资源描述：
《美国的自然灾害和防灾减灾_英文_》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在行业资料-天天文库。
第22卷第5期四川理工学院学报(自然科学版)Vol122No152009年10月JournalofSichuanUniversityofScience&Engineering(NaturalScienceEdition)Oct12009文章编号:167321549(2009)0520004204NaturalHazardsandMitigationMeasuresinUSAWUJia2er(URSCorporation,CaliforniaUSA)Abstract:NaturaldisastersfrequentlyhappersinU.S.A.,frequentearthquakesinthewholewestern,centralandeasternpant,hurricanesinthecostalareainthesouth,andseriousdroughtandfloods.Becausepublicsecuritywaspaidgreatattentionto,manytonaturaldisastersdiditcausehearycasualties.Forexam2ple,61diedinthenortherncaliforiaearthquakein1994whichatlackedpopulousLosAngeles.ThispaperdiscussesthepresenceofnaturalhazardsintheUSandtheresponsemeasuresthattheauthorbelievesarekeystothelong-termhazardmitigation.Keywords:naturalhazards;earthquake;hazardmitigation中图分类号:X4文献标识码:AFrancisco,whichwasthelargestUScityonthewestcoastIntroductionatthetime,inanearlywintermorning.Theseveresha2TheUnitedStates(US)isanaturaldisasterprone2kingandthefollowingfiresreducedalmosttheentirecitycountry.Theentirewesternandalargepartofthecentraltothegroundandkilledthreethousandpeople(USGS,andeasternUSareseismicallyactiveregions;thesouthern2009).Morerecently,anotherCaliforniacity,LosAngel2coastalregionisvulnerabletoviciousannualhurricaneat2es,wasbadlyshakenbythe1994Northridgeearthquaketacks;andharshsnowstormsarecommonwintereventsinoccurredonabranchofSanAndreasFault.Althoughthethenorthernandcentralregions.Droughtandfloodcanal2numberofcasualtieswasrelativelysmall,theeconomicsobefrequentandsevereinUS.Thankstothetraditionallossof＄80billionswasstaggering.Itisbelievedthat,inemphasisonthepublicsafety,theUSpopulationingener2thenotdistantfuture,theSanAndreasFaultcouldstrikealisrelativelywellprotectedagainstmanynaturalhazards.theCityofSeattleinWashingtonStatewithevengreaterin2Forexample,the1994Northridge,Californiaearthquaketensity.Earthquakesalsooccurinotherpartofthecountry.struckthedenselypopulatedLosAngelesareaandresultedInfact,amongtheearliestanddeadliesteventsarethe1811in61casualties,whichismuchsmaller,comparedwitho2-1812NewMadridearthquakeswhichincludednotonebutver5000casualtiesfromasimilarearthquakethatstruckKo2threeearthquakes,eachwithanestimatedmagnitudeof8orbe,Japanoneyearlater.Thispaperdiscussesthepresencegreater,andcausedseveredamagestonearbycitiesandofnaturalhazardsintheUSandtheresponsemeasuresthatkilledmorethan4,000people.Itrockednearlyhalfofthetheauthorbelievesarekeystothelong-termhazardmiti2entirecountryandremainsthewidestfeltearthquakeeventgation.intheUS.Sincethen,thestudyoftheNewMadridseismic1NaturalHazardszonecontinuestodate.OthermajorearthquakesincludetheTheUnitedStatesofAmerica,atjustover230yearsM7.61886Charleston,SouthCarolinaearthquake,whichold,isayoungcountry.Butithasalreadysufferedsomeofoccurredontheeastcoastbutwasfeltasfaras1,600kma2themostdevastatingnaturaldisastersinthemodernera.way,theM9.2GreatAlaskaearthquakeisthesecondlar2Earthquake-About100yearsago,anM8.0earth2gestearthquakeeverrecordedintheworld,andtheM6.9quakeontheSanAndreasFaultstrucktheCityofSan1989LomaPrietaearthquakewhichfamouslybroughtdown收稿日期:2009204223作者简介:吴佳尔(19732),男,四川自贡人,工程师,博士,主要从事岩土工程方面的研究。 