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1、TheMoralLimitsoftheCriminalLaw:Volume2:OffensetoOthersFeinberg,Joel,ProfessorofPhilosophy,UniversityofArizona,TucsonPrintpublicationdate:1988,PublishedtoOxfordScholarshipOnline:February2006PrintISBN-13:978-0-19-505215-2,doi:10.1093/0195052153.001.0001OFFENSETOOT
2、HERSendp.xxi7OffensiveNuisancesJoelFeinberg1.Disclaimers:therelativetrivialityofmereoffensePassingannoyance,disappointment,disgust,embarrassment,andvariousotherdislikedconditionssuchasfear,anxiety,andminor(“harmless”)achesandpains,arenotinthemselvesnecessarilyhar
3、mful.Consequently,nomatterhowtheharmprincipleismediated,itwillnotcertifyaslegitimatethoseinterferenceswiththelibertyofsomecitizensthataremadeforthesolepurposeofpreventingsuchunpleasantstatesinothers.ForconvenienceIwillusetheword“offense”tocoverthewholemiscellany
4、ofuniversallydislikedmentalstates(seeVol.I,Chap.1,§4)andnotmerelythatspeciesofthewidergenusthatareoffensiveinastrictandpropersense.Ifthelawisjustified,then,inusingitscoercivemethodstoprotectpeoplefrommereoffense,itmustbebyvirtueofaseparateanddistinctlegitimizingpr
5、inciple,whichwecanlabel“theoffenseprinciple”andformulateasfollows:Itisalwaysagoodreasoninsupportofaproposedcriminalprohibitionthatitwouldprobablybeaneffectivewayofpreventingseriousoffense(asopposedtoinjuryorharm)topersonsotherthantheactor,andthatitisprobablyaneces
6、sarymeanstothatend(i.e.,thereisprobablynoothermeansthatisequallyeffectiveatnogreatercosttoothervalues).Theprincipleasserts,ineffect,thatthepreventionofoffensiveconductisproperlythestate'sbusiness.Liketheword“harm”,theword“offense”hasbothageneralandaspecificallynorma
7、tivesense,theformerincludinginitsreferenceanyorallofamiscellanyofdislikedmentalstates(disgust,shame,hurt,anxiety,etc.),andthelatterreferringtothoseslatesonlywhencausedbytheendp.1wrongful(right-violating)conductofothers.Onlythelattersense—wrongfuloffense—isintend
8、edintheoffenseprincipleasweshallunderstandit.Inthisrespectthereisaparallelwiththeharmprinciple.Wecanalsousetheverb“tooffend”meaning“tocauseanothertoexperienceamentalstateofaun
