolbetweenthesmartinstalledintothesystems,forexample,conventionalonesinvertersandtheotherequipment.Inthispaper,wehavesuchason-loadtapchangers(OLTC)andFACTSdevicesdevelopedadecisionmethodofthecontrolparameterstosuchasstaticvoltagecompensator(SVC).Acoordinatedoptimizethecontrolperformanceconsideringthecooperationcontrolbetweensmartinvertersandothervoltagecontrollerswithotherdevicesandnetworkreconfiguration.hastobeconsidered.Second,thereisapossibilitythatnetworkreconfigurationisoftenappliedinthenearfuturetoIndexTerms—distributionsystem,voltagecontrol,maketheconfigurationmorereasonabletokeepthevoltagephotovoltaic,smartinverter,reactivepowercontrol.profilewithdecreasingthedistributionpowerloss.TheoptimalcontrolparameterswillchangeeverysingletimeI.INTRODUCTIONwhenthenetworkreconfigurationisapplied.Hence,inthisstudy,wehavedevelopedadecisionmethodofthecontrolNdistributionsystemsinJapan,itisofprimeimportanceIparameterstooptimizethecontroleffectiveness.Specifically,tokeepvoltageprofilewithinanallowablerangebecausesuchcontrolparametersareprovidedbytheoptimizationfirst,thevoltageprofileiseasilychangedbyfluctuationofloadsandanautomaticadjustmentmethodisdevelopedbyandphotovoltaicsinJapanesedistributionsystemswhoseobservingthelocalvoltagechange.voltagelevelislowerthanothercountries.Variouscountermeasurestomitigatethevoltagefluctuationhavebeendevelopedsofar.Forexample,voltage-reactivepowercontrolII.DECISIONMETHODOFCONTROLPARAMETERSbyusingpowerfactorcontrolofpowerconditioningsubsystems(PCSs)iseffectivetoadjustthevoltageprofile.A.VoltageControlwithReactivePowerOutputThesedays,PCSwithsuchacontrolmethodhasbeenutilizedThereactivepowercontrolbyPCSscontributetotheasasmartinverter.Here,itisrequiredtokeepthecontrolvoltagecontrolofdistributionsystems.However,theactivestabilityevenwithalargenumberofsmartinvertersinthepowercurtailmentisoftenneededtorealizereactivepowercontrolwhenthePCScapacityisnotenough.Thus,fromaviewpointofPVowners,itisanimportantissuetoensuretheManuscriptreceivedJuly15,2018.ThisworkwassupportedinpartbytheJapanScienceandTechnologyAgency(JST/CREST).fairnessamongthemintermsofrequiredamountofactiveBoJieAuthoriswiththeYokohamaNationalUniversity,Yokohama,powercurtailment.Japan(correspondingauthortoprovidephone:+81-45-339-4124;e-mail:kai-ha-yz@ynu.jp).TakaoTsujiAuthoriswithYokohamaNationalUniversity,Yokohama,Japan.KenkoUchidaAuthoriswithWasedaUniversity,Tokyo,Japan.CICED2018PaperNo.201805280000368Page1/41872

12018ChinaInternationalConferenceonElectricityDistributionTianjin,17-19Sep.2018Fig.1.Reactivepowercontrolcapacityofeachmodel.Fig.2.Adecentralizedvoltagecontrol.Becauseofthelimitationofthecurrentininvertor,theformulationisavailableintermsofactivepoweroutputcontrolandreactivepowercontrolinPCSs,thedatilformulationisshownas(1).!�&&#$%+�#$%≤�,-.%………………………(1)�#$%:ActivepoweroutputofdistributiongenerationiFig.3.Anadjustmentofthedeadzone.�#$%:Reactivepoweroutputofdistributiongenerationi�,-.%:TheinvertorcapacityofdistributionsubsystemThisapproachwasbasedontheautomaticadjustmentoftheincludinggenerationideadzonesetaroundthenormalvalueofthevoltageprofile.Dependingontheinvertorcapacityissurplusornot,However,notonlythedeadzone,butalsothedroopcontrolreactivepoweroutputcontrolcouldbeindividualizedintotwoparametersshouldbeadjustedtoobtainthebettercontrolmodelsshownbelowpresentedinFig.1.performance.Inaddition,theimpactofothervoltagecontrolModel1:Whentheinvertorcapacityissurplus,adjusttheequipmentwasnotconsideredin[1].Hence,inthispaper,thereactivepoweroutputwithoutdepressingtheactivepowercontrolparametersincludingslopeanddeadzoneofthedroopoutput.controlstrategyaretuned.Moreover,thecooperationwithModel2:Whenthereisnosurplusinvertorcapacityinothervoltagecontrolequipmentistakenintoaccountaswell.distributionsystem,adjustthereactivepoweroutputwithSupposingthecontrolspeedofthesmartinvertersaredepressingtheactivepoweroutputcapacity.relativelylowcomparedtotheFACTSdevicessuchasSVC,thevoltageatthecontroltargetnodeoftheSVCistreatedasafixedvalueindecidingthedesiredcontrolparameters.UnderB.DistributionVoltageControlthisassumption,itispossibletoformulizethesteadystateFromtheviewpointmentionedabove,theauthorshaveevervoltageprofileafterallthecontrolsconverge.Hence,thedevelopedadecentralizedvoltagecontrolmethodconsideringoptimizationispossibletodecidethecontrolparameters.thefairnessbyusingreactivepowercontrolofPCSsofPVRegardingthedecentralizedapproachtodecidethecontrolowners[1].Inthismethod,analgorithmfordecentralizedparameters,eachPCSupdatesthedeadzoneandslopebasedvoltagecontrolwasdefinedasshownintheFig.2.Here,theonthetime-integratedvaluesofactivepowercurtailmentofreactivepowercontrolstartswhenthenodevoltageofeachtheneighboringPCSsupposingthecommunicationwithPCSisbeyondthethresholdvalues.TheamountofactiveadjacentPVsareonlyavailable.powercurtailmentthatwasactuallyneededincertaintimeAccordingtothevoltageobservationvalueofeachnodeastheintervalwascomparedeachotheramongPVowners.Asainputofthereactivepowercontrolalgorithm,adjusttheoutputresult,inordertomaketheamountofcurtailmentthesame,ofreactivepoweroutputofeachnodeattimettoaimthethethresholdvaluestostartthereactivepowercontrolisvoltageappropriate.Fromfunction(2)~(4),thereactiveadjustedinorderthatPCSwhichhasalargeramountofpoweroutputarrangementvaluewasrenewedasshownincurtailmentdoesnotstartthecontrolearlier[2][3].function(5),andthecontrolimageisshownasFig.2.CICED2018PaperNo.201805280000368Page2/41873

22018ChinaInternationalConferenceonElectricityDistributionTianjin,17-19Sep.2018When�0%12,%<�%[�−1],<Δ�#$%[�]=∙(�@AB,%−�%[�−1])∙Δ�……(2)=WhenΔ�#$%[�−1]<0����%[�−1]<�0%12,%,<Δ�#$%[�]=∙(�0%12,%−�%[�−1])∙Δ�……(3)=WhenΔ�#$%[�−1]≥0����%[�−1]<�0%12,%Δ�#$%[�]=0……………………………………(4)Fig.4.Distributionsystemmodel.�#$%[�]=�#$%[�−1]+Δ�#$%[�]……………(5)�%[�−1]:Voltagevalueofnodeiattimet-1�#$%[�]:Reactivepoweroutputofnodeiattimet�#$%[�−1]:Reactivepoweroutputofnodeiattimet-1Δ�#$%[�]:IncreasereactivepoweroutputofnodeiattimetFig.5.Updateofdeadzone.�0%12,%:Upperlimitvalueofvoltagecontrolrangeofnodeieffectontheaccumulationreactivepowercontrolvaluedisalsoafreshtopic,lessresearcherlayafingeronit.Becauseof�@AB,%:Referencevoltagevalueofnodeithis,theauthorsdidsomesimulationsbasedonthe�:TimeconstantdistributionsystemmodelshowninFig.4,andthecalculationprogramisintheCprogramenvironmentbyusingthepowerΔ�:Controltimecycleflowcalculationmechanism.∑SRTUQR∆�K,%=-G(∑P|�#$ANO|∑VQR−∑P|�#$%|)………(6)RTUIII.VOLTAGECONTROLTARGETRANGE∆�K,%:UpdatevalueofvoltagecontrolrangeofnodeiInthedistributionsystem,theeasyvoltagedeviationorsharpactionofPCScouldcauseaconsiderableamountof∑P|�#$ANO|:Timeaccumulationreactivepowervalueofsuppressionoutputvalueofdistributiongenerations,sothereendnodewouldbeadistinguishdisparityofprofitamongthe∑P|�#$%|:Timeaccumulationreactivepowervalueofdistributiongenerationowner.Inordertoavoidthishappening,thevoltagecontroltargetnodeirangeofeverynodewassetindividuallyandcouldbeadjusted%∑NX<�N:Reactancevaluefromsubstationtonodeiimmediatelybytheinformationcommunicationamongsmartmeters.Bytheupdateofvoltagecontroltargetrangevalue∑-�:ReactancevaluefromsubstationtoendnodeNX

32018ChinaInternationalConferenceonElectricityDistributionTianjin,17-19Sep.2018amountofPVsareinstalledintothisnetwork,andbasedon[9]T.Kamegai:“AStandardizationTrendandDataUtilizationMethodoftheSmartMeterSeenfromHEMS”,IEEJTrans.EIS,Vol.133,No.3,theactualmeasurementdataofPVfluctuation,theproposedpp.575–578(2013)methodwastested.In[1],thedeadzonewasupdateasshown[10]R.Br¨undlinger,T.Strasser,G.Lauss,A.Hoke,S.Chakraborty,G.inFig.5,inwhichthedeadzonewaswidelyadjusteddaybyMartin,B.Kroposki,J.Johnson,andE.deJong:“LabTests:Verifyingday.However,itisexpectedthatmorestableresultscanbeThatSmartGridPowerConvertersAreTrulySmart”,IEEEPower&EnergyMagazine,Vol.13,issue2,pp.30–42(2015)obtainedwithmorefairresultintermsoftheamountofcurtailmentinthisstudybyadjustingtheslopeofthedroopcharacteristictogetherwiththedeadzone.BoJie(StudentIEEJMember)graduatedfromShannxiUniversityofScienceandTechnologyatJuly2009,receivedhisMasterDegreefromGraduateschoolofEngineering,YokohamaNationalUniversityinMarch2017.HeiscurrentlypursuinghisPh.Dinthesamegraduateschool.HisinterestscoverV.CONCLUSIONpowersystemoperationandcontrolwithmarketmechanism,includingpowersystemeconomics,evolutionarycomputation,andreinforcementlearningThecooperativeoperationofsmartinvertersandothervoltage(Q-Learning).HeisastudentmemberoftheIEEofJapan.controlequipmentisanimportantissueandtheproposedTakaoTSUJI(MemberofIEEJ,IEEE)receivedhisDr.Eng.DegreefrommethodinthispaperwillcontributetorealizemoreefficientYokohamaNationalUniversity,Japan,in2006.InAprilofthesameyear,hewasappointedasaResearchAssociateintheGraduateSchoolofInformationoperationandcontrolofdistributionsystemswithPVs.ScienceandElectricalEngineeringofKyushuUniversity.SinceAprilof2007,hehasbeenwiththeFacultyofEngineeringatYokohamaNationalUniversity,JapanandiscurrentlyanAssociateProfessor.HisresearchinterestsincludeACKNOWLEDGMENTtheplanning,operation,andcontrolofelectricitypowersystems.Prof.TsujiisamemberofIEEJ,IEEE.TheauthorswouldliketothanktheJapanScienceandKenkoUCHID(MemberofSICE,IEEJ)receivedhisB.S.,M.S.,andDr.TechnologyAgency(JST/CREST)fortheirsupportforthisEng.DegreesinelectricalengineeringfromWasedaUniversity,Japanin1971,1973,and1976,respectively.HeiscurrentlyaProfessorintheDepartmentofwork.ElectricalEngineeringandBioscience,WasedaUniversity.Hisresearchinterestsareinrobust/optimizationcontrolandcontrolproblemsinenergyREFERENCESsystemsandbiology.Prof.UchidaisamemberofSICE,IEEJ.[1]T.Omori,A.Koide,T.Tsuji,T.Oyama:“AutonomousDecentralizedVoltageProfileControlMethodusingCommunicationFunctionofSmartMetersinDistributionSystems”,IEEJTransactionsonPowerandEnergy,Vol.136,No.8,pp.689-697,2016[2]S.Sekizaki,M.Aoki,H.Ukai,S.Sasaki,andT.Shigetou:“ControlofMultistageSVRsusingVoltageSensorinDistributionSystemwithLargeAmountofPhotovoltaicGenerations”,IEEJTrans.PE,Vol.133,No.1,pp.45–55(2013).[3]K.Matsuda,T.Futakami,K.Horikoshi,T.Seto,M.Watanabe,J.Murakoshi,andR.Takahashi:“ADecisionMethodforLDCParametersofaSVRandVoltageControlAlgorithmusingMeasurementDataofaDistributionSystem”,IEEJTrans.PE,Vol.132,No.8,pp.701–708(2012).[4]S.Kawasaki,N.Kurokawa,H.Taoka,andY.Nakashima:“CooperativeControlbySystemVoltageControlEquipmentsinConsiderationofReducingCapacityofSTATCOM”,IEEJTrans.PE,Vol.134,No.5,pp.378–385(2014)[5]N.TakahashiandY.Hayashi:“ProposalofDynamicVoltageControlusingSVCwithVariableDeadBandinDistributionSystem”,IEEJTrans.PE,Vol.133,No.4,pp.396–403(2013).[6]T.Tsuji,T.Goda,K.Ikeda,andS.Tange:“AStudyofAutonomousDecentralizedVoltageProfileControlofDistributionNetworkconsideringEconomicEfficiency”,IEEJTrans.PE,Vol.128,No.1,pp.174–185(2008).[7]T.Tsuji,T.Hashiguchi,T.Goda,T.Shinji,andS.Tsujita:“AStudyofAutonomousDecentralizedVoltageProfileControlMethodconsideringControlPriorityinFutureDistributionNetwork”,IEEJTrans.PE,Vol.129,No.12,pp.1533–1544(2009).[8]T.Tsuji,T.Oyama,T.Hashiguchi,T.Goda,T.Shinji,andS.Tsujita:“AStudyofAutonomousDecentralizedVoltageProfileControlMethodconsideringPowerLossReductioninDistributionNetwork”,IEEJTrans.PE,Vol.130,No.11,pp.941–954(2010).CICED2018PaperNo.201805280000368Page4/41875