第22卷第5期吴佳尔:美国的自然灾害和防灾减灾5theupperdeckoftheBayBridge(seeinsert1).complexandalmostalwaysuniquetoeachcountry.Thefollowingsaresomeoftheimportantcomponentsthat,intheauthorpsopinion,formtheframeworkofhazard/disastermitigationschemeintheUS.ForensicInvestigationisastudytosearchfortherootcause(s)ofacase.InmostfailureordisastercasesintheUS,theforensicinvestigationsweretakenveryseriously.Itistheconsensusthatthefindingofthecause(s)isper2hapsthesinglemostimportantbenefitcanbegainedfromanunfortunateevent.Findingthecausesnotonlyprovidesvaluablelessonsforall,butalsoisthefirststeptowardsCollapseofI-880freewayandupperdeckofBayBridgein1989LomaPrietaEarthquakedevelopingcorrespondingmitigationmeasures.Thisisa2Hurricane-Thesouthernandeasterncoastsarefre2nalogoustoamedicaldoctorpsapproachtoapatient:illnessquentlybatteredbythehurricanes,whichareoftenconsid2mustbedeterminedpriortoanydrugprescription.Someoferedthemostpowerfulnaturalphenomenononearth.ThethemostwellknownforensicstudiesincludetheLowerSanhurricanesaretypicallyformedontheAtlanticOcean,gainFernandoDamnearfailurecase(seeinsertbelow)(SeedtremendousspeedoverthewarmCaribbeanwater,andfi2etal.1973),theTetondamfailurecase,andtherecentnallyrelishtheirawesomepowerduringthelanding.Be2NewOrleansLeveefailure.Throughthesesuccessfulforen2causetherearefewmountainsinthecentralandeastUSsicstudies,tremendousamountofknowledgewasgainedblockingitspath,alargehurricanecansweephundredsofandtheprofessionofcivilengineeringasawholebenefitedkilometersinlandfromthecoasttoasfarnorthasOhio.Thegreatly.Unfortunately,thiskindofmethodologyisnotal2recent2005HurricaneKatrinaissuchaterribleexamplewayspracticedinChina.Theauthorhasnotedanumberof(Seedatal.2006).ItisespeciallyworrisomethatexpertsrecentcasesfromChinainwhich“expertreview”panelsnowbelievethefrequencyofhurricaneshasrisenandwillcametoconclusionsofthecauseofdisastersorfailuresinacontinuetoriseasaconsequenceoftheglobalwarming.matterofdaysorevenhoursinsomeextremecases.Itisdoubtfulthatsuchahastedreviewcanberelieduponforitsthoroughness,soundness,orfairness.(FailureModeofLowerSanFernandoDamUnveiledthroughForensicStudy)PublicAwarenessplaysanimportantroletobringfo2NewOrleansonthepathofHurricaneKatrinarensicinvestigationstothepublicmediacoverage.When2everanaturalorhumandisasteroccursandcausessignifi2Inadditiontohurricaneinducedflooding,therearecantdamagesordisruptiontothesociety,thepublicde2alsomanycasesofrainfallcausedflooding.Forexample,mandthoroughinvestigationsintothecauses,whichoftenSacramento,thecapitalcityofCalifornia,wasbadlyfloo2linkdirectlytotheliabilityandresponsibilityofpartiesin2dedintheearly19thcenturies.Ahistoricpaintingofthevolved.Therefore,aforensicinvestigationnotonlyunveilseventisshowninFigure1.Whilethousandsofdamswerethecauseofadisasterorfailure,butalsotheparty(s)re2constructedintheUStocontainthefloodwater,therecentsponsibleforit.ItisfairtosaythatpublicdemandistheeventatNewOrleansclearlydemonstratedthedeficiencyofmostimportantfactormotivatingtheforensicinvestigationstheUSleveesystem,whichhasnotbeenregulatedasofdisasters.Thissystemhasthebenefitsofpromptingtheheavilyasthedamsare.understandingofthecauseoffailuresandthatisavery2MitigationMeasuresgoodthingbecausewelearnmuchmorewhendiggingintoWhilenaturalhazardsareperhapsuniversalconcerns,thecaseratherthancoveringup.Alsoworthytopointoutthemitigationsofhazardsordisaster,however,arequiteisthatmanyoftheforensicstudiescommissionedbygov2 6四川理工学院学报(自然科学版)2009年10月ernmentagenciesare,bylaw,publicinformationandthususedforhumanoccupancywithin50feetfromthesurfacearetypicallyfreelyaccessibletopublic.Forinstance,thetraceofactivefaults.TheNationalDamInspectionActofUnitedStatesArmyCorpsofEngineer(USACE)publishes92-367wasalsopassedin1972bytheCongresscallingitsmanytechnicalreportsonline,soastudentinChinaforanationalprogramofdaminspection.ThedamsafetywhoisinterestedintheforensicstudyoftheNewOrleansreviewprogramshavesincebeencarriedoutbydamownersleveefailurecaneasilygainaccesswithoutpayinganyfeesandvariousgovernmentagenciesandcontinuetodate.orseekinganypermission.Furthermore,aftertheLomaPrietaearthquakecausedsig2ScientificStudy-Inadditiontotargettherootcause(ornificantdamagesintheSanFranciscoBayarea,theCali2primaryresponsibility)ofsingulardisasteroraccident,afo2forniaSeismicHazardsMappingActwaspassedin1990torensicstudyisoftenalsothecatalystofmorefundamentaladdressotherearthquakehazards,includingsoilliquefac2studies.Forexample,theinvestigationofleveefailuresattionandseismicallyinducedlandslides.NewOrleansduringHurricaneKatrinahastriggerednumerousFinancialAidandLegalActivity-Mitigationsofdisas2researchprojectsandnationalwidescrutinyofleveesystem.tersandfailurecasesintheUSnotonlyincludevariousaidsWhilemanystudiesarestillon-going,itissafetosaythatprovidedbythepublicagenciessuchastheFEMA(Federalour(civilengineers)understandingoftheleveesystemwillEmergencyMitigationAgency)andprivateparties,butalsobevastlyimprovedthankstothesescientificstudies.include,undermanycircumstances,insurancecompensa2Publiceducationisanotherimportantaspectofdisas2tionandlegalsettlements.TakethecaseofI-35Wbridgetermitigation/preventionmeasures.InsteadofkeepingcollapseovertheMississippiRiverinMinneapolis,Minne2“badnews”secretorinvisibletopublic,thefreespiritedsotain2007asanexample.DespitethatthefamiliesoftheUSmediaisfamouslyhungryforsuch“badnews”.When13victimsofthetragedyhavereachedasettlementwiththedisastersoraccidentsoccur,themediacoveragecanbeo2StateofMinnesotafor＄38millions,thefamiliesarestillverwhelming.Thiskindofpublicityisnotperfect;forex2suinganumberofengineeringconsultingcompaniesforal2ample,newsreportsareoftenexaggerating,andtheatten2legednegligence.Heavyliabilityconcernsassucharea2tionspanisusuallyshort.Nevertheless,itachievesthemongthemosteffectivemotivationsforallpartiesofinterestimportantgoalofeducatingthepublicaboutthedisasters.(theowners,thegoverningagencies,thecontractors,theAlmostalwaysaccompanyingthepublicattentionsareaca2designfirms,etc.)toactivelymonitorthesafetyoftheirfa2demiainterests.Forinstance,thephenomenonknownascilitiesandmitigatehazardsastheyareexposed.soilliquefaction,inwhichasoilsoftensandbecomesliq2Evenbeforetheerainwhichgovernmentsareexpecteduidlike,wasextensivelystudiedonlyafterboththeNiiga2tosupplyreliefaidsandfundstopeoplesufferedinnaturalta,JapanearthquakeandtheAlaska,USearthquakesoc2disasters,theprivateinsuranceindustryhastakensomeofcurredin1964andcausedwide-spreaddamages.theburdenoflosses.Followingthe1906SanFranciscoCodeandRegulation-Whensignificantdesignfaultsearthquake,whichsparkedout-of-controlfirefor3dayswereuncoveredintheforensicand/oracademiaresearches,andrenderedhalfofthecitypopulationhomeless,almostthecorrespondingdesigncodesandregulatoryproceduresof2100insurancecompaniesprocessednearly100,000claimstenrespondeddrastically.Examplesarenumerous.Aftertherequests.AlegendarytelegraphcablefromLloydps(anin21933M6.2LongBeach,Californiaearthquake,whichcausedsurancecompany)underwritertohisagentsaid:“Payallof115fatalitiesincluding5childrenkilledinschoolindoorourpolicyholdersinfullirrespectiveofthetermsoftheirsportshallanddestroyedorbadlydamaged190schoolbuild2policies.”ThecosttoLloydpalonewasmorethan＄50mil2ings,amajorcommunityoutragebrokeup.Inresponse,alion-equivalenttomorethan＄1billionintodaypsdollars.CaliforniaStateLawknownastheFieldActwaspassedthatThedisasterhadaprofoundeffectontheinsuranceindustryestablishedstringentconstructionqualitycontrolproceduresoftoday,andalsolaidthefoundationsformanyoftodaypsforpublicschoolbuildings.Nobodyhasbeenkilledfromanmodernriskmodelingandbuildingpractices.earthquakeinaCaliforniaschoolbuildingsince.The1971SanFernando,Californiaearthquakecaused3ChallengesfortheFutureextensivesurfacefaultrupturesthatdamagedmanyhomes,commercialbuildingsandotherstructures.ThisearthquakeWhilewellknownnaturalhazardssuchasearth2alsocausedthenearfailureoftheLowerSanFernandoquake,hurricaneandfloodcontinuetobeamongthemostdam,whichputmorethan10,000peoplepslivesingravedevastatingeventsfacingtheUS,thecivilindustryhasbe2danger.Asaresult,aCaliforniaStateLawknownasguninrecentyearstoembracenewemergingchallengesin2“Alquist-PrioloEarthquakeFaultZoningAct”waspas2cludingsomewithprettydireconsequences.sedin1972,whichprohibitstheconstructionofbuildingGlobalWarmingphenomenonhaslongbeenmetwith 第22卷第5期吴佳尔:美国的自然灾害和防灾减灾7denialandnegligencebymanyintheUS,theconservativerecently),sincethentheratehasdeclinedto0.3%andrepublicans.However,withinthepastyearortwo,theau2morerecentlyfallentojust0.2%oftheentireUSBudget.thorhasnotedmanydrasticchangesinpublicperceptionsWhiletheinfrastructureinvestmentisslowingintheUS,tookplaceintheUS,demonstratedstronglybythesuccessmanyothercountriesarespeedingup.Forexample,Indiaofafilmcalled”TheInconvenientTruth”andtheelectionisboostingitsinvestmentfromhistoriclevelsof3-4%ofofPresidentObama.Globalwarminganditseffectsonhu2GDPtoaround9%by2012.Americaisalsolaggingbe2mansocietiesareincreasinglybecomingimportantfactorshindmostdevelopedcountriesinthisaspect.At1%ofinmanycivilprojects.Forexample,airportsneartheGDP,theUSinvestmentrateis80%lowerthanthatincoastsareconsideringorstartingtoprepareforthepoten2Spain(seeinsert).Whencomparingthefederalspendingtialsealevelriseasaconsequenceoftheglobalwarming.(asblue),thecontrastisevenlarger.Thedeltaleveesystemthatprovidevitalwatersupplyto4ConclusionmillionsofCaliforniaresidentsandfarmersisbeingstudiedTheUnitedStatesandChinaaretwogreatnationsthatwithscenarioofrisingsealevelaswell.Anumberofsharesimilarityinmanyaspectsincludinglargepopulationscoastalcities,includingNewOrleans,areteamingupwithandsimilarlatitudesontheglobe.TheyalsosharemanyNetherlandtolearntobettercopewithrisingsea.States,commonnaturalhazards.ManyChinesecivilengineers,particularlythoseinthewesternUS,aredevelopingstrate2theauthorincluded,takeprideintheheritagethatcanbegiestomitigatetheforecastedpotentiallyextremeweathertracedbacktoancientmarvelssuchastheDuJiangYanir2patternsandseverewatershortages.rigationsystem,orevenfurtherbacktothetamingofAgingInfrastructuresisalsoapredominatingissue.YellowRiverbyDaYu.TheUS,ontheotherhand,istheFromtheconstructionofthetranscontinentalrailroadinundisputedworldleaderofengineeringachievementinthe1860stothenationalfreewaysystemin1950s,UShaspastcenturyandhasamaturedhazard/disastermitigationbeenleadingtheworldonthemodernizationofcivilinfra2mechanism.TheUShazardpreventionandmitigationsys2structureinthepast.Thescalesoftheconstructedrailroadtemisofcoursefarfromperfectionandhassomeundesira2andfreewaysystemswereunprecedentedatthetime.Un2bleissuessuchastendencytobeingoverlycomplexandfortunately,however,thecriticalinfrastructuresystemsinconservative,prevailingredtapeandbureaucracy,andtheUSaredeterioratingatalarmingrate.ThecollapseofI-lackofadequatefunding.Yetitcontainsmanyfeatures35Wbridgeexemplifiesthefailureofinfrastructurefacili2thatmayhelpimprovingtheefficiencyofhazardmitigationtiesascausedbyagingandoverduenegligenceandtheandpreventionincountrieslikeChina.Thesefeaturesin2direconsequences.Recently,ASCEassignedtheUSna2clude(1)openpublicaccesstoinformation,(2)rigoroustionalinfrastructuresystemanear-failinggradeofD.Theandthoroughforensicinvestigating,(3)fundamentalsci2newassessmentwasmarkedlyworsethantheC(average)entificresearchandstudy,(4)promptupdateofdesigngradeassignedin1988whenASCEpresenteditsfirstre2codesandregulations.portcard(RC)ontheAmericapsinfrastructuretotheUSPresidentandtheCongress.ThecurrentestimatedcosttoReferences:bringtheinfrastructuresystemtoagradeofB(goodcondi2[1]ASCE.2009ReportCardforAmericapsInfrastructure[M].Publica2tion)is2.2trilliondollars(ASCE,2009).tionofAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers,Virginia.[2]SeedHB,LeeKL,IdrissIM.AnalysisoftheslidesintheSanFer2nandoDamsduringtheearthquakeofFeb.9,1971[M].Earth2quakeEngineeringResearchCenter7322,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,California.[3]SeedHB.InvestigationofthePerformanceoftheNewOrleansFloodProtectionSystemsinHurricaneKatrinaonAugust29,2005[M].VolumeI.IndependentLeveeInvestigationTeamFinalRe2port,2006.[4]USGS.TheGreat1906SanFranciscoEarthquake.EarthquakeHaz2InfrastructureInvestmentsasaPercentageofGDPardsProgram.http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/1906/18april/index.php.AccessedOctober1,2009.TheoutlaysfortheUSinfrastructurepeakedatnearor(下转第15页)above0.5%in1950sand1960swhenbuildingthenation2alfreewaysystem(similartowhatishappeninginChina 第22卷第5期李翔等:门式刚架轻型房屋钢结构设计优化探讨15用是个相当实际的问题。因此,加速计算机相关软件的研究,完善轻钢结构《门规》中规定的刚架形式均为单屋脊的情况,而软件,是我国轻钢结构设计发展的关键,同时,也建议在实际工作中,对于跨度方向较大的厂房,由于工艺流规范对相关部分做出更明确的计算方法和规定。程或业主对外观等的要求经常会遇到采用多屋脊的情5结束语况,结构形式、吊车级别、主要结构材料等均与门刚结虽然近年来轻型钢结构房屋在我国有了较大发构差不多,若设计时按照《钢规》的规定,会造成不必要展,关于轻钢结构的技术越来越成熟。但通过规范的的浪费,也不太合理,因此设计人员往往会参照《门规》对比与分析,笔者认为我国关于轻钢结构的规范也还来进行设计,此时会遇到一些比较具体的问题,在《门有需要完善的地方,同时也要看到,我国在轻型钢结构规》中并没有相关的规定,如风荷载体型系数的选择房屋的设计与国外类似工程相比还较为落后。深入了等。解轻钢结构,加强研究与交流,提高设计水平,是我们因此,建议规范标准做必要的说明,以指导设计人设计研究人员共同的责任。员的实际工作。参考文献:4.2进一步降低工程造价[1]CECS102:2002,门式刚架轻型房屋刚结构技术规程[S].随着门刚结构的迅速发展,如何更好的利用发挥[2]GB50017-2003,钢结构设计规范[S].材料的性能并进一步降低用钢量必然会成为研究的主[3]GB50009-2001,建筑结构荷载规范[S].[4]樊永华.门式刚架设计应注意的问题[J].PKPM新天地,2008,要方向。《门规》中提到的塑性设计以及考虑应力蒙皮(3):25-27.效应,都是很有效的办法,在国外已经广泛地应用于实[5]建设部工程质量安全监督与行业发展司.全国民用建筑工程际工程中,但由于其计算过程较为复杂,很难以手工完技术设计措施结构2003[M].北京:中国计划出版社,2003.成,所以目前在我国应用较少。DesignOptimizationforLightSteelFrameLIXiang,LIUXiao2hui(1.SichuanYuanjianConstructionDesignCo.Ltd.,Zigong643000,China;2.SchoolofArchitectureEngineering,SichuanUniversityofScience&Engineering,Zigong643000,China)Abstract:ThelightsteelstructureinChinainrecentyearshasbeentherapiddevelopment,authoritieshavealsopromulgatedanumberofthecorrespondingspecifications.However,provisionvariesthroughoutthesectorresuctinthera2tionaldesigninconvenienced.Thispapercombinedwiththeexperienceofauthoratlightsteelstructureengineering,andin2troducestheideasandmethodsforsolvingthoseproblems.Keywords:lightsteelframe;design;safety(上接第7页)美国的自然灾害和防灾减灾吴佳尔(美国URS公司,美国加州)摘要:美国是一个自然灾害多发国家,整个西部、中部和东部是地震活跃地区,南部沿海地区遭受飓风袭击,干旱和洪水也非常严重。由于对公共安全的重视,许多自然灾害并未造成严重的人员伤害。例如,1994年北加州地震袭击了人口稠密的洛杉矶地区,人员伤亡仅61人。文章讨论了美国的自然灾害,并认为长期的防灾工作是非常必要的。关键词:自然灾害;地震;防灾减灾
