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分类号：学校代码：10165密级：学号：201511000452硕士学位论文批评隐喻视角下特朗普就职演讲中的隐喻分析AnAnalysisonMetaphorsinTrump'sInauguralAddressfromthePerspectiveofCriticalMetaphor作者姓名：尚海静学科、专业：英语语言文学研究方向：语言学导师姓名：姜晖2018年5月 AnAnalysisonMetaphorsinTrump’sInauguralAddressfromthePerspectiveofCriticalMetaphorAThesisSubmittedinPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementsFortheDegreeofMASTEROFARTSSchoolofForeignLanguagesLIAONINGNORMALUNIVERSITY2018 辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文摘要隐喻分析一直是语言学家关注的焦点，可以追溯到两千多年前的亚里士多德时代。过去语言学家只将隐喻作为文学作品中的修辞手段使语言表达更加生动形象，却忽视了隐喻帮助我们认知外部世界的语用功能。Lakoff和Johnson的作品《我们赖以生存的隐喻》（1980）的问世使得隐喻的研究进入一个崭新的时代。近年来，概念隐喻理论被广泛地应用于政治语篇中隐喻的分析。概念隐喻理论认为隐喻是思想中的跨领域映射，通常从具体的源域到抽象的目的域。然而它不能满足从认知角度解释政治话语内在动机的需要，加之国内对政治语篇分析的研究起步比较晚，不够充分和系统。因此本文运用Charteris-Black的批评隐喻理论来识别、描述、解释特朗普任职演讲时隐喻的使用情况，同时结合概念隐喻理论中隐喻的建构过程探讨了以下两个问题：（1）特朗普就职演讲中采用了什么类型的隐喻？（2）批评隐喻分析视角下隐喻是如何在特朗普就职演讲中映射以传达演讲者的隐藏意图？本篇论文采用Charteris-Black的批评隐喻分析（CriticalMetaphorAnalysis），首先识别出总统特朗普就职演讲中出现的隐喻，并用定量和定性分析确定隐喻关键词从而将隐喻类型进行分类；其次，结合具体的社会情境对隐喻进行描述分析；最后分析数据结果并揭示总统演讲中使用隐喻所传达的意识形态。本文运用概念隐喻理论与批评隐喻对特朗普的就职演讲进行分析，一方面探讨了隐喻的使用是如何传达出演说者的价值观，从而实现自己的政治目的，另一方面也帮助我们系统地了解了隐喻的语用功能，进而有助于读者认识演讲者的意图，从而提高我们对政治语篇批评性解读的水平。关键词：隐喻;批评隐喻分析;英语政治语篇;语用功能.I AnAnalysisonMetaphorsinTrump’sInauguralAddressfromthePerspectiveofCriticalMetaphorAnAnalysisonMetaphorsinTrump’sInauguralAddressfromthePerspectiveofCriticalMetaphorAbstractMetaphorhasbeenthefocusofattentionforlinguists,anditdatesbacktoAristotletimesoftwothousandyearsago.Inthepast,linguistsregardedmetaphorasameansofrhetorictomakelanguagemorevividinliteraryworks,butignoredmetaphor’spragmaticfunctiontorecognizetheoutsideworld.ThebookMetaphorsWeLivebypublishedbyLakoffandJohnsonin1980marksthatmetaphorbreaksouttraditionalrestrictionandentersanewera.Recently,conceptualmetaphortheoryiswidelyemployedinanalyzingthemetaphoruseinEnglishpoliticaldiscourses.Conceptualmetaphortheorystatesthatmetaphorisacross-domainmappinginthought,usuallyfromafamiliar,concretesourcedomaintoanunfamiliarabstracttargetdomain.However,itcannotsatisfytheneedtoexplaintheunderlyingmotivationinpoliticaldiscoursefromthecognitiveperspectivetogetherwiththestudiesathomestartlateandarenotsufficient.Thus,thisthesisadoptsCharteris-Black’scriticalmetaphoranalysisasaframeworktoidentify,interpretandexplainTrump’smetaphoricallanguageinhisinauguraladdresses,combingwiththemetaphorconstructionprocessesinconceptualmetaphortheorytodiscussthesetwoquestions:(1)WhattypesofmetaphorsareusedinTrump’sinauguraladdresses?(2)HowmetaphorismappedsystematicallytoconveyhiddenintentioninTrump’sinauguraladdressfromtheperspectiveofcriticalmetaphoranalysis?ThisthesisappliesCharteris-Black’scriticalmetaphoranalysistoidentifythemetaphorsusedinTrump’saddressfirstly.Bothqualitativeandquantitativemethodsareadoptedtodeterminethemetaphoricalkeywordsandclassifythemetaphortypes.Secondly,combinedwiththespecificsocialcontexttodescribe,analyzethemetaphors.Lastly,byanalyzingthestatisticalresultsandrevealingthepoliticalideology.Withthehelpofconceptualmetaphortheoryandcriticalmetaphoranalysis,thisthesisaimsatanalyzingtheuseofmetaphors.Ontheonehand,thisthesisdiscusseshowthemetaphorinpoliticaldiscourseconveysTrump’svaluesandrealizeshispoliticalintentions;ontheotherhand,ithelpsusgetasystematicunderstandingofpragmaticfunctionofmetaphors.Besides,ithelpstheaudiencehaveaclearideaoftheintentionthatspeakerusetoconveyhispoliticalideas,thusimprovingourcriticalreadabilityforpoliticaldiscourses.II 辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文KeyWords:Metaphor；CriticalMetaphorAnalysis；EnglishPoliticalDiscourse；PragmaticFunctionIII AnAnalysisonMetaphorsinTrump’sInauguralAddressfromthePerspectiveofCriticalMetaphorTableofContents摘要..............................................................................................................................IAbstract...........................................................................................................................IIChapterOneIntroduction................................................................................................11.1ResearchBackground.............................................................................................11.2ResearchPurposeandSignificance..........................................................................21.3ResearchMethodology...........................................................................................31.4ThesisStructure.....................................................................................................4ChapterTwoLiteratureReview........................................................................................52.1MetaphorStudy.....................................................................................................52.1.1TraditionalViewsonMetaphor......................................................................52.1.2ContemporaryViewsonMetaphor.................................................................72.2PreviousStudiesonMetaphorsinPoliticalDiscourse.................................................72.2.1PreviousStudiesonMetaphorsinPoliticalDiscourseAbroad............................82.2.2PreviousStudiesonMetaphorsinPoliticalDiscourseatHome..........................92.3Summary.............................................................................................................11ChapterThreeTheoreticalBasis......................................................................................133.1ConceptualMetaphorTheory.................................................................................133.1.1WorkingMechanismofConceptualMetaphor................................................133.1.2ClassificationsofConceptualMetaphor.........................................................143.1.3FeaturesofConceptualMetaphor..................................................................173.2CriticalMetaphorAnalysis....................................................................................203.2.1DefinitionofMetaphorinCriticalMetaphorAnalysis......................................203.2.2StagesofCriticalMetaphorAnalysis.............................................................213.3Summary.............................................................................................................22ChapterFourAnAnalysisofMetaphorinTrump’sInauguralAddress..............................234.1CriticalMetaphorAnalysisinTrump’sInauguralAddress..........................................234.1.1MetaphorIdentification...............................................................................244.1.2ClassificationofDominantMetaphorsinTrump’sInauguralAddress................264.2MetaphorInterpretation.........................................................................................274.2.1HumanMetaphors.......................................................................................274.2.2JourneyMetaphors......................................................................................304.2.3FamilyMetaphors.......................................................................................324.2.4ConflictMetaphors.....................................................................................344.2.5OtherMetaphors.........................................................................................384.3MetaphorExplanation...........................................................................................404.4Summary.............................................................................................................40ChapterFiveConclusion.................................................................................................425.1MajorFindings.....................................................................................................425.2ImplicationoftheStudy........................................................................................435.3LimitationsandSuggestionsforFurtherStudies.......................................................43References......................................................................................................................45Acknowledgement...........................................................................................................48IV 辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文ChapterOneIntroductionThischaptergivesabriefintroductionofthestudyontheTrump’sinauguraladdressfromtheperspectiveofCriticalMetaphorAnalysis,whichincludesresearchbackground,significanceandpurpose,researchmethodologyaswellasstructure.1.1ResearchBackgroundTheword“metaphor”isderivedfromLatinword“metaphora”whichconsistsoftwomeanings,“meta”and“pherein”.“Meta”means“across”and“pherein”means“carry”.Inotherwords,“metaphor”means“carryingacross”(Sun,2013).Recently,metaphoriswidelyappliedandmuchstudiedbylinguists.Inthepast,metaphorwasjustmodifiedlanguage,andthenitwasregardedasapuredeviceofrhetoricallanguageinliteraryworks.However,traditionalviewaboutmetaphorhasbeenchallengedwiththeincreasingdevelopmentofmetaphorincognitivelinguisticsfield.Inthe1930s,RichardinhisThePhilosophyofRhetoricpointedoutthat“wecannotgetthroughthreesentencesofordinaryfluiddiscoursewithoutmetaphor”(Richards,1936:90).In1980,LakoffandJohnsonpublishedtheirmasterpieceMetaphorsWeLiveBywhichbroughtcognitivestudyofmetaphorintoanewera.Metaphorisseenas“amongourprincipalvehiclesforunderstandingourphysical,socialandinnerworld”(Lakoff&Johnson,1980:159).Lakoff(1980)definedthemetaphoras“perceivingoneconceptbasedonanother”(1980:26).Forexample,TIMEISMONEY.Itisobviousthatthe“time”andthe“money”aretwodifferentcategories.“Money”isaconcreteconceptexistinginourdailylife,while“time”isanabstractconcept.Thisstructureemphasizesthesetwocategoriesareequaltosomeextent.TIMEispartiallyunderstoodandstructuredintermsofMONEY,whichleadstothemetaphoricalconstructionprocess.However,itcannotsatisfytheneedtoexplaintheunderlyingmotivationinpoliticaldiscoursefromthecognitiveperspective.Inordertorevealthehiddenintentionsoflanguageusers,in2004,anewtheoryCriticalMetaphorAnalysisisproposedbyCharteris-Black,whichexploreshowmetaphorisusedsystematicallytoconveyhiddenideology.Politiciansdependontheirelaborateanduniqueuseofmetaphoricalexpressions,explainingsocialrealityanddeliveringtheirpoliticalattitudegroundedintheirideologicalframework.Americanpresidentialelectionisabigeventthatattractspeople’sattentionfromhomeandabroad.Thecandidateswillchoosedifferentmetaphorstoconveytheirdifferentpoliticalopinionsforwinningpeople’ssupport.ThisthesisselectsTrump’sinauguraladdressascorpus,whichisonekindofpoliticaldiscourses.Sincepoliticaldiscourseisanabstractfieldinhumanbeings’experience,itisnecessarytousemetaphorproperly.Metaphorcansimplifycomplexitiesandmakeabstractionsconcrete,soitiswidelyemployedinpoliticaldiscourses.Ontheonehand,itcan1 AnAnalysisonMetaphorsinTrump’sInauguralAddressfromthePerspectiveofCriticalMetaphormellowpoliticians’languageandmakeitmorepersuasive;ontheotherhand,itcanexpressdefinitepoliticalintentionbydeliveringvividmetaphors.Politicaldiscoursehaspersuasivefunctionforpoliticiansachievingtheirpoliticalpurposes.Criticalmetaphoranalysisisanewtheorysupplementofcriticaldiscourseanalysis(CDA)whichplaysagreatimpactonanalyzingthemetaphorinpoliticaldiscoursetogetherwithcorpuslinguistics,pragmaticsandcognitivelinguistics.Besides,itisusedforanalyzingpragmaticfunctionsinmetaphor,andrevealingspeakers’attitudesandintention.ThecombinationofcriticalmetaphoranalysistheoryandconceptualmetaphortheorycanprovideawiderandpowerfultheoreticalframeworkforanalyzingTrump’sinauguraladdress.1.2ResearchPurposeandSignificanceThisthesisistoresearchthemetaphorsinTrump’sinauguraladdresswiththeblendingframeworkofconceptualmetaphortheoryandcriticalmetaphoranalysis.Thisthesisisintendedforstudyingthesetwoquestions:(1)WhattypesofmetaphorsareusedinTrump’sinauguraladdresses?(2)HowmetaphorismappedsystematicallytoconveyhiddenintentioninTrump’sinauguraladdressfromtheperspectiveofcriticalmetaphoranalysis?Fromaboveon,thisthesisaimstoanalyzetheuseofmetaphorinEnglishpoliticaldiscourses,andfindouthowmetaphorappropriatelyconveyspresident’sunderlyingintentionandhowtheintentioninfluencethemetaphorchoiceandthenevokespopulace’semotion.ThepresentresearchonthemetaphorfromtheperspectiveofCriticalMetaphorAnalysisapproachtotheTrump’sinauguraladdresscanhelpscholarsknowmoreaboutthemethodtostudythemetaphorandthemetaphorinTrump’saddress.Thefindingsoftheresearcharealsogoodtounderstandthehiddenintentionofthepoliticalspeakers.Thisthesisaimsatidentifying,interpretingandexplainingactualuseofmetaphorsinTrump’sinauguraladdressin2017,andhasagreatsignificanceinthefollowingways.Firstly,Trump’sinauguraladdressisabigeventinAmericawhichattractsmoreattentionaroundworld.ThisresearchcollectsthedatafromTrump’sinauguraladdressesin2017,andbasedonthemetaphordefinitionselectthecandidatemetaphors.Itisimportanttonotethatnotallmetaphoricalexpressionsinthediscourseareappliedfortheanalysis,andsomearejustcreatedforvividlanguageandnotbeendowedideologicalfunction.Secondly,thisthesisconducestoanalyzetheuseofmetaphorsinTrump’sinauguraladdress.Throughanalyzingtheuseofmetaphorsinhisaddress,itiseasilytofindmetaphorsuser’shiddenmotivationandpresident’saddresswillhelppeopleunderstandpoliticallanguageandthenachievetheeffectofpersuadingthepopulace.Metaphoriswidelyomnipresentineverydaylifeanditisnotonlyapurelanguage2 辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文ornamentinthepast,butalsoasconceptualsystemnowadays.Conceptualmetaphoraimsatstudyinghowmetaphorismappedfromonethingtoanother,thatis,howmetaphorworksfromoneunfamiliarabstractthingtoanotherfamiliarconcretething.Fromtheperspectiveofcriticalmetaphoranalysis,thisthesiswillgiveapragmaticviewtoanalyzetheactualuseofmetaphorinTrump’sinauguraladdress.Thirdly,thisresearchwillincorporatesocialcontextintometaphoranalysis.Trump’sinauguraladdressisspecialtoAmericanpublic,amongwhichheputsforwardhisownopinionsonhowtoachievenationprosperity,howtodealwiththeraceandhowtosecuretheAmericathesequestions.MetaphoranalysisinTrump’saddresscanhelplistenersinterprethisattitudetocurrenteventsfromacriticalmetaphoranalysisperspective.Consequently,theanalysisonmetaphorsinTrump’sinauguraladdresscanhelppopulaceunderstandthecognitiveandpragmaticviewsoftheaddress.1.3ResearchMethodologyThematerialforthisresearchisTrump’sinauguraladdressin2017.Inthisthesis,theauthorwilladoptCharteris-Black’sthreeproceduresofcriticalmetaphoranalysistoconducttheresearch.AccordingtoCharteris(2005),firstlyCriticalMetaphorAnalysisistocollectthecandidatemetaphorsandidentifythemetaphoricalkeywords,theninterpretthemetaphorwithconceptualmetaphortheory,andlastlytoexplainthepragmaticfunctionofmetaphor.Meanwhile,bothqualitativeandquantitativemethodsareusedtofinishthefollowingprocedure.Thefirststepistheidentificationofmetaphorkeywords.Throughreadingthepoliticaldiscourses,candidatemetaphorsaredepictedwiththecriteriaformetaphordefinition.Thosemetaphorswhichsatisfythecriteriaareclassifiedasmetaphorkeywords,andthenwecangetthefrequencyofthekeywordsthroughquantitativemethod.Next,qualitativemethodisusedtodeterminewhethereachuseofakeywordismetaphoricalorliteralbyexaminingcorpuscontexts.Afterthemetaphorkeywordsareidentifiedthroughqualitativeanalysis,theyareclassifiedintodifferentmetaphorcategoriesaccordingtotheirsourcedomain.Forexample,theword“build”inTrump’sinauguraladdresscanbeusedmetaphoricallyorliterally,andwecanfinditfromthefollowingexamples.(1)“Theyarebuildingsomeofthebiggestplants.”(2)“TheyareusingourcountryasapiggybanktorebuildChina.”Itisobviousthatthekeyword“build”isusedliterallyinexample(1)whilemetaphoricallyinexample(2).Sotheliteralusagewillbeignored,andthenthetotaltypesandtotaltokensof“build”occurredinpoliticaldiscourseswillbecalculated.Generally,“build”togetherwithkeywordssuchas“nation”“construction”belongtothesourcedomainof“building”,thentheyaregroupedas“buildingmetaphors”,while“build”togetherwithotherwords,suchas“plants”“bridge”belongtothe3 AnAnalysisonMetaphorsinTrump’sInauguralAddressfromthePerspectiveofCriticalMetaphorliteralusethatwillbeignored.Inthesecondstep,basedonthemetaphortypeswecollectedabove,wehaveclassifiedthemetaphorcategoriesandthemappingoftheconceptualmetaphorsisformed.AccordingtothemetaphorinterpretationofCMA,wewillinterprethowthefamiliarconcretethingmapstotheunfamiliarabstractone.Byinterpretingtheworkingmechanismfromthesourcedomaintothetargetdomain,wewillrecognizehowTrumpconveyshispoliticalopinionsandachievespersuasionfunction.Thethirdstepismetaphorexplanationofcriticalmetaphoranalysis,whichisrelatedtothesocialcontext.ThroughanalyzingthemetaphorinTrump’saddresses,wegettoknowthefunctionofmetaphorappliedindailylife.Asthatsentence“wecannotgetthroughthreesentencesofordinaryfluiddiscourseswithoutmetaphor”,metaphorisofgreatimportanceinpeople’scommunication.Theactualuseofmetaphorcanproperlyconveythespeakers’intentionandshortenthedistancebetweenpeople.Metaphorexplanationfocusesonexplainingmetaphor’spragmaticfunctionandexploringpoliticians’underlyingintentionswhenconveymetaphorstothepopulace.Thus,thisthesisbasesconceptualmetaphortheoryastheoreticalframeworktoanalyzetheuseofmetaphorinTrump’saddressandexplorethepragmaticfunctionthatmetaphorplays.1.4ThesisStructureTotalfivepartsinthisthesisareanalyzed.Thefirstpartistheintroductionofresearchbackground,purposeandsignificance,andmethodology.Thesecondpartisliteraturereview,inwhichmetaphorstudy;previousstudiesonmetaphorsinpoliticaldiscourseabroadandathomearepresented.Thethirdpartistostudyconceptualmetaphortheoryandcriticalmetaphoranalysisasmaintheoreticalframework.ThefourthpartiscriticalmetaphoranalysisofTrump’sinauguraladdresswhichincludesthreeprocedures,respectivelymetaphoridentification,metaphorinterpretationandmetaphorexplanation.Alsoalltheselectedmetaphorsandmainconceptualmetaphorsareincluded.Thefinalpartistheconclusionwithmajorfindings,implication,limitationandsuggestionforfutureresearchincluded.4 辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文ChapterTwoLiteratureReviewThisthesismakesanelaborateanalysisofmetaphoruseinTrump’sinauguraladdresswiththehelpofconceptualmetaphortheory(CMT)andcriticalmetaphoranalysis(CMA).Americanpresidentialelectionisabigeventthatattractsagreatattentionaroundtheworld,andTrump’sinauguraladdressisapoliticaldiscoursewhichfocusesonthecurrentsituation.Thischapteremploysmetaphorsstudy,andpreviousstudiesonmetaphorinpoliticaldiscoursesathomeandabroadtoanalyzetheuseofmetaphorinTrump’saddress.2.1MetaphorStudyTheword“metaphor”isderivedfromLatinword“metaphora”thatincludeswhichtwomeanings,“meta”and“pherein”.“Meta”means“across”and“pherein”means“tocarryoverortotransfer”(Sun,2013).Previousstudypavesthewayformetaphorstudytoday.Charteris-Black(2004)pointsoutthatintotaltwoviewsofmetaphorresearches,namelythetraditionalviewsandthecontemporaryview.Healsospecifiesthatcomparison,substitutionandinteractiontheoryarebelongtothetraditionalviewwhileCMTbelongstothecontemporaryone.2.1.1TraditionalViewsonMetaphorComparisontheoryreferredtoametaphoricalconnectionbetweentwosemanticallysimilarthings,anditwasputforwardbyAristotle,whoisconsideredasthefirstonetostudymetaphorssystematically.Metaphorincomparisontheoryisdefinedas“AisB”,withtheexplanation“metaphormakesacomparisonbetweentwodifferentconcepts,butthecomparisonishinted.”(Feng,1983:10).FromwhatFengpoints,thereexiststwounlikeconceptsincomparison,butthecomparisonisnotovertbuthinted.Thetwounlikeconceptscanbedenotedby“AandB”,actually,“AandB”bothrefertothesamethingandcanbeinterrelatedtoeachothertosomeextent.Ametaphorsentence“AisB”iscorrespondedwith“AislikeBundercertaincondition”.Forexample,themetaphorsentence:“Jothanisalion.”canberewrittenas“Jothanisasstrongasalion.”Theexamplesrepresentsthat“Jothan”and“lion”isthesamethingaccordingtothemodality“AisB”,but“Jothan”and“lion”arethetwodifferentconceptsinwhichJothanisahumanbutlionisananimal.Thus,thereexistsanimpliedcomparisoninthesetwounlikeelements:Jothanmaybeasstrongasalion.Inthisexample,thesetwounlikeelementsbothrefertothesamecharacter“strong”.Inotherwords,comparisontheorycomesfromtheinterpretationofmetaphorwhichisimportanttothefollowers.Inadditiontocomparisontheory,anotherfamousresearchonmetaphorin5 AnAnalysisonMetaphorsinTrump’sInauguralAddressfromthePerspectiveofCriticalMetaphorrhetoricfieldisknownassubstitutiontheorywhichisproposedbyQuintilianinRomemakessomemodificationfromalinguisticperspective.Inhisview,metaphoristhereplacementofonewordforanotherfromthepointofviewofthelanguageuser.Basedonthesubstitutiontheory,YanShiqingdefinesmetaphorasfollows:supposeaconceptAcanbeunderstoodbyconceptBandconceptC,ametaphoricalexpressioncanbewritten“AisB”inacertainsituation,alsoitcanbewrittenas“AisC”,andinthiscondition,BhasbeensubstitutedbyC.(Yan,2000:30).Forinstance,inthemetaphoricalexpression“Jothanisalion”,and“lion”canbereplacedwith“strongman”withoutchangingthesentencemeaning,thatis,“Jothanisalion”canbereplacedbythemetaphoricalmeaning“Jothanisastrongman”.Thesubstitutiontheoryissomewhatsimilartothecomparisontheoryininterpretingthemetaphoronthelinguisticlevel,usedforarhetoricdevice,butthereisindeedaslightdifferencebetweenthem.Substitutionfocusesonthewayhowthemetaphorisstructured,whilecomparisontheoryemphasizestheessenceofmetaphorstructure.(Shu,2013)Thefollowingtablewillbewellillustrated.Table2.1thecomparisonbetweencomparisonandsubstitutiontheoryComparisonTheorySubstitutionTheoryObjectsA:JothanB:LionRelationsA≈BA=BImplicationsJothanisasstrongasaJothanisstrong.lion.Themetaphorisapurelanguageornamentmakeslanguagevividfromthesetwotheories,butI.A.Richard(1936),aBritishrhetoricianputsforwardinteractivetheoryinhisThePhilosophyofRhetoricwhichrejectstheideathatmetaphorismerelyafigureofspeechandturntoresearchmetaphorfromacognitiveview.Hecreatesthetwoconcepts“tenor”and“vehicle”,and“tenor”indicatesahiddenintentionthatisillustratedbythelatter.Forexample,inthesentence“Jothanisalion.”,“Jothan”istenorwhichisasubjectthelatterisusedtoexplain,while“lion”isavehiclethatisusedtoembody“Jothan”.Thesimilaritybetween“Jothan”and“lion”iscalledgrounding,i.e.thefeatureofthe“Jothan-Strong”.Thatistosay,whenthefeaturesof“lion”aretransferredto“Jothan”andthentheinteractionoccurs.However,Richardsfailstoexplainthewayofhowthetenorandvehicleinteractwitheachother.BlackmakesafurtherdevelopmentoftheInteractionTheorywhichisdifferentfromthecomparisontheorythattakesmetaphorsimilarityasbeingpreexisted,anditfocusesonthesimilaritiesbetweenthetwodomainswhichcanbecreatedthroughtheirinteraction.AccordingtoBlack,hecitesthetermsof“principlesubject”and“secondarysubject”toreplace“tenor”and“vehicle”respectively.Black’sworksbringasignificantimpactonmetaphor,andsomescholarsare6 辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文tryingtomakeadeeperanalysisontheuseofmetaphor.Forexample,MacCormacmakesaformalexplanationofmetaphorwithFuzzySetTheory(Yan,2000:40).Fromaboveon,ageneralrecognitiontometaphorstudyisformed,andinordertohaveadeeperunderstanding,afurtherstudyofLakoffandCharterisneedstobemade.2.1.2ContemporaryViewsonMetaphorMetaphorsWeLiveBythatLakoffandJohnsonpublishedin1980markstheanalysisofmetaphorcomesintoanewera.TheyputforwardConceptualMetaphorTheoryfromcognitiveperspective,definingmetaphorasathoughtthatcanperceiveoneconceptfromanother,andthecoreofitisusingmorefamiliar,concreteconceptstoperceivetheoutsidebasedonunfamiliar,abstractconcepts.InMetaphorWeLiveBythisbook,astowhatcanleadtheuseofmetaphorinlanguageinthefuture,Lakoffstudiesaworkingmechanismthatreflectsthemappingofmetaphorfromonedomaintoanother,anditwassocalled“cross-domainmappingintheconceptualsystem”(Lakoff,1993:203).Hestatesthatthemappingofconceptualmetaphorconsistoftwoparts,namelythesourcedomainandthetargetdomain.Thesourcedomainreferstoaconcreteconcept,andthetargetdomainreferstotheabstractconceptthatwillbeunderstoodbyreadersfromtheformerone.Takeametaphoricalsentence“TIMEISMONEY.”asanexample.ThetermMONEYisaconcreteconceptthatisfamiliarinpeople’smindwhileTIMEisanabstractconcept.AccordingtotheworkingmechanismofCMT,whichisfromthetargetdomaintothesourcedomain,itiseasytoknowtheMONEYisthesourcedomainandtheTIMEisthetargetdomain.FromthemeaningofMONEY,itisnothardtounderstandthe“time”isvaluablelikethe“money”.Inthiscase,itisconcludedthatTargetDomainisSourceDomain.However,thestudiesofmetaphorusejustconfineageneraltypeinthepast,andnowscholarshaveputsocialcontextintoconsiderationstriveforanalyzingmetaphors’pragmaticfunctionsineverydaylife.Charteris-BlackproposesCriticalMetaphorAnalysisfromtheperspectiveofcognitiveandpragmaticfields.BlackappliesCMAtopoliticaldiscoursesforitsgreatimpactondailylife.Criticalmetaphoranalysiscanwellillustratewhypoliticiansappropriatelyusethemetaphorfrequently.Forthisview,itcanbeinferredthataninter-disciplinarystudyofmetaphorstartsbyaddingpragmaticanalysisintocognitiveanalysis,whichcontributestoexplainwhysomespecificmetaphorsareusedandwhatinfluencespeople’suseofmetaphor.2.2PreviousStudiesonMetaphorsinPoliticalDiscourseThompsonclaimsthat“politicswithoutmetaphorislikeafishwithoutwater”(1996).Aspeopleknow,politicallanguageisformalanditisusedtoconveypolitical7 AnAnalysisonMetaphorsinTrump’sInauguralAddressfromthePerspectiveofCriticalMetaphorspeakers’viewstopopulace.Metaphorisomnipresentindailylife,andevenitcanbefoundthatitisfrequentlyemployedinpoliticaldiscourses.Nowadays,speakersoftenusemetaphortoachievehispoliticalaimsintermsofmetaphor’sconnotation.Metaphorstudyinpoliticaldiscoursesdatesfrom1980s.InMetaphorsWeLiveBythisbook,LakoffandJohnson(1980)pointsoutthatsocialandpoliticallifecannotlivewithoutmetaphorsinceithelpsusconstructhumanthought.ThroughtheanalysisofthemetaphoruseinpoliticaldiscoursewiththehelpoftheworkingmechanismofCMT,peoplewillgettheunderlyingintentions.Thefollowingliteraturereviewsaboutmetaphoranalysisinpoliticaldiscourseswillbeanalyzedfromabroadandathome.2.2.1PreviousStudiesonMetaphorsinPoliticalDiscourseAbroadMetaphorhasbecomeanincreasinglyimportantroleinpoliticaldiscourses.Miller(1979)inhisbookMetaphorandPoliticalKnowledgeintroducesthehowmetaphorsandpoliticaldiscoursesaffecteachother,andithelpsfollowersunderstandmetaphorisinterrelatedintopoliticaldiscourses.Healsoisthefirstscholartoanalyzethemetaphoruseinpoliticaldiscoursesbypoliticians,andlaysasolidfoundationforthefollowingfurtherstudy.LakoffandJohnson’sconceptualmetaphortheorymainlystudiesthecross-domainmappingofmetaphor.Nearlyallthemetaphorsfollowtheworkingmechanismwhichfromaconcreteconcepttoanabstractconcept.Theanalysisofmetaphorusecontributestoaudience’sunderstandingforpolitician’spoliticalintentions.Thompsonputsforward“metaphoristopoliticswhatwateristofish”(Thompson,1996:185).Itindicatesthatmetaphorisanindispensableelementsindailylife,anditisalsoaneffectivetoolinpoliticaldiscoursetoconveypoliticians’intentions.Lakoff(2002)findsoutthatthefrequentuseofmetaphorinpoliticaldiscoursesandreferstothepragmaticfunctionthatcanhelppeoplegetabetterunderstandingofpoliticians’intentions.BeerandDeLandtsheerpoints“thepowerofmetaphoristhepowertounderstandandimposepoliticalorder”(Beer,DeLandtsheer.2004:30).Theythoughtmetaphorcanwellconveyitsconnotation,anditisjustlikeasymbolofpowertowintheaudience’ssupport.Lakoff(2004)indicatestheimportanceofmetaphoruseofconveyingpoliticians’politicalideologyinDonotThinkofanElephant.InThePoliticalMind(Lakoff,2008),hestateshowtochooseappropriatemetaphorfortheDemocraticParty.Hart(2005)identifiesthatcognitivelinguisticsprovidesaninterestinginsightintotheanalysisofmetaphorinpoliticaldiscourse.Ithelpstoidentifyandanalyzehowmetaphoricalwordsareorganizedtomasterpeople’semotions.Itrevealspoliticians’aimsintheprocessofdeliveringspeechesbyemployingmetaphorand8 辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文ensurestheaudiencecanrecognizethepowerofmetaphorandsupporthisideology.Lakoff(2006)furtherstudiestheuseofmetaphorinAmericangovernmentpapersthatfightagainstIraq,andhefindsthatthegovernmentjustdependsonthemetaphorsusetojustifythewar.However,duetothedeficienciesofConceptualMetaphorTheorycannotsatisfytheneedtoexplaintheunderlyingmotivationinpoliticaldiscoursefromthecognitiveperspective.Thus,somescholarssupplenewperspectivetodeveloptheconceptualmetaphortheory.Charteris-Black(2004)firstlyputsforwardcriticalmetaphoranalysiswhichusedtoanalyzemetaphorsindifferentpoliticaldiscoursesinordertorevealthehiddenintention.Alsohepointsthatthespeakersoftenusetheconcretemetaphortoexplainabstractlanguage,anditcontributestoevokeaudiences’emotionalresponsesandgaintheirsupport.Semino(2008)inMetaphorinDiscourseanalyzesthegreatimpactofmetaphoronliteratureanddiscourses,andpointsoutthatthemainfunctionofmetaphorinpoliticaldiscourseispersuasive.Alongwiththegreatsignificanceofpoliticsinnationalissues,scholarsatabroadconductsmanyrelatedstudiesofmetaphorsinpoliticaldiscourse.Generallyspeaking,mostofthestudiesfocusonidentifyingmetaphoricalpatterns,summarizingmetaphoricalframesanddiscussingfunctionsofmetaphorsinpoliticaldiscourses.Havestudyingthemetaphor,previousstudiesonmetaphorsindiscoursearefollowing.2.2.2PreviousStudiesonMetaphorsinPoliticalDiscourseatHomeBycontrast,thedomesticstudiesonanalyzingtheuseofmetaphorinpoliticaldiscoursearemuchlaterthanabroad.Inthepast,scholarsstudiedmetaphorinotherfields,andignoredthepoliticaldiscourse.Recently,somescholarsstartturningtoanalyzemetaphorsinpoliticaldiscourses.Forexample,TianHailong(2002)inhisbookpoliticallanguagestudyhasreviewedlanguageuseinpreviouspoliticalstudies,andconcludesthathowpoliticiansrealizestheiraimsandhowtheaudienceacceptsthepoliticians’ideasthroughusinglanguageproperly.Itpavesthewayforthefollowerstostudytherelationshipbetweenappropriatelyuseoflanguageandpoliticalgoalsrealization.SunYanshu(2004)inherbookTheStudyofMetaphorFunctioninPoliticalDiscoursediscussesthreemajorfunctionsofmetaphorinpoliticaldiscourse,namelyfiltering,evokingandpersuading,andcommunityunifyingbasedontheanalysisonlinguisticdatainpoliticalLanguage.Itcontributestogetabetterunderstandinginthelaterpoliticaldiscourseandhelpsthemforfurtherstudy.ChenWengealsoexploresmetaphoricalfunctionsinhisbookTheMetaphoricalFunctioninPoliticalDiscourse(2006),especiallyinEnglishnewstext.Healsofindsoutthepersuadingfunctionof9 AnAnalysisonMetaphorsinTrump’sInauguralAddressfromthePerspectiveofCriticalMetaphormetaphor.Comparatively,heyetexploresotherfunctions,suchasframing,selecting,reasoningandevaluating,whichmakesafulfillcomplementstotheearlystudies.CaoYunmei(2006)analyzesmetaphorfunctionsbasedontheAmericanpresidentialelection,andstatesthathowthepoliticiansemploysmetaphorinordertoachievepoliticalgoal.Apartfromthis,shealsoexploresintheprocessofinauguraladdress,thepresidentalwaysintegrateshisownideologytopersuadetheaudience.ChenYongandLiuZhaoyun(2009)observethatduetometaphordefinitionandpersuadingfunction,ithasmadeagreatprogressinEnglishpoliticaldiscourse.Theyalsofindsportsgamemetaphorsandwarmetaphorsarealwaysemployedforpersuadingfunction,andpoliticiansalwaysresorttofamilymetaphorsandhumanmetaphorsfordealingwithturbulentpoliticsanddiplomaticrelationship.Whenfacingeconomiccrisis,thepoliticianwillusejourneymetaphorstocallonthepopulaceovercomethehardshiptogether.WuDanpingandPangJixian(2011)analyzePresidentBush’saddresswiththehelpofcriticalmetaphoranalysis,andfindthatmetaphorplaysanincreasinglyimportantroleinpersuadingthepublicandconveyingspeaker’spoliticalideology.GuoChaomakesananalysisontheuseofmetaphorinhisthesisTheComparativeStudyofMetaphoricalLanguagebetweenChineseandAamericanPoliticians(2011).Heanalyzesleaders’addressesfromChineseandAmericanandfindsoutthatdifferentmetaphorsusepreferenceswhendeliveringaddresses.Also,itreflectsculturalplaysasignificantroleinlanguageuse,andthefurtheranalysiswillcontributestoappropriatelyuseforpoliticians.LiHaiyan(2013)alsomakesacomparativestudyonpoliticians’metaphorsuseinChinaandAmericawiththeframeworkofcriticalmetaphoranalysis,andsheexploresthatpoliticiansfromChinaandAmericahavetheirownpreferenceinmetaphorsuseduetodifferentculturalbackgroundandreligion,etc.HuJiayingandLiHaiyan(2013)studytheconceptualmetaphorinObama’sCampusLectures,andrevealpolitician’spoliticalintentionsandmotivationsbehindthechoiceofconceptualmetaphortypesinthecross-culturalcontext.Naturally,itwillmakeamorecomprehensiveanalysisoflanguage,ideology,understandingworld’spoliticalsituation,soastoadoptrightattitudestowardsthedevelopment,torealizethecontrolofpoliticaldiscourse.JingRuistudied“ChineseGovernmentWorkReport”in2013andfoundoutthefunctionsofmetaphorplayedanimportantroleinexpressingpoliticalideas.Besides,thehiddenpowerthatpoliticiandeliveredevokedthepopulace’semotion.ZhuHongyingandWuWei(2016)baseonthegovernmentworkreportfrom2005to2014inZhejiangprovinceaslinguisticdata,throughanalyzingtheconceptualmetaphorfromcriticalmetaphoranalysisperspective.Theyconcludethatalargenumberofmetaphorsinpoliticaldiscourseareemployedandtheusageofmetaphorscanprovideabetterunderstandingtopoliticallanguage.10 辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文WangXiaofang(2017)classifiesthemetaphorsinPeopleDaily’sNewYeareditorials(2007-2016)fromtheperspectiveofcriticalmetaphoranalysis,andanalyzesthefunctionofmetaphorinpoliticaldiscourse.Metaphorscaninspirepeopletoactivelyparticipateinsocialistconstruction,whichrevealstheideologyofChineseCommunistParty.Therecentflourishinganalysisontheuseofmetaphorinpoliticallanguagehasgreatlyimpelledmetaphorsanalysisintoafurtherdevelopment.Fromaboveon,scholarsathomeandabroadallstatethesignificantroleofmetaphoruseinpoliticaldiscourse,andtheyhavefoundsomeofmetaphorsfunctionsinpoliticallanguage.Ontheonehand,theappropriateuseofmetaphorreflectsthehiddenideologyandintention;ontheotherhand,metaphorcanevokethepopulace’semotionandthensupportthepoliticians.However,previousstudiesonmetaphorsmainlyfocusonEnglishtextsandotherdiscourses,ignorethepoliticaldiscourses.Thus,thisthesispaysmoreattentiontopoliticaldiscourse,andittakesTrump’sinauguraladdressasanexample.Thisthesisanalyzestheuseofmetaphorinpoliticaldiscoursewiththeframeworkofconceptualmetaphortheoryandcriticalmetaphoranalysis,aimingathelpingreadershaveabetterunderstandingandrecognizingthepragmaticfunctionaboutmetaphors.2.3SummaryMetaphorstudiesfromtraditionalviewsandcontemporaryviewsfirstlyreviewedinthischapter,andcomparison,substitutionandinteractiontheory,andconceptualmetaphortheoryareelaboratelyexplained.Intermsofthecharacteristicofmetaphor,thefirstthreetheoriestakemetaphorsasarhetoricaldevicelanguagewhilethelastoneathoughtoractionoflanguage.Fromthepointofconceptualmetaphortheory,metaphorisregardedasthethoughtinpeople’smindsmorethanalanguageornament.Conceptualmetaphortheoryfocusesonhowthemetaphorismappedfromthesourcedomaintothetargetdomain,thatis,peopleutilizesthemetaphortounderstandthetargetdomaindependsonthesourcedomain.Besides,thisthesisreviewspreviousviewsonmetaphorinpoliticaldiscourseabroadandathomewhichgreatlyimpelstheanalysisofmetaphorsuseintoafurtherdevelopment.Scholarsathomeandabroadallstatethesignificantroleofmetaphoruseinpoliticaldiscourse,andtheyhavefoundsomeofmetaphorsfunctionsinpoliticallanguage.Intheprocessofreviewingpreviousstudiesonmetaphorandmetaphorinpoliticaldiscourseathomeandabroad,readersmayhavesomedoubtfulquestions,suchas“Whattherelationshipbetweenmetaphorandpoliticallanguage?Whypoliticianswillchoosethistypeofmetaphor?Whatthefunctionofmetaphorsuseinthepoliticallanguage?”Inthefollowingchapter,theauthorwillfurtheranalyzetheuseofmetaphorwiththehelpofCMTandCMA.11 AnAnalysisonMetaphorsinTrump’sInauguralAddressfromthePerspectiveofCriticalMetaphor12 辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文ChapterThreeTheoreticalBasisInchaptertwo,theauthorhasreviewedmetaphorstudyandpreviousstudiesonmetaphorinpoliticaldiscourseabroadandathome.Besides,thereareseveralquestionsleft.Inordertodealwiththedoubtsandfurtheranalyzetheuseofmetaphorinpoliticaldiscourse,theauthorwillemployconceptualmetaphortheoryandcriticalmetaphoranalysisastheoreticalbasisforthisthesis.Therefore,thischapterwillintroducethetheoreticalframeworkofthisthesisindetail.3.1ConceptualMetaphorTheoryInMetaphorsWeLiveBy,LakoffandJohnsonproposetheconceptualmetaphortheory,whichmeanstheanalysisofmetaphorhasenteredanewera.Inthepast,thetraditionalviewsthoughtmetaphorasapurelylinguisticphenomenonthatmakeslanguagevivid,butLakoffandJohnson(1980)pointsoutthatmetaphorisnotjustalanguagebutawayofthoughtoraction.Besides,theystatesthatmetaphorisomnipresentineverydaylifeandworksinasystematicwaybaseonourphysicalandculturalexperience.ThisviewiswhatwelatercalledConceptualMetaphorTheorythatconsistsofthesourcedomainandthetargetdomain,andthelatterisreflectedbytheformer.Forexample,TIMEISMONEY.Theterm“time”and“money”aretwodifferentcategories,and“money”isaconcreteconceptexistingindailylife,while“time”isanabstractconcept.Thisstructureemphasizesthesetwocategoriesareequalinsomeextent.TIMEisperceivedincertainsituationintermsofMONEY,andthat’sconstructedthemappingprocessofmetaphor.Theyspecifiesthatmetaphorisacross-domainmappinginthought,andpeopleunderstandtheworldusuallyfromaconcrete,familiarconcepttoanabstract,unfamiliarconcept.Thetwoconceptsinconceptualmetaphorarecalledthesourcedomainandthetargetdomain.InordertogetabetterunderstandingonConceptualMetaphorTheoryforfurther,itisnecessarytoanalyzehowtheconceptualmetaphorworks.Thus,theauthorwillintroducethetheoreticalframework,andthenworkingmechanism,featuresandfunctionsofconceptualmetaphorwillbestudiedinthefollowingpartindetails.3.1.1WorkingMechanismofConceptualMetaphorDifferentfromthetraditionalviewsregardsmetaphorasapurelylanguagephenomenon,conceptualmetaphortheoryisproposedbyLakoffwhobelievesthatmetaphorcanbeseenasacognitivetoolforreaderstounderstand,conceptualizeandconstructtheworld.Lakoffproposesthat“thelocusofmetaphorisnotinlanguage…thewayweconceptualizeonementaldomainintermsofanother”(Lakoff,2006:185).Thissentenceshowsthatthemappingofconceptualmetaphorisfromthesourcedomaintothetargetdomain.Fromtheperspectiveofcognitivefield,theterm“domains”representstwodifferentconceptsand“mapping”referredtotheconceptual13 AnAnalysisonMetaphorsinTrump’sInauguralAddressfromthePerspectiveofCriticalMetaphorprocessthatinterlinksthesetwodomains.Thesourcedomainrepresentssomethingconcrete,familiarandeasytounderstandwhilethetargetdomainsomethingisabstract,unfamiliar.AccordingtoLakoff(1993),themetaphoricalprocessisunidirectionalmappinginwhichthetargetdomaintothesourcedomain.Therefore,anabstractconceptinthetargetdomaincanbeunderstoodintermsoftheconcreteconceptfromthesourcedomain.TakeLOVEISJOURNEYasanexample,theterm“love”ismetaphoricallyconceptualizedintoahumanbeingwhichownsthecharacteristicofwonderful,happiness,sorrow,etc.Inthisway,theknowledgeandrealizationaboutajourneyshouldbeusedtounderstandthe“love”inreaders’mind.Inordertowellrecognizetheworkingmechanism,itisneedturntofindmoremetaphoricalexpressionsineverydayEnglishlanguagejustasthefollowing:(1)Ourrelationshiphashitdead-endstreet.(2)Lookhowfarwehavecome.(3)It'sbeenalong,bumpyroad.(4)Weareatacrossroads.(5)Wehavegottenoffthetrack.(Lakoff,1993:206)Inthesesentences,wordsorphrasesof“dead-endstreet”,“howfar”,“along,bumpyroad”,“crossroads”and“track”arealltheconceptsthatwearefamiliarandconcrete.Naturally,theyallbelongtothedomainofJOURNEY,butheretheyareusedtodescribetheconceptofLOVE.Thatistosay,thereisanunderlyingconceptualmetaphorsystem“LOVEISJOURNEY”.Everyoneisallfamiliarwith“journey”,butalittleobscureabout“love”,accordingtothecross-domaincorrespondencesofCMT,the“love”iseasilyperceiveby“journey”.Fromthecross-domaincorrespondences,itisobviouslythatthetravelersonajourneyarelovers,andtheobstaclestheycomeacrossduringthejourneyarethedifficultiesinlife;thecrossroadsinjourneyrepresentthedirectiontheychoosetomovetowards,whethermoveonaloneornot;thejourneydestinationislovers’commonlifegoals.Suchcross-domaincorrespondencesmakereadersgetamainunderstandingof“love”dependsontheconcept“journey”thattheyarefamiliar.What’smore,themappingprocessisunidirectionalorone-waymapping,inotherwords,usingLOVEtodescribeJOURNEYisnotpermitted.InLakoff’sConceptualMetaphorTheory,thetermconceptualmetaphorisadeeperrealizationthatreferstothecross-domainmappingreflectsageneralprinciplethatispartoftheconceptualsystemwhilelinguisticmetaphorormetaphoricalexpressionreferstothesurfacerealizationofsuchamapping(Lakoff1993,p.203).3.1.2ClassificationsofConceptualMetaphorLakoffandJohnsonputtheconceptualmetaphorintothreetypesinMetaphorsWeLiveBy,respectivelystructural,orientational,andontologicalmetaphor.14 辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文1)StructuralMetaphorAccordingtoLakoffandJohnson,theymakeadefinitionofstructuralmetaphoras“acontainerthatconstructsanotherconceptwithahighlystructuredandclearlydefinedconcept”(Lakoff&Johnson,1980:61).Structuralmetaphorsreferstooneconceptintargetdomainisunderstoodbyanotherconceptinsourcedomain,inotherwords,themetaphorisperceivedthroughtwodifferentcategoriesinwhichtheyareinterrelatedwitheachother.Whenoneconceptismappedtoanotherone,orthesourcedomaintothetargetdomain,notallcharacteristicareemphasizedbutsomebecometheobjectofthemapping,thatis,othertrivialfeaturesareignoredorhidden.ConsideringtheconceptualmetaphorTIMEISMONEYagain,andgenerallyreadersperceivethemeaningoftimebasedonmoney.Thus,readersperceivetimethatcanbespent,wasted.Sothefollowingmetaphoricalexpressionscanbeshowed(Lakoff&Johnson,1980:7-8):(1)Howdoyouspendtimethesedays?(2)Thatflattirecostmeanhour.(3)Idon’thaveenoughtimetospareforthat.(4)Youarerunningoutoftime.TheconceptofTIMEintargetdomainisexplainedandinterpretedthroughthesourcedomainMONEY,soitcanbesay“spendtime”“wastetime”“savetime”and“investtime”.Inordertoexplainthemeaningofstructuralmetaphorelaborately,take“RATIONALARGUMENTISWAR”asexampletointerpretthestructuralmetaphorfoundation.Theanimalkingdomisfulloffights,andsoarehumans.Animalsfighteachotherforfood,matesandterritory,sotheyfighttogetwhattheywant.Sodohumans.Thedifferenceisthathumanbeingscompetewithmoresophisticatedtechniques.Asrationalanimals,oneofthewaysinwhichhumaninstitutionalizedconflictiswar.Humansgetwhattheywantinordernottofallintothedangerofphysicalconflict,andthenevolveverbalarguments.ARGUMENTandWARaretwodifferentcategories,and“argument”referstotheverballanguagethatrationalanimalsusewhile“war”referstothephysicalconflictthatusedbyanimals.Thesetwoconceptshavesomeattributesincommon,thatis,theyallbelongtoawaytogetwhatyouwant.Structuralmetaphorisnotonlyrootedinourphysicalandculturalexperiencesbutaffectsourexperienceandbehavior.2)OrientationalMetaphorLakoffandJohnsonmakeadefinitionoftheorientationalmetaphoras“aconceptthatisnotconstructedbyanotherconcept,butbytheorganizationofacompletesystemofinterrelatedconcepts.Becausethistypesofmetaphorislargelyrelatedwithorientation,suchasupversusdown,inversusout,frontversusback,on15 AnAnalysisonMetaphorsinTrump’sInauguralAddressfromthePerspectiveofCriticalMetaphorversusoff,deepversusshallow,andcenterversusexterior.”(Lakoff&Johnson,1980:14).Thesespatialdirectionscomefromourbodiesandtheirroleintheexternalworld.Orientationmetaphormakesaconceptthatcomesfromthespatialorientation.Someexamplesarediscussed:happyisup,sadisdown;moreisup,lessisdown;highstatusisup,lowstatusisdown;goodisup,badisdown.Itispreciselywhen“happy”isconceptualized“up”,theEnglishexpression“I’mfeelinguptoday.”occurs.Suchmetaphorsarenotarbitrarybutbasedonpeople’snaturalandculturalexperience.LakoffandJohnsonthinkthatsincehumanswalkupright,mostofthetimeisinastateofaction,believingthattheyarebasically“good”.So,anuprightpostureorhigherpositionisusuallyassociatedwithapositivebodyoremotionalstate.Inturn,droopypostureandlowerpositionareassociatedwithnegativeemotionalstates.Forexample,keepone’schinup;cheerup;bedowninspirits;inhighplacesandhighcommand.Let’sseethefollowingexamples(Lakoff&Johnson,1980:15):Happyisup;Sadisdown.(1)Iamfeelingup.(2)I’mdown.Physicalbasis:adroopypositionisusuallyassociatedwithsadness,andanuprightpostureindicatesapositiveemotionalstate.Consciousisup;Unconsciousisdown.(1)Wakeup.(2)Hedroppedofftoasleep.Physicalbasis:humansleepontheirbacksandstandwhentheyareawakelikemostofanimals.Healthandlifeareup;Sicknessanddeatharedown.(1)Heisintopshape.(2)Hedroppeddead.Physicalbasis:Severeillnessforcespeople’sbodiestoliedown.Whenyoudie,yourbodyiscompletelylaiddown.3)OntologicalMetaphorLakoffandJohnsonmakeadefinitionfortheontologicalmetaphoras“byperceivinghumanbeingsexperiencewithobjectsandmatter,peoplecanpickoutsomeexperiencesandtreatthemasdiscreteentitiesorsubstancesinaunifiedcategory.”(Lakoff&Johnson,1980:25)Oncepeople’sexperienceisviewasentitiesorsubstances,itcanbereferredto.Itcanbeinferenceinthiswaybyclassifying,groupingandquantifying.Taketheexperienceof“priceincrease”asanexample;thepricethatrisesfrommetaphorcanalsoberegardedasanentitybycurrencyinflation.Theexampleprovidesawayforindicationthisexperience:Currencyinflationisanentity.(1)Inflationhastakenatollonshoppingandrefueling.(2)Ifinflationcontinues,wewillnotsurvive.(Lakoff&Johnson,198:26)Theinflationisregardedasanentitythatmakespeopleallegeit,torecognizeitsparticularaspect,toregarditasacause,toactaccordinglyfromaboveexamples.16 辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文Suchanontologicalmetaphorplaysanimportantroleindealingwithourexperience.Inordertoachievethesegoals,theontologicalmetaphoriswidelyapplied.Thefollowingexamplesgiveusanoverviewofthevariouspurposesandexamplesoftheontologicalmetaphorsusedtoachievethepurpose.ReferringThemiddleclassisapowerfulsilentforceinAmericanpolitics.Thesnapshotisverybeautiful.QuantifyingThereissomuchhatredintheworld.IdentifyingAspectsIcan’tkeepupwiththepaceofmodernlife.IdentifyingCausesHediditoutofdanger.SettingGoalsandMotivatingActionsHegoestoNewYorkforchasingafterfame.(Lakoff&Johnson,1980:26-27)AccordingtoLakoffandJohnson,therearethreekindsofontologicalmetaphors:entityandsubstancemetaphor,containermetaphorandpersonification(1980:25-32).Amongthem,themostinfluentialiscontainermetaphor.Thenanewconceptualmetaphorcanbeformed:THETHEORIESARECONTAIERS.Whilewashingthewindows,Isplashedwateronthefloor.Halfwaythroughthematch,Iwasexhausted.Thereshouldbeawater-tightexpositionforeverytheory.Yourtheoryhastobereplenishedwithmorearguments.Theexamplesdiscussthetheoryofcontainercapacityanditsrigor.Itishighlyemployedineverydaylanguage.Humanbeingsareakindofphysicalpresence,coveredbytheskinandseparatedfromtherestoftheworld.Scholarsseetheoutsideofthebodyastheoutsideworld,andeveryoneisacontainer,withalayerofskincoveringthesurface,andadirectionfrominsidetooutside.3.1.3FeaturesofConceptualMetaphorThreefeaturesareformedinConceptualmetaphor,respectivelypervasiveness,systematicityandculturalcoherence.1)PervasivenessTraditionalviewsthinkmetaphorisapurelylanguagephenomenonorarhetoricaldevicemakeslanguagevivid.Whileconceptualmetaphortheorystatesthatmetaphorismorethanlanguagebutthoughtinpeople’sminds.Richardsdefinesthat“metaphoristheomnipresentprincipleoflanguage...Wecannotgetthroughthreesentencesofordinaryfluiddiscoursewithoutit...”(Richard,1936:62)Theexistingofmetaphorisnotarhetoricaldeviceoralanguageornamentbutakindofsocial17 AnAnalysisonMetaphorsinTrump’sInauguralAddressfromthePerspectiveofCriticalMetaphorcognitiveactivitiesaroundhumanbeingsineverydaylife.Forexample,inmetaphor“LIFEISAJOURNEY.”Itisclearlyseethatthebeginningandtheendingof“journey”meansthebornandthedeathof“life”.Theterm“journey”isaconcreteconceptthatcanbeeasilyunderstoodwhiletheterm“life”relativelyanabstractconcept.Fromthismetaphoricalmapping,peoplewillhaveabetterunderstandingaboutconceptualmetaphor.Moreover,LakoffinMetaphorsWeLiveBy(1980:30)statesthateveryoneexistsmetaphor,justlikeacontainerwithalayerofskincoveringthesurface,andadirectionfrominsidetooutside.Pervasivenessofmetaphormeansmetaphorexistsineverydaylife,anditcanbeexplainedthatpeopleperceivetheunfamiliarconceptsthroughthefamiliarones.Thatistosay,metaphorhasbecomingcommonaroundpeople’slife.Majorstudiesaboutcognitivemetaphorarebasedontheomnipresenceofmetaphorinourdailyliferatherthanconfinedtopoeticornovelworks.2)SystematicityThesystematicityofmetaphorenablesusunderstandoneconceptintermsofanother,suchasARGUMENTISWAR,butthesystematicityalsoinevitablyconcealsotheraspectsoftheconcept.Whenreadersfocusonacertainaspectofaconcept,themetaphoricalconceptstopsthemfrompayingattentiontosomeunrelatedaspects.Conceptualmetaphor’ssystematicitycanbeunderstoodasfollows:Firstly,eachconceptualmetaphorcontainsaseriesofsystematiccorrespondencesbetweentwodomains.Asillustratedin3.1.1，conceptualmetaphorLOVEISJOURNEYinvolvesasetofontologicalcorrespondencesbetweenLOVEandJOURNEY.Fromthecross-domaincorrespondences,itisobviouslythatthetravelersonajourneyarelovers,andtheobstaclestheycomeacrossduringthejourneyarethedifficultiesinlife;thecrossroadsinjourneyrepresentthedirectionthetravellerstomovetowards,andwhethertheychoosetomoveonaloneornot;thejourneydestinationislovers’commonlifegoals.Inaddition,MarkLear,theproposerofconduitmetaphor,findsthatlanguageisconstructedfromothermetaphorsexamples:Thought(ormeaning)isanobject.Languageisacontainer.Communicatingissending.(Lakoff&Johnson,1980:10)Thespeakerputsthethoughtintothelanguageandpassesitalongtheconduittothelistener,andthenthelistenerextractsideasfromthelanguage.Forexample,“Theideaiscoveredupbyalongspeech.”Inthiscase,itisnoteasytoseewhatishiddeninthemetaphororeventhereisnometaphoratall.Thewaypeoplethinkaboutlanguageisalsoconventionalroutine,andsometimesit’shardtoimaginethatit’snottrue.Butifpeoplelookattheimplicationsof“conduitmetaphor”,theywillseehow18 辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文thismetaphorishiddeninallaspectsofthecommunicationprocess.Thatistosay,thefeatureofhighlightingandhidinginmetaphorsystematicityplaysasignificantroleinunderstandinglanguagecontext.Accordingtoconduitmetaphor,foranysentences,themeaningisinthewords.AfamoussentencefromPamelaDowning“Pleasesitintheapplejuiceseat.”canbewellillustratedthehighlightingandhidingofconceptualmetaphor.Inisolation,thissentencedoesn’tmakeanysensebecauseof“applejuiceseats”isnotaregularexpression.Butinacertaincontext,thissentencedoesmakesense.Takethatsentenceasanexample,supposeacontext.Aguestgoestoarestaurant,andtherearefourseatsnearthetable,three“orangejuice”isputonthetablenearthreeseatsandone“applejuice”.Sothatmakessense.Evenwithout“applejuice”neartheseatthenextday,itisclearthatwhichoneisthe“applejuiceseat”.Fromaboveon,itisshowedthatthemetaphoricalconceptsgivereadersapartialunderstandingofwhatissocial,andthesemetaphoricalconceptsalsohideotherproperties.Sowhenitcomestotheideathataconceptisconstructedbyametaphor,itmeanspartialconstruction,whichcanbeexpandedinsomewaybutnotinotherways.3)CulturalCoherenceTheculturalcoherenceofconceptualmetaphorreferstoconceptualmetaphorsandtheirmetaphoricalexpressionshavecoherencebysharingtheirmetaphoricalentailments(Wen&Ye,2003).LakoffandJohnsoncommentthat“themostfundamentalvaluesinaculturewillbecoherentwiththemetaphoricalstructureofthemostfundamentalconceptsintheculture”(1980:22).Fromthatidea,itcanbeinferredthatmetaphoricalconceptscanexpressculturalvaluesinasociety,andpeopleasapartofsocietyisdeeplyaffectedbyculturalbackground.Forexample,MOREISUPiseasilyunderstoodindailylife,becausesomeonemakesmoneytolivealifeandofcourse,hehopesthatthemoremoneyhemakesthelifeisup.Whenthismetaphoroccursindifferentculturalbackground,metaphorstillsharessomesimilaritiesbecausenomatterwhatnationalitiesare,conceptualmetaphorisjustabeliefdeeplyexistrootedinpeople’sminds,andpeoplestillunderstandthemtosomeextent.HeretakesanotherexampleofconceptualmetaphorTIMEISMONEY.ThisconceptualmetaphorisacommononeemployedbybothChineseandothercountries’people,andtheyallcomprehendthesignificanceoftimeandthencherishit.However,cultureshowsothernegativeinfluencewheninastateofcommunicationwithpeoplewhocomefromdifferentcountries.Becauseofdifferentbeliefsandvaluestothesamething,similarly,metaphoralsohasthedifferentmeaningandthenmaybecausetheunnecessarytroubleandembarrassment.Forexample,whenitcomesto“dog”,theimageofloyalty,gentle,andfriendsofhumanbeingsoccurs.Butinwestcountries,theywillfeelconfusedwhenhearingconceptualmetaphorENEMYISDOS.Inaword,metaphorsarenotrandomlyassigned,andtheyarerootedinone’s19 AnAnalysisonMetaphorsinTrump’sInauguralAddressfromthePerspectiveofCriticalMetaphorexperiencewhichpresupposedbypeople’sculturalbackground.Moreover,coherencecharacterizesthemetaphoricalconceptsintermsofpervasivenessandsystematicity.3.2CriticalMetaphorAnalysisCriticalmetaphoranalysisisproposedbyCharteris-Blackwhofocusesonanalyzingtheuseofmetaphorinpoliticaldiscourse,andthenexplorespoliticians’covertpoliticalideologythroughidentification,interpretationandexplanation.Asresultofthedomesticmetaphoranalysisisnotsufficient,CMAisdevelopedasanapproachforanalyzingmetaphorsinpoliticaldiscoