解读高考任务型阅读

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解读高考任务型阅读题型的主要特点一、试题结构特点：试题由短文和表格两部分组成，要求考生在阅读短文之后，就短文的内容填空。所填之词可能是一个单词、词组，或许是一个句子。短文长度为300字左右，以说明文、议论文为主。表格是文章内容条理化、形象化的具体体现，是短文结构、作者思路的具体反映。有三种形式的表格：1．组织结构式：这类表格主要是显示信息，表现方式为“标题→总述→分述”。2．网格式：表现方式为“标题→主题/内容→分析、列举、论证等→结果/建议”。3．射线式：这类表格主要是显示和新元素的关系，表现方式为“概念→各个方面”。二、题型特点：1．该题型属于主观试题。这充分体现了英语新课程标准对高中毕业生的目标要求：考生必须具备对所获信息进行加工、处理的能力。2．不是简单的阅读理解，而是考查学生对信息的捕捉和处理，即语言的运用。3．考查对文章中心的把握和结构的理解。4．不仅考查直接信息的理解与获得，更考查间接信息的获得。5．有三种题型：捕捉信息题、组织信息题和表述信息题。三、设题特点：1．捕捉信息题：学生通过阅读，基本上能从短文中直接找到相关的信息，在无需加工的条件下直接填空。这类题属基础题。2．组织信息题：学生在捕捉到相关信息之后，按题目要求，将捕捉到的信息进行再加工、浓缩。这类题属活用题。3．表述信息题：可能是短文的标题，也可能是短文的主题或行（栏）标题，学生要对该行（栏）所有信息进行综合概括，还要有较强的语言表达能力。下面以高考英语科考试说明上的短文为例，分别就三种不同的表格形式与特点，分析其特征、做题方法和技巧。题型的解题指导示例1请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在短文后表格中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。TravelingontheinformationsuperhighwayIntheearly1990s,fewpeopleoutsideofgovernmentsanduniversitieshadeverheardthetermInternet.TheWorldWideWebwasinitsinfancy（初期）.Backthenifyousaidtosomeone,“Sendmeane-mailwithdirectionstoyourhouse,”allyouwouldhavereceivedisapuzzledlook.Technologyhascomealongwaysincethosedays.Today,theInternetconnectsmillionsofcomputersaroundtheglobe,makingaworldwideexchangeofinformationpossible.TheInternetisoftencalledthe“informationsuperhighway.”That’sbecausevastamountsofinformationtraveloverit.Ifyousearchedthewordgrasshopper,forinstance,youwouldhavethousandsofsitestolookat.Somesiteswouldgiveinformationontheseinsects.Othersiteswouldbecompanieswith“grasshopper”intheirinsects.Stillothersitesmightwanttosellyoubooksaboutgrasshoppers.Inadditiontoinformation,theInternetalsooffersoneofthegreatestinventionsin26 communications:electronicmail,ore-mailforshort.E-mailisthebrainchildofashrewd（精明的）mannamedRayTomlinson.Hedevelopedtheprogramandsenthimselfthefirste-mailin1971.Heisn’tsure,buthethinkshisfirstmessagewasQWERTYUIOP(thetoprowoflettersonakeyboard).AsaresultofTomlinson’sinventionofe-mail,thewayinwhichtheworldcommunicateshaschanged.Thankstoe-mail,youcancommunicatewithastudentinLondonandfindouthowhisweatherexperimentisgoing.E-mailhasalsochangedthespeedwithwhichweexchangedinformation.Inminutes,youcancontactanotherpersonwhosharesyourloveofkitesorstamps.Yourauntandunclecansendyoupicturesoftheirnewpuppywithouteverleavingtheirhome.Ifyouaresickandcan’tattendschool,yourteachercane-mailyoutheassignmentsyouhavemissed.Youcanevensende-mailtoagrasshopperexpertandaskquestionsforaresearchpaper.However,thereisonebigdisadvantagewhenyouusee-mail.Unlikealetteryousendthroughthemail,e-mailisNOTprivate.Itcanbereviewedbyanyonewithaccesstoyourreceiver’scomputer.Yourreceivercouldalsoforwardittootherpeople—sobecareful.Donotsayanythinginane-mailthatyouwouldn’tsayinfrontofacrowd!TheInternetType1TheInternetenablesusto(1)______inanewway.TheInternetoffersinformationtousTheInternetisoftencalledthe“informationsuperhighway”,becausevastamountsofinformationtraveloverit.Wecan(2)______informationthroughouttheworld,becausetheInternetcanconnectmillionsofcomputers.Thanksto(3)_______,wecankeepintouchwithotherswhereverweare.(8)_____theadvantages,weshouldbe(9)______whenusingit,becauseitmaynotbe(10)______ifsomeonehasaccesstoourreceivers’computer.Ithaschangedthe(4)______oftalking.Throughit,wecantalkwithourstudentsinLondonabouttheweatherexperiment.Ithasalsoenabledustoexchangeinformationat(5)_____speedthantraditionalcommunicativemethods.Withinashorttime,itletsus(6)_____anotherpersonwhohasinterestin(7).Besides,ithelpsustosendinformationwithoutleavinghome.Type2TheInternetTheInternetoffersinformationtous.TheInternetenablesusto(1)____inanewway.Wecan(2)TheInternetisThanksto(3)_______,wecankeepintouchwithothers26 ____informationthroughouttheworld,becausetheInternetcanconnectmillionsofcomputers.oftencalledthe“informationsuperhighway”,becausevastamountsofinformationtraveloverit.whereverweare.Ithaschangedthe(4)_____oftalking.Throughit,wecantalkwithourstudentsinLondonabouttheweatherexperiment.Ithasalsoenabledustoexchangeinformationat(5)_____speedthantraditionalcommunicativemethods.Withinashorttime,itletsus(6)_____anotherpersonwhohasinterestin(7)._____Besides,ithelpsustosendinformationwithoutleavinghome.(8)_____theadvantages,weshouldbe(9)____whenusingit,becauseitmaynotbe(10)____ifsomeonehasaccesstoourreceivers’computer.参考答案：1.communicate2.exchange3.e-mail4.way5.higher6.contact7.common8.Despite9.careful10.private一、短文分析：本文是一篇议论文，介绍了Internet的两个方面：提供信息和带来全新的交流方式。第一部分讲两个内容：交换信息和信息高速公路名称的由来；第二部分讲的是e-mail对我们交流方面带来的好处及存在的问题。词数388个。二、表格结构从形式上看，该表格属于组织结构式，其显示的层次关系为“标题→总述→分述”，见下表：主题(TheInternet)主要方面(全新的交流方式)主要方面(提供信息)总述（对我们交流方面带来的好处及存在的问题）论述（信息高速公路名称的由来）论述（交换信息）分述（谨慎使用）分述（改变谈话方式）分述（快速交换信息）26 二、设题特点：（3）、（6）、（9）、（10）为捕捉信息题，学生从文中可以直接找到相关信息，无需加工；（1）、（2）、（4）、（5）、（7）、（8）为组织信息题，学生需要对捕捉到的信息进行加工、处理，从而得出答案。三、做题方法和技巧：1．抓住中心：抓住中心是正确理解短文的关键。要综合分析文章的首尾句，这样可以快速归纳出短文的中心。本文的中心是Internet给我们带来的好处，学生根据每段的第一句进行归纳总结，结合全文内容可得出。2．理清短文的结构：一般说来，短文按照“总―分―总”的原则来写作。本文中作者提出一个观点，然后从不同方面对其进行论证。3．弄清问题的要求：学生可利用表格所给的信息来推断所填写内容的要求，是捕捉信息题、组织信息题，还是表述信息题。通过对表格中上下左右信息与短文相关信息的比较、推断，然后确定问题的正确答案。4．抓住细节：对直接信息，只要细心，很容易找出来；对于间接信息则需要经过加工处理。如本篇第5小题，由第4段Inminutes,youcancontact….可知速度快，应用high；又由后面的than可知用比较级形式，即higher；第8小题，根据最后1段中However,thereisonebigdisadvantagewhenyouusee-mail.可以总结出：尽管e-mail有那么多好处，我们在使用时仍需小心。根据每空一词的要求，用despite。学生只要沉着冷静，从容面对，是可以做出的。5．注意表达的正确性：在找出相关信息后，必须仔细研究，要注意时态语态、人称、单复数、词性、句式等，以免出错。如第1、2小题，根据结构，要用动词原形。示例2请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。注意：每空格1个单词，不得用文章中的单词。AboutsixyearsagoIwaseatinglunchinarestaurantinNewYorkCitywhenawomanandayoungboysatdownatthenexttable,Icouldn’thelpoverhearingpartsoftheirconversation.Atonepointthewomanasked,“So,howhaveyoubeen?”Andtheboy—whocouldnothavebeenmorethansevenoreightyearsold—replied.“Frankly,I’vebeenfeelingalittledepressedlately.”Thisincidentstuckinmymindbecauseitconfirmedmygrowingbeliefthatchildrenarechanging.AsfarasIcanremember,myfriendsandIdidn’tfindoutwewere“depressed”untilwewereinhighschool.Theevidenceofachangeinchildrenhasincreasedsteadilyinrecentyears.Childrendon’tseemchildlikeanymore.Childrenspeakmorelikeadults,dressmorelikeadultsandbehavemorelikeadultsthantheyusedto.Whetherthisisgoodorbadisdifficulttosay,butitcertainlyisdifferent.Childhoodasitoncewasnolongerexists.Why?Humandevelopmentisbasednotonlyonnaturalbiologicalstates,butalsoonpatternsofaccesstosocialknowledge.Movementfromonesocialroletoanotherusuallyinvolveslearningthesecretsofthenewsituation.Childrenhavealwaysbeentaughtadultsecrets,butslowlyandinstages:traditionally,wetellsixthgradersthingswekeephiddenfromfifthgraders.Inthelast30years,however,asecret-revelation（揭示）machinehasbeeninstalledin98percentofAmericanhomes.Itiscalledtelevision.Televisionpassesinformation,andindiscriminately（不加区分地）,toallviewersalike,whethertheyarechildrenoradults.Unabletoresistthetemptation,manychildrenturntheirattentionfromprintedtextstotheless26 challenging,morevividmovingpictures.Communicationthroughprint,asamatteroffact,allowsforagreatdealofcontroloverthesocialinformationtowhichchildrenhaveaccess.Readingandwritinginvolveacomplexcodeofsymbolsthatmustbememorizedandpracticed.Childrenmustreadsimplebooksbeforetheycanreadcomplexmaterials.Type3Title:Changeintoday’schildrenMaincomparisonsContextsDifferent(1)_____Childreninthepastjustdidwhattheywere(2)____to.Childrentoday(3)_____asiftheywereadults.Different(4)_____Childreninthepastneverexperienced(5)_____.Sometimessadness(6)____tochildrennowadays.Different(7)_____togetknowledgeChildreninthepast:ina(8)_____andguidedprocessChildrennowadays:by(9)______TVwithoutcontrolAphenomenonworthnotingTheauthor’s(10)_____tochildren’schangeHepreferscommunicationthroughprintforchildren,whichcancontrolwhatchildrenaretolearn.参考答案：1.behaviors2.expected/supposed3.act4.feelings/emotions5.depression6.happens7.ways/methods8.gradual9.watching10.attitude一、短文分析：本篇是议论文，通过事例阐述了现在的孩子与过去的孩子不同之处，并指出这是一个值得注意的现象。词数348个。二、表格结构从形式上看，该表格属于网格式，由“主题/内容→分析、列举→建议”几部分组成。见下表：标题：现在孩子的变化主要对照不同背景的表现各个不同的方面（行为表现、情感、获取知识的方式）现在与过去的差异值得关注的现象作者的态度建议的内容三、设题特点：（2）、（3）、（5）、（6）、（8）、（9）的空格由文章内容进行加工处理可以得知，属组织信息题；（1）、（4）、（7）、（10）需要对表格右栏信息进行综合概括才能得出答案，属表述信息题。相对来讲，本篇设题较难。26 二、做题方法和技巧：1．通读全文，了解短文大意、写作思路和线索结构，以加深对篇章内容的理解，因为表格项目基本上是根据篇章结构而设计的。2．通过阅读标题和表格内容，了解表格结构和设计原理，确定所填信息的方向和类型。3．对于不能直接获得信息的题，一要对相关的信息进行加工处理，二要透过现象看本质，即它与前后信息的联系，归纳或概括得出答案。如本篇第3小题，从文中不能找到信息，但第三段中speak,dress,behave暗示了现在的孩子们表现得好像是成年人，应填act。4．表格的左栏若考查对短文主题、目的、论点方式的内容，可通过表格的右栏所给的信息进行反推。以本篇中的第10小题为例，由右栏中的Hepreferscommunicationthroughprintforchildren,…可以反推出应填作者的态度。这类题有一定的难度，需要学生在平时注意对文章进行分析和总结。示例3请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。注意：每空不超过6个单词。ThehistoryofnumbersPeoplehavenotalwaysusednumbers.Ittookthousandsofyearsbeforepeoplestartedtousenumbersystems,orsetsofideasthatexplainednumbers.Intheearliestcivilizations,peopleusedtalliestokeeptrackofhowmanyitemstherewereofakind.Talliesaregroupsoflinesormarksthatpeopledrawsomewheretocountsomething.Somepeoplemarkedtalliesonsticksorbones.Otherscountedpilesofbeadsorshells.Thesesimplemethodsforcountingworkedfine,becausepeoplelongagohardlyeverhadtocountlargenumbersofitems.Scholarswhostudythehistoryofnumbersbelievethatsomepeoplewholivedlongagocountedbypointingtopartsoftheirbodies.Differentparts,suchasfingersandelbows,stoodfordifferentnumbers.Today,peoplesuchasthePaielapeopleofPapuaNewGuineastillcountthisway.ThelargestnumberusedbythePaielais28.Theyusethiscountingsystemwhentheyfarmorwhentheypurchasegoods,suchasfoodandothersupplies.Whenthefirsttownsandvillagesbegantoappear,peopleneededbetterwaystocount.Thefarmerswholivedinvillagesinoneancients,orveryoldcivilizationintheMiddleEastuseddifferentsetsofclaytokenstocountdifferentkindsofthings.Theyusedsmall,flatcirclescalleddiskstocountsheep,buttheyusedegg-shapedtokenstocountjarsofoil.About5,000yearsago,anewkindofnumbersystemappeared.TheSumerians,wholivedinwhatisnowthecountryofIraq,developedthissystemsoonaftertheyhaddevelopedoneofthefirstsystemsofwriting.IntheSumeriannumbersystem,thesamesetofwrittenlinesorshapes,calledmarks,wasusedtocounteverykindofthing.TheancientEgyptians,thepeopleofEgypt,usedasetofpicturesintheirsystem.TheMayanpeopleofMexicoandCentralAmericausedaseriesofwrittencirclesandshortlines,calleddotsanddashes.Numbersystemshelpedpeopledomanynewthingsandenjoyaneasierlife.TheEgyptiansusednumberstohelpthemmeasureandbuildthepyramids.Numbersmadeiteasyforthemtobuyandsellthins,tomanagetheirfarms,andtotelltime.NumbershelpedtheMayanmakeoneofthefirstaccuratecalendars.ThesystemofnumbersthatweusetodayinmostpartsoftheworldbeganinIndiaabouttheyear500.Thissystemusestennumerals,orsymbolsthatstandforacertainnumber,from0to9.Theirvalue,ormeaning,dependsonwheretheyappearinanumber.Placevalueletspeople26 quicklysolveanymathproblemsthatinvolveaddition,subtraction,multiplicationanddivisionwithlargenumbers.Newandexcitingideasandinventionshavecausedustothinkofverylargeadverysmallnumbers.Inthelastcentury,thenamegoogolwascreatedforanumbermadeupofthenumber1followedbyonehundred0s.Type4Waysthatpeoplehavecountedthroughouthistory(1)__(4)__(6)__(8)__(2)__(3)__(4)__(7)__(10)__(9)__参考答案：1.Tallies2.Pilesofbeadsorshells3.Flatcirclescalleddisks4.Egg-shapedtokens5.Pointingtopartsofthebody6.Indiansystemofnumerals7.Sumeriansystemofmarks8.Egyptiansystemofpictures9.Mayansystemofdotsanddashes10.Systemofnumbersusedtoday一、短文分析：本篇是说明文，说明历史上数字作为工具的使用情况，内容较为简单。词数496个。二、表格结构从形式上看，该表格属于射线式（又名主体分裂式），中间显示核心内容，四周发散的是核心内容的各个方面。见下表：(1)__(4)__(6)__(8)__(2)__(7)__(10)__(3)__历史上人们数数的方式(4)__(9)__三、设题特点：（1）至（5）题的空格为捕捉信息题，学生通过阅读短文可以直接找到相关信息，无需加工；（6）至（10）题为组织信息题，学生需要对捕捉到的信息进行加工、处理、浓缩，从而得出答案。26 该类试题相对简单，多出现在说明文（从不同角度对说明的对象介绍、解释或说明）、议论文（对某个观点从不同方面进行论证）和记叙文（记述事件发生的过程）中。四、做题方法和技巧：1．先阅读表格，弄清表格要求的核心内容是整篇文章的内容，还是其中的一个对象、观点或事件。本文没有从整体设题，而是以历史上人们数数的方法这一方面进行设题。2．有些是很容易捕捉到的直接信息，有些虽然通读全文可以找到相关信息，但由于所给的信息过长，需要进行加工、处理。如本篇第7小题，文中相关信息为第四段第三句IntheSumeriannumbersystem,thesamesetofwrittenlinesorshapes,calledmarks,…可加工处理为Sumeriansystemofmarks。有些过长的信息还需浓缩，使词数符合要求。学生可以通过用名词所有格代替介词of、词性转换和句子结构转换的方式来实现。如第10小题，文中信息为thesystemofnumbersthatweusetoday，超出词数要求，可用非谓语动词的形式代替定语从句，即thesystemofnumbersusedtoday。3．注意表达的对称性。射线式表格要求所填内容的对称性。学生要挖掘出表达形式的共性，如名词短语、介词短语、动词时态语态、句式等，都应保持一致。另附：任务型阅读高频词1.标题title2.主题topic3.原因cause/reason4.结果result5.措施/步骤measure/step6.方法solution/way/manner/approach/method7.态度attitude8.趋势tendency9.结论conclusion10.建议suggestion/tip/proposal/advice11.要求requirement/demand12.问题problem13.观点opinion/view/idea14.意义significance15.目的/目标purpose/aim/goal16.影响effect/impact/influence17.定义definition18.来源source19.数量quantity20.质量quality21.优劣advantage/disadvantage22.特色.特征feature23.人物/角色character24.类型type/kind/sort25.情节plot26.内容content27.行为behavior28.重要性importance29.必要性necessity/must30.情感feeling/emotion31.异同difference/similarity32.外表appearance33.信息information34.人口population35.贡献contribution36.想象力imagination37.创造力creativity38.概括、总结summary39.要点、提纲outline40.其它time/place/situation/condition任务型阅读10篇请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填一个单词。请将答案写在相应题号的横线上。（一）Haveyoueveraskedyourcustomersandpotentialcustomershowthey’dliketohearfromyou?Someofthemmightchecke-mailmessagesregularlythroughouttheday;someofthemmightchecktheirmessagesonlyonceortwiceaday;andsomeofthemmightnotusee-mailatall.Ifyou’vebeenautomaticallyusinge-mailtoavoidlengthyphoneconversations,firstchecktoseeifthat’salsoyourcustomers’preferredmethodofcommunication.Thenconsiderthebenefitsofpickingupthephone.Iknow,e-mailisconvenient.Itgivesyouarecordofwhatwassaid,anditletsyoucommunicatewithoutwastinganytimeonchit-chat.Butitalsoremovesthatlittlehumanbondoffriendliness.Itpreventsyoufromfindingacommonground----suchasasharedinterestinahobby.Thephoneallowsthat.Usingthetelephonealsoaidsincommunication.Amisunderstoodquestioninan26 e-mailcantakeseveralmessagesbackandforthtoclarify.Onthephoneyoucansay”No,Imeant…”andthenyoucanre-stateyourquestioninadifferentway.Insteadofbeingatime-waster,thephonecansometimesbeatime-waster.Besuretoaskyourcustomersifthey’dpreferdocumentssenttotheme-mailorfax----becausesomepeoplereallydopreferthefax.Rememberthatthey’rebusytoo.Theymightnotwanttositattheircomputeropeningfilesandprintingpagesofdocuments.Forsome,it’smuchmoreconvenienttowalkovertothefaxmachineandpickupthepre-printeddocuments.There’sanoldsaying:Peopledon’tcarehowmuchyouknowuntiltheyknowhowmuchyoucare.Letyourcustomersknowthatyoucareaboutcommunicatingwiththemintheirway.Askingismerelyaddinganotherlevelofcustomerservice.Knowinghowyourpeopleliketocommunicatecanbeevenmoreimportantwithprospectivecustomers.Sayyou’resendingaproposalforaprojectandcompetingwithanothervendor.Ifyouassumethatyourprospectiveclientreadshisorhere-mailregularlyyoumighttransmityourproposalasanattachment.Ifyourassumptioniswrong,andifyourcompetitorhastakenthetimetolearnthatyourprospectivecustomerreallywantstoreceivedocumentsviafax,yourprospectiveclientmightnotevenseeyourproposaluntilafterthejobisawarded.Itonlytakesaminutetoaskthequestion,anditmightmakeabigdifferenceinyourincome.Waysof___71______withyourcustomersAdvantagesDisadvantages_72___waysUsinge-mail_73__longphoneconversationsThereisa__74__offriendliness.Usingthetelephone◆Helpyoufindwhatothershavein___75___withyourself.◆Helpyouto_76_____timeincommunication.Maybetheconversation_77_____long.UsingthefaxBusypeoplecangainmoretime,bymeansofpickingupthepre-printed26 _78______.___79____Knowingyourcustomers’wayofcommunicationmighthavean__80_____onyourincome.（二）Whetheryou’reattendinganewschoolorlookingforadate,meetingpeopleandmakingfiendscanbeawkwardandchallenging.However,itdoesn’thavetobesohard.Tryafewofthesesimpletips,andyou’llbeonyourwayinnotime.Otherpeopleliketoknowthey’rebeingheardandthattheiridealsareappreciated.Bybeingagoodlistener,youletothersknowthatyouvaluewhattheyhavetosayand,byextension,whotheyare.Youcanletothersknowyou’repayingattentionbymakingeyecontactwhilethey’respeaking,thenaskingaquestionortwoaboutwhatthey’resaying.Iftheconversationgoeswell,askthepersonorhisorherphonenumberoremail,andthenmakeplanstohangout.Everyonelovesanegoboost.Noticingsomethingyoulikeaboutsomeoneandsharingitwithhimorherisagreatwaytoforgeaconnectionandstartaconversation.Whengivingacompliment,behonestandgenuine.Evenifyou’recomplimentingsomethingverysmall----likethecoloroftheperson’sshoes----it’slikelytobeappreciated.Youmightevenreceiveacomplimentinreturn!You’relesslikelytonoticewho’sinterestedinyouifyou’reconstantlycheckingyouremail,voicemailandtextmessages.Beingonlineoronthephonealsosendsthemessagetoothersthatyou’reunavailable.Putawayyourcellphonefromtimetotimeandtakealookaround.Whoseemsfunnyorinteresting?Whichpeopleintheroomhaveyounevertalkedto?Whopaysattentiontoyourideas?Makeametalnoteandspendalittletimegettingtoknowthesepeopleface-to-face.Havinganinterestincommonwithanotherpersongivesbothofyousomethingtotalkabout.Nomatterwhetherthatinterestisreading,rugbyorrock‘n’roll,pursuingitwithotherpeopleisfunandgivesyouasenseofmeaningandbelonging.Clubs,teamsandothergroupsalsoworktowardcommongoals,whichteachesyouhowtosolveproblemsandhelpsyoubondwithothers.Investigatetheclubsandactivitiesatyourschoolorplaceofworship.Checkoutthecourselistingsatyoulocalcommunitycenter,YMCAorparksandrecreationdepartment.Fromabandorabookclub,orstartaninterestgrouponline.You’llhaveacircleoffriendsbeforeyouknowit.Astrongdesiretohelpothersisattractivetomostpeople,whetherthey’relookingforafriendoradate.It’salsoextremelyappealingtocollegesandscholarshipprograms.Channelingthisdesireintoavolunteerprojectisagreatwaytomeetothers,26 buildacommunitysenseandworktowardcommongoals.Youcanvolunteerinyourschool,communityorchurch.Manyteenscleanupparks,tutoryoungerstudentsorhelpatfoodpantries,animalsheltersorhospitals.Nonprofitorganizationsalwaysneedvolunteersaswell.FindoutifHabitatforHumanity,theSierraClub,theRedCrossandothernonprofitgroupshavechaptersnearwhereyoulive.Chancesare,you’llfindotherteensandnicepeopleofallagesvolunteeringtheirtime.Gettingapart-timejobataplacewhereotherteensworkisanotherwaytomeetpeopleandworktowardcommongoals.Evenifthosegoalsinvolvefoldingsweatersorcleaningtoilets,you’llhavesomethingtocomplainaboutandbondwithothers.Doesyourmathteachergivesuper-hardexams?Isyourhistoryteacheralwaysgivingpopquizzes?Roundupafewothersfromyourclasstostudytogethereachweek.Askyourteacherifyoucouldpassaroundasign-upsheetormakeanannouncementaboutthegroupafterclass.Whenyourgroupgetstogether,sharenotesandchataboutclass.Findoutwhatyourclassmateslikeabouttheteacherandwhattheycan’tstand.Makeflashcardstogetherorquizoneanother.Bringsnacksandsharewhat’sgoingoninyourlife.You’llhavenewfriendsbeforeyouknowit.Lettingothersknowthatyouthinkthey’refunnymakesthemfeelgoodandshowsthemyou’reinterestedinwhattheythink.Italsoshowsyouhaveagoodsenseofhumor,whichisoneofthetopthingsteenslookforinaperson,whetherit’sabestfriendoraboyfriendoragirlfriend.26 Peoplehave72______makingfriendsbecauseit’sfullofchallenges.Learntobe__80_______79_____astudygroup____78___apart-timejobJoinacluborateamWorkasa___77_______76__yourselfawayfromyourbusinesstemporarilyMakingfriendsAcommon__71________73_onmakingfriends___74__andaskquestions____75_acompliment26 （三）Freezingweathercanmeanfrostbite（冻疮）andhypothermia（低体温）unlessapersonisprepared.Todaywetalkabouthowtostaywarm,dryandsafe.Frostbiteisdamagethathappenswhenskinisexposedtoextremecoldfortoolong.Itmainlyhappensonthehands,feet,noseandears.Peoplewithminorcasesoffrostbitethataffectonlytheskinmaynotsufferanypermanentdamage.Butifdeepertissueisaffected,apersonislikelytofeelpaineverytimetheareagetscold.Hypothermiahappenswhenthebodycannotproduceasmuchheatasitreleases.Theconditioncomesonslowly.Signsofhypothermiaincludeuncontrollableshaking,veryslowbreathinganddifficultythinkingclearly.Ifnottreated,hypothermiacanbedeadly.Toavoidcold-relatedinjuries,hereisasimplewaytorememberfourbasicstepstostaywarm.ThinkofCOLD----C.O.L.D.TheCstandsforcover.Wearahatandascarftokeepheatfromescapingthroughthehead,neckandears.Andwearmittens（连指手套）insteadofgloves.Ingloves,thefingersareseparated,sothehandsmaynotstayaswarm.TheOstandsforoverexertion.Avoidactivitiesthatwillmakeyousweaty.Wetclothesandcoldweatherareabadmix.TheLstandsforlayers.Wearingloose,lightweightclothes,onelayerontopofanother,isbetterthanwearingasingleheavylayerofclothing.Also,makesureouterwearismadeofmaterialthatiswaterresistantandtightlyknit.TheDstandsfordry.Inotherwords,stayasdryaspossible.Payattentiontotheplaceswheresnowcanenter,likethetopsofboots,thenecksofcoatsandthewristareasofmittens.Hypothermiacanbemild,moderateorserve.Mildhypothermiaissomethingthatmostpeoplehaveexperiencediftheyliveincoldclimates.Youfeelsocoldthatyourbodystartstoshake----notverymuch,butuncontrollably.Thetreatmentformildhypothermiastartswithgettingoutofthecoldand,ifnecessary,changingintodryclothes.Drinkingwarm,non-alcoholicliquidsandeatingsomethingsugarycanstoptheshivering.Takingawarmbathorsittingbyafireordoingsomeexercisecanalsohelpthebodywarmup.Theseareallcommonsensetreatments.Butthetreatmentneedschangewhenpeopleenterthemoderateorservestagesofhypothermia.Inthatsituation,theirbodytemperaturedropsbelowthirty-fivedegreesCelsius.Theylosetheabilitytothinkclearly.Theirmusclesstiff.Theymightbumpintothingsorfalloversubjects.Itisimportanttoworkfasttogetpeopleoutofthecold.Hypothermiavictimsneedmedicalhelpassoonaspossible.Butitisequallyimportanttomovethemslowlyandgently.26 Howtostaywarm,dryandsafeTwo___71____happeninginthewinterfrostbite◆Ithappensasaresultofskinbeing_72_____toextremecoldfortoolong.◆Minorcasesoffrostbitewon’t___73____muchdamage.◆Apersonmay__74_____alotifdeepertissueisaffected.hypothermia◆It___75____fromthebodyheatfromescaping.◆Theconditioncomesonslowlywiththreesigns.◆__76_____treatment,itcanbedeadly.Basic__77_____tostaywarmCWearsomethingtokeepheatfromescaping.OAvoidactivitiesthatwillmakeyousweaty.LWearloose,lightweightclothesmadeofspecialmaterial.DStayasdryaspossible.__78____forhypothermia◆Drinkingwarm_79______liquidsandeatingsomethingsugary.◆Takingawarmbathorsittingbyafireordoingsomeexercise.◆Changingthetreatmentaccordingtothe_80______stages.◆Gettingvictimsoutofthecold,givingthemmedicalhelpassoonaspossibleandmovingthemslowlyandgently.（四）Adoptingavegandietdramaticallyreducesoneperson’simpactontheenvironment.Itwouldhelpdealwiththeproblemofclimatechangeifpeoplearelessmeat,accordingtoagovernmentagency.AleakedemailtoavegetariancampaigngroupfromanEnvironmentAgencyofficialexpressessympathywiththeenvironmentbenefitofavegandiet,whichbansdairyproductsandfish.TheagencyalsosaystheDepartmentforEnvironment,FoodandRuralAffairs(DEFRA)isconsideringrecommendingeatinglessmeatasoneofthekeyenvironmentbehaviorchangesneededtosavetheplanet.Itsaysthatthischangewouldhavetointroduced”gently”becauseof“theriskofalienating（使疏远）thepublic”.DavidMilbank,theEnvironmentSecretary,hasraisedtheissuethatfarmanimalsareblamedforproducinglargeamountsofpowerfulgreenhousegas,methane,andtoldfarmerstheyneedtodosomethingaboutitbuttheagency’sresponseappearstogofartherthanofficialadvice.Ithasprovoked（引起）animmediateresponsefromtheNationalFarmersUnion,whichsaidthesuggestionwas“simplistic”and“acauseofconcern”.26 Theagency’sofficialwasrespondingtoanemailfromthevegangroupViva,whicharguesthatitismoreefficienttouselandtogrowcropsfordirectconsumptionbyhumansratherthanfeedingthemtodairycowsorlivestock（家畜）raisedfoemeat.ThecampaigngroupenteredacommentontheEnvironmentAgency’swebsitesaying:“Adoptingavegandietreducesoneperson’simpactontheenvironmentevenmoreeffectivethangivinguptheircarorforgoingseveralplanetripsayear!Whyaren’tyoupromotingthismessageaspartofyourWorldEnvironmentDaycampaign?”Anagencyofficialreplied:”Whilepotentialbenefitofavegandietintermsofclimateimpactcouldbeverysignificant,encouragingthepublictotakealifestyledecisionassubstantialasbecomingaveganwouldbearequestthatfewarelikelytotakeup.”YouwillbeinterestedtohearthattheDepartmentforEnvironment,FoodandRuralAffairsisworkingonasetofkeyenvironmentalbehaviorchangestomitigateclimatechange.Consumptionofanimalproteinhasbeenhighlightedwithinthatwork.Asaresulttheissuemaystarttofigureinclimatechangecommunicationsinthefuture.Itwillbeacaseofintroducinggentlyasthereisariskofalienatingthepublic.“FutureEnvironmentAgencycommunicationsareunlikelytoeversuggestadoptingafullyveganlifestyle,butcertainlyencouragingpeopletoexaminetheirconsumptionofanimalproteincouldbeakeymessage.”JulietGellatley,directorofViva,said,”Ithinkitisextraordinarythatagovernmentagencythinksbecomingavegetarianoravegancouldhavesuchapositiveimpactontheenvironmentyetitisnotpreparedtostandupandarguethecase.”ADEFRAspokesmansaid:”Thegovernmentisnottellingpeopletogiveupmeat.Itisn’ttheroleofgovernmenttoenforceadietaryorlifestylechangeonanyindividual.”A_71______fromavegetariangroupOnepersoncanreduceenvironmental___72_____byadoptingavegandiet.Different__73_____tothesuggestionTheEnvironmentAgencyofficials◆Expresssympathywithit.◆Raisean__74_____andaskfarmerstodosomethingaboutit.◆Encouragepeopletoexaminetheir___75____ofanimalprotein.TheNationalFarmersUnionThinkitissimplisticanditwillraisepeople’s___76_____.DEFRA__77______itasoneofthe“keyenvironmentbehaviorchanges”.The__78____incarryingoutthereform◆Whenthechangeisintroduced,therewillbea_79______.◆Thegovernmentdoesn’tplayanimportant__80_____.26 （五）Florida,inthesoutheasternUnitedStates,iscalledtheSunshineState.ItgrowsmoreorangesthananyplaceexceptBrazil.ButArcticairhasdamagedsomeFloridaorangesandstrawberriesinrecentdays,andkilledfishattropicalfarms.Theunusuallylongperiodofcoldweatherhasshownhowevenwarmclimatecansometimesfreezeover.Butprotectingplantsandtreesinthegardenmaynotbetoodifficultifyoufollowafewsuggestions.Suddencoldcanbethebiggestthreat,especiallyafterawarmperiod.Plantshavenothadachancetohardentheirdefenses.Thosethatareactivelygrowingorfloweringareathighrisk.Trytochooseplantsthatlivebestwithcoldweather,andmakeplantingareasfacewestandsouth.Beingnearothergrowthmayalsoprovidewarmth.Mostfrostdamagetakesplaceatnight.Icecrystalsfromontheleafsurface.Theypullmoisture（水分）fromtheleavesandkeepplanttissuesgettingwater.Coldweatherismostlikelytodamageorkillplantsthatdonothaveenoughmoisture.Sokeepthegardenwatered.Moistsoilabsorbsmoreheatthanloose,drysoilcoveredwithmulchorvegetation.ExpertsofUniversityofArizonasaycoveringplantsandsmalltreeswithclothorpapercanhelppreventfrostdamage.Aone-hundredwattlightbulbdesignedforoutdoorusecanalsoprovidewarmth.SomepeopleplaceChristmaslightsonyoungtreesforwarmth.Thebulbsshouldhangbelowtheleavestolettheheatriseintothetree.Coldisespeciallydangeroustocitrustrees.AgriculturalspecialistsattheUniversityofCaliforniasuggestputtingpaperorclotharoundthetrunkandcentralbranchesofyoungcitrustrees.InFlorida,astemperaturesfelltorecordlows,citrusgrowerssprayedwaterontheirtreestohelppreventfreezedamage.JimBotcherisamastergardenerwiththeUniversityofFloridaextension.Heexplainsthatasthewaterfreezes,itproducesheat,andtheiceformsaprotectiveblanketaroundthetree.Ifyousprayatree,keepthewaterawayfromnearbypowerlines.Heavyicecanformandbreakthem.Youcanalsowrapatreeinpalmtreefrondleaves,cornstalksorfiberglass.Addingplasticfilmworkswellinrainandsnow.Butexpertssayplasticalonedoesnothelpmuch.__71____causedbycoldinFlorida◆__72_____damagetosomeorangesandstrawberries.◆Killingfish._73_______toprotectplantsandtrees◆Chooseplants__74_____forcoldweather.◆Trytomakethegardenremain__75_____.◆__76_____plantsandsmalltreeswithcoldorpaper.◆Hangbulbs___77____warmthbelowtheleaves.◆_78______thetrunkandbranchesofyoungcitruswithpaperorcloth.◆_79_____theiceasaprotectiveblanket.26 ◆Sometree__80_____andplasticfilmcanprotectthetree.（六）Effectivestudyskillmustbepracticedinorderforyoutoimprove.Itisnotenoughtosimply“thinkabout”studying;youhavetoactuallydoit,andintheprocessuseinformationfromwhatyoudotogetbetter.Thisisthecentralideaofthispage.Allthatfollowsdependsonthissingleconcept.Thereisasayingthatgoeslikethis:”Practicedoesn’tmakeperfect;perfectpracticemakesperfect.”Ifyouwanttobeanachiever,takethissayingtoheart.Beforeyouevenbegintothinkabouttheprocessofstudying,youmustdevelopaschedule.Ifyoudon’thaveascheduleorplanforstudying,thenyouwillnothaveanywayofallocatingyourvaluabletimewhentheunexpectedcomesup.Agood,well-thought–outschedulecanbeatimesaver.It’suptoyoutolearnhowtodevelopaschedulethatmeetsyourneeds.Reviseitifnecessary,andmostimportant,followit.Allschedulesshouldbemadewiththeideathattheycanberevised.Agoodschedulekeepsyoufromwanderingoffyourcourse.Agoodschedule,ifproperlymanaged,assignstimeisneeded,butyou’vegottowanttodoit！Ascheduleshouldtakeintoaccounteveryclass,lectures,socialevents,andotherworkinwhichyouengage.Thereissomethingsuchasclassesthathastobeincorporated.Youmustfocusontheother“freetime”availableandhowyouwilluseit.Indicatetimesforclasses,labs,lecturesandsocialevents.Alsoblockoffaperiodforsleepingeachday.Withwhatisleftover,plantimeforstudy.Thisgivesyouaroughroadmapofthetimeavailable.Ofcourse,youcanreviseyourscheduleascircumstanceswarrant.Theproblemofwhentostudyiscritical.Agoodruleofthumbisthatstudyingshouldbecarriedoutonlywhenyouarerested,alert,andhaveplannedforit.Lastminutestudyingjustbeforeaclassisusuallyawasteoftime.Ifyourstudyperiodisbeforealectureclass,besureyouhavereadalltheassignmentsandmadenotesonwhatyoudon’tunderstand.Ifthestudyperiodisafterthelectureclass,reviewthenotesyoutookduringclasswhiletheinformationisstillfresh.Forclassthatrequirerecitation,suchasforeignlanguages,besuretoscheduleastudyperiodjustbeforetheclass.Usethetimetopractice.Sometimes,practicewithotherscanhelpsharpenyourskillsinabefore-classstudyperiod.26 EffectivestudyskillsAsingle_71________73____ascheduleOtherpreparation__72____fromthinkingaboutstudying,youshouldactuallydoit.Rememberthe_74_______ofaschedule;it__75_____time.Makeand_76_____ascheduleifnecessary.Takingeverythinginto_77____.Whento__78____iscriticalStudyingfor__79____coursesStudyingforcursesneeding_80______（七）Youadmireapersonfromadistance.Popularandknown,youfinditfrighteningjusttobenearthatperson.Suddenly,thispersonisinfrontofyou,smiling.Howwillyoustartaconversation?Startingaconversationisafearexperiencedbymanypeople.Onceinasituationwhereapersonmuststartaconversation,hefeelslikehidingorvanishingintotheair.Eventhoughhowpreparedapersonis,wordsdon’tseemcoherent（前后一致的）enough.Thechanceislikelytobelostforever,soneverhesitatetostartone.Whenyoustartaconversationwithstrangers,thinkthattheymaybefeelingworriedtoo.Beingthefirsttostart,youaretheonebreakingtheice.Alltheyneedtodoisrespondsostarttheconversationonapositivenote.Observeyoursurroundings——thepeoplearoundyou,food,weather,theplaceitself——andfindacommontopic.Befriendly.Givepraisesincerely.Donotbeafraidtoaskquestions.Startwithclose-endedquestionssoitwillbeeasiertoaskfoeananswer.Ifapositivereactionisreceivedthentakeitasahintthatthepersoniswillingtoconversewithyou.Ifatfirstyougetanegativeresponse,donotbeblunt（直言的）aboutit.Actasifyoudidnotnoticeit.Somepeopleneedtimetogetaccustomedtoyourpresence.Theybecomeconditionedtothemselvesthatyouaretalkingwiththemandnottothe26 otherpeoplearound.Iftheansweristoonegative,thenletgoofthetopicbutdonotrespondrudely.Showthatyourespecttheirdecision.Givethemtimetothink.Afterreceivingapositiveanswer,afewmoreclose-endedquestionswillbefine.Besensitive.Observehowtheresponseisbeingdelivered.Showgenuineinterestintheanswer.Listenattentivelyandrespondaccordingly.Ifyoufeelthattheresponseispositive,youcanstartaskingopen-endedquestions.Donotstarttopicsaboutreligionorpolitics.Thesetwosubjectsareverycontroversialandargumentsmayarisebecauseofconflictingideasandperceptions.Talkaboutsomepersonalinformationlikeyourfavoritesbutdonotmonopolize（垄断）thetime.Talkingonlyaboutyoumightboretheotherperson.Youshouldshowthatyouarealsointerestedingettingtoknowhimbetterbyaskingrelevantquestions.Alightandwholesomejokecanlightenthemoodbutitmustbedeliveredcorrectlyasitmayoffendtheotherparty.Wheninagroup,involveinthewholegroup.Donotisolateasinglepersonbutwhenapersonisspeaking,lookathimandgivesolicitingresponselikeanodorasmile.Talkwithconfidencebutdonotoverdoit.Youmightenduplookingboastful（自夸的）.Donotwhisperwiththepeoplebesideyouwhensomeoneistalking.Ifyouareknowledgeablewiththesubjectathand,thenspeakup.Ifyouhavequestions,voicethemout.Thesearethechancesyoushouldnotpasstostartaconversation.__71____tostartaconversation?The__72__ofstartingaconversationManypeoplecouldn’texpresstheirwordseventhoughtheyhave__74____thembecauseoftension.__73____forstartingaconversationDos◆Startwithacommontopicina_75____wayfirst,withapositivenote.◆_76_____topaynoattentiontoanegativeresponseandshowrespecttotheperson’sdecision.◆Takeaninterestinthepositiveanswers,listenattentivelyandasksomequestionsaccordingtothe_77____.◆Showinterestintheothers’personalinformation,ifnecessary,andyoucan___78___anappropriatejoke.◆Lookatthespeaker,respondingwithsomegestureswhileheisspeaking.26 Don’ts◆Don’tbeafraidtoaskquestions.◆Don’tstartwithreligiousor_79______topics.◆Don’tmonopolizethetimewhentalking.◆Don’ttalkwithtoomuch__80_____.◆Don’twhisperwiththepeoplebesideyouwhensomeoneistalking.（八）Thereare3basictypesofrockclimbing.Topropingisprobablyoneofthemostcommontypesandtheclimberbasicallyclimbswithapartner.Topropingisastyleinwhicharope,usedfortheclimber’ssafety,runsfromadelayeratthefootofaroutethroughoneormorecarabineers（铁锁）connectedtoananchorsystematthetopoftherouteandbackdowntotheclimber,usuallyattachingtotheclimberbymeansofaharness.Assumingthattherouteisbottom-to-top,thetop-ropeclimbergenerallywillnotfallmorethanashortdistanceandcanthussafelyattempteventhemostdifficultroutes.Thesecondtype,whichisverysimilartotopropingiscalledleadclimbing.Thebuddysystemworksthesameway,onemanonthegroundbelayingandtheotherclimbing,butthistimeinsteadoftheropebeingatthetopoftherockithastobehookedintoclasps（钩子）astheclimberclimbsuptherock.Inbothofthesetypesofrockclimbingtheclimbershastheluxurytositofftherockfaceandrestontherope.However,leadclimbingrequirestheclimbertohangfromtherockfacewithonehand,grabtherope,andpullituptolipitintotheclasps,andthiscanbeveryharddependingonmanydifferentthings.Thethirdtypeofrockclimbingiscalledblundering.Blunderingisatypeoffreeclimbingwithoutanyropesorharnesses.Theclimbertendstostaymuchclosertotheground.Thisisthemostdemandingofallclimbing.Theclimbermustbeabletocompletetheroutewithouttakingarestontherope.Often,duringablunderingroutetheclimberisrequiredtodoamaneuvercalleddyne（动态动作）.Dynesarebasicallylaunchingyourselfofftherockface,andthengrabbingataholdfurtherawayfromyou.Thistypeofmaneuveriswherementaltrainingplaysamajorroleinclimbing.Believeitornot,climbingissaidtobeabout75%legsandonly25%arms.Toclimbsuccessfullyonemustusewonderfultechnique.Oneofthemajorrulesofrockclimbingistoalwayshave3pointstouchingtherockface.Whetheritisbothfeetandonehand,oronefootandbothhands,itismucheasiertohaveyourweightdistributedon3pointsthanitis2.Anotherimportantconcepttograspisthatyourarmsinmostcaseswillnotdotheclimbing;theyonlyholdyouintotherockfacesothatyourlegsareactuallypushingyouupward.Thecloseryouaretotherockface,theeasieritistoclimb.RockclimbingToproping◆Oneofthemostcommontypes◆Aclimber__72____byapartner◆Aropeandadelayerneededtokeeptheclimber_73____,withoneormore26 __71____basictypescarabineersconnectedtoananchorsystematthetopoftheroute.Leadclimbing◆Having74_____withtoproping◆Theropebeing__75___intoclaspsastheclimberclimbsuptherock◆Theclimberhavingmuch_76____finishingtheclimbBlundering◆Freeclimbingwithoutthe_77_____ofanyropesorharnesses◆Theclimbercompletingtheroute,withamaneuver_78______Whattheclimbersshould__79_____◆Usingwonderfultechnique◆Alwayshaving3pointstouchingtherockface◆Usingyourlegstopushyourselfupward,_80___armsusedtokeepyourbodyclosertotherockface（九）EducationinBritainandtheUSInBritainallchildrenhavetogotoschoolbetweentheagesof5and16.IntheUSchildrenmustgotoschoolfromtheageof6tobetweentheagesof14and16,dependingonthestatetheylivein.InEnglandandWalesthesubjectstaughtinschoolsarelaiddownbytheNationalCurriculum,whichwasintroducedin1988andsetsoutindetailthesubjectsthatchildrenshouldstudyandthelevelsofachievementtheyshouldreachbytheagesof7,11,14and16,whentheyaretested.IntheUSthesubjectstaughtaredecidedbynationalandlocalgovernments.WhereasBritainschoolsusuallyhaveprayersandreligiousinstruction,Americanschoolsarenotallowedtoincludeprayersortoteachparticularreligiousbeliefs.At16studentsinEnglandandWalestakeGCSEexamination.Theseexaminationsaretakenbystudentsofalllevelsofabilityinanyofarangeofsubjectsandmayinvolveafinalexamination,anassessmentofworkdoneduringthetwo-yearcourse,orbothofthesethings.At18somestudentstakeA-levelexaminations,usuallyinnotmorethan3subjects.ItisnecessarytohaveA-levelinordertogotoauniversity.InScotlandstudentstaketheSCEexaminations.Ayearlater,theycantakeexaminationscalledHIGHS,afterwhichtheycaneithergostraighttoauniversityor26 spendafurtheryearatschoolandtaketheCertificateofSixthYearStudies.InScotlandtheuniversitysystemisdifferenttothatinEnglandandWales.Coursesusuallylastfouryearsratherthanthreeandstudentsstudyalargernumberofsubjectsaspartoftheirdegree.IntheUSschoolexaminationsarenotasimportantasinBritain.Studentsinhighschoolsdohaveexamsattheendoftheirlasttwoyears,butthesefinalexamsareconsideredalongwiththeworkthatthestudentshavedoneduringtheschoolyears.InAmericanhighschoolsthereisaformalceremonyforgraduation(=completionofhighschool).Studentswearaspecialcapandgownandreceiveadiplomafromtheheadoftheschool.Studentsoftenbuyaclassringtoear,andayearbook,containingpicturesoftheirfriendsandteachers.TherearealsospecialsocialeventsatAmericanschools.Sportseventsarepopular,andcheerleadersleadtheschoolinsupportingtheschoolteamandsingingtheschoolsong.InBritain,therearenoformaldancesorsocialoccasionsassociatedwithschoollife.SomeschoolshaveSPEECHDAYattheendoftheschoolyearwhenprizesaregivingtothebeststudentsandspeechesaremadebytheheadteacherandsometimesaninvitedguest.However,inmanyBritishschoolsstudentsandteachersorganizeinformaldancesfortheolderstudents.Title:___71____ofeducationinBritainandtheUSAspects_72_________BritaintheUSSchoolagesbetweentheagesof5and16fromtheage6tobetweentheagesof14and16,__78____tothestatestudentslivein__73_______laiddownbytheNationalCurriculum,introducedin1988,_74____outofthesubjectsthatchildrenshouldstudyandthelevelsofachievementtheyshouldreachdecidedbynationalandlocalgovernmentsExaminations▲At16studentstakeGCSEexamination,perhaps__75_____afinalexamination,anassessmentofworkdoneduringthetwo-yearcurse,orboth.▲At18somestudentstakeStudentsinhighschoolshaveexamsattheendoftheirlasttwoyears,withtheworkthatthestudentshavedoneduringtheschoolyears__79_____into26 A-levelexaminations,theresultofwhich_76______whethertheycangotoauniversity.consideration.Socialeventsandceremonies▲SPEECHDAYis_77____insomeschoolattheendoftheschoolyear.▲Informaldancesfortheolderstudentsareorganized.▲Thereisaformalceremonyforgraduation,_80______studentsdressupandreceiveadiplomafromtheheadoftheschool.▲Therearealsospecialsocialevents.（十）U.S.womantocarryOlympictorchinChinaJennyBowen,anAmericanlivinginBeijing,hasbeenselectedastheonlyAmericantocarrythe2008BeijingOlympictorchonChinesesoilnextyear.Sheandsevenothernon-Chinesewinnerswerechosenfromapoolof262applicantsfrom47countriesinacontestorganizedbyChinesecomputermakerLenovoGroupandtheofficialEnglish-languagenewspaper,ChinaDaily.WhenBowenrunswiththeOlympictorchnextyear,shewillnotonlyberepresentingtheUnitedStates.ShewillalsoberepresentingthousandsofChineseorphans,ABCnewssaid.Bowen,amotheroftwoadoptedChinesedaughters,isexecutivedirectorofHalftheSkyFoundation,anorganizationwhichwasestablishedin1998andaimstoenrichthelivesandenhancetheprospectsfororphanedchildreninChina.Nearly10yearslater,BowenandHalftheSkyhavetouchedthelivesofover13,000children.HalftheSkyisnowpresentin36welfareinstitutionsin28Chinesecities.Approximately4,000childrenareactiveintheprogram,whichprovidestrainedstaff,educationaltools,medicalsupportandnurturinglovetoorphans.BowenhopesthatrunningwiththeOlympictorchnextyearwillhelpdrawattentiontothechildreninChina.Shewillbeamong19,400runnerswhowillcarrytheflamealongan85,000-mile,130-dayrouteacrossfivecontinents.BeijingorganizerssayitwillbethelongesttorchrelayinOlympichistory.LikeBowen,thesevenothernon-Chinesewinners,whoincludeaGermanengineerandaVenezuelangraphicdesigner,liveinChina.OthercountriesrepresentedwillbethePhilippines,Colombia,India,JapanandRussia.AccordingtoOlympicorganizers,candidateswereselectedbasedonanonlinevote,committeeselection,their"loveofChinesecultureandhistory"anddevotionto"[communicating]informationofarealChinatotheirnativecountries."26 Eachrunnerwillcarrythetorchfor200metersonChinesesoil.Title:U.SwomantocarryOlympictorchinChina1LenovoGroup,theofficialEnglish-languagenewspaperandChinaDailyLucky2JennyBowenandsevenothernon-Chinese3werechosenfromapoolof262applicantsfrom47countrieswhoarealllovingChinesecultureandhistoryanddevotingtoinformationofarealChinatotheirown___4___.Bowen1.BowenisamotheroftwoadoptedChinesedaughtersandanexecutivedirectorofHalftheSkyFoundation.2.SheistheonlyAmericantocarrythetorchonChina____5__.3.ShewillnotonlyrepresentU.SbutorphansinChina.HalftheSky’s___6___About10yearsafter1998,theyhave___7___over1300childrenandnowhave36welfareinstitutionsin28Chinesecities.Bowen’s___8___DrawattentiontothecauseoftheorphansinChina.The___9___abouttheOlympictorchrelay1.Therewillbe19,400runnersandtheywillcarrytheflamealongan85,000-mile,130-dayrouteand___10___fivecontinents.2.EachofthemonChinesesoilwillcarrythetorchfor200metres.3.ItwillbethelongestoneintheOlympichistory.任务阅读参考答案：一）71.communicating信息归纳。本文谈论的是与顾客联系的方式。72.Various/Different/Varied信息归纳。表格提示语文章的内容。73.Avoid信息捕捉。从第二段第一句可知。74.lack信息转换。从第三段第三句可知。75.common信息转换。从第三段最后两句可知。76.save信息转换。从第四段最后一句可知。77.lasts信息转换。从第二段中avoidlengthyphoneconversations可知。78.documents信息捕捉。从第五段最后一句可知。79.Summary/Conclusion信息归纳。据第一段和最后一段。80.influence/effect/impact信息转换。二）71.problem/phenomenon信息归纳。从第一段内容可知。72.trouble/difficulty信息转换。从第一段第一句中awkwardandchallenging可知。73.Tips信息归纳。从第一段最后一句可知。74.Listen信息归纳。从第二段和第三段可知。75.Give/make信息捕捉。从第五段中givingacompliment可知。76.Keep信息归纳。第六段和第七段可知。77.volunteer信息捕捉。从第11段中youcanvolunteer可知。78.Get信息捕捉。从第12段中第一句可知。79.Form信息归纳。倒数二、三段可知。80.humourous信息归纳。最后一段内容可知。三）71．Injures信息捕捉。从第一段和第五段的第一句可知。72.exposed26 信息捕捉。从第二段的第一句可知。73.do/cause信息转换。从第三段第一句可知。74.suffer信息转换。从第三段第二句可知。75.results信息转换。从第四段第一句可知。76.Without信息转换。第四段最后一句可知。77.steps信息捕捉。从第五段可知。78.treatments信息归纳。据最后四段，尤其是倒数第四段的首句。79.non-alcoholic信息捕捉。由倒数第四段第二句可知。80.different信息转换。据大叔第二段的第一句可知。四）71.suggestions信息捕捉。从第一段和第七段可知。72.pollution信息转换。从第一段可知。73.responses信息归纳。由第七段和表格提示可知。74.issue信息捕捉。从第六段第一句可知。75.consumption信息捕捉。由倒数第三段可知。76.worry/concern/anxiety信息转换。由第七段的acauseofconcern可知。77.Consider/Treat/Regard信息转换。从第四段可知。78.difficulty/trouble信息归纳。据表格的内容可知。79.risk信息转换。从第五段可知。80.role/part信息转换。五）71.Effects/Influences/Impacts信息归纳。从第一段可知。72.Causing/Doing信息转换。从第一段第三句可知。73.Way/How。信息归纳。由文章内容和表格结构可知。74.fit/suitable信息转换。从第四段第一句可知。75.wet/moist信息转换。由第六段的keepthegardenwatered可知。76.cover信息捕捉。从第七段的第一句可知。77.providing信息捕捉。从第七段第二句可知。78.wrap信息转换。从第八段第二句可知。79.Use信息转换。由第10段可知。80.leaves信息捕捉。据最后一段可知。六）71.concept信息捕捉。由第一段第四句可知。72.Apart信息转换。由第一段内容可知。73.Develop/Make信息捕捉。由第二段第一句可知。74.value信息转换。由第二段内容可知。75.saves信息捕捉。由第二段第三句可知。76.revise信息捕捉。从第二段最后一句可知。77.consideration信息转换。从第四段第一句可知。78.study信息捕捉。由第五段首句可知。79.lecture信息归纳。从第六段内容可知。80.recitation信息捕捉。由第七段首句可知。七）71.How主旨归纳。从第一段最后一句可知。72。Difficulty/trouble信息转换。由第二段内容可知。指谈话的障碍或困难。73.Suggestions/Tips信息归纳。据表格的Dos和Don’ts和文章内容可知。74.Prepared信息转换。从第二段第三句可知。75.friendly信息捕捉。从第四段第二句可知。76.Pretend信息转换。从第四段第二句可知。77.response信息捕捉。从第五段第四句可知。78.make/deliver信息转换。由第六段最后一句可知。79.political信息捕捉。由第五段倒数第二句可知。80.confidence信息捕捉。由最后一段前2句可知。八）型71.Three信息捕捉。从第一段第一句可知。72.accompanied信息转换。从第一段第二句可知。73.safe信息捕捉。从第一段第三句可知。74.similarities信息转换。从第二段第一句可知。75.hooked信息捕捉。从第二段第二句可知。76.trouble/difficulty信息转换。从第二段最后一句可知。77.help/aid/assistance信息转换。从第三段第二句可知。78.done信息捕捉。从第三段第六句可知。79.remember信息归纳。由最后一段内容可知。80.with信息转换。从最后一段倒数第二句可知。九)71.Comparision72.Countries73.Subjects74.setting75.involving/including76.decides/determines77.held78.according79.taken80.where十）1.Hosts2.dogs3.victors4.nations5.land6.development7.helped8.dream9.introduction10.cross26 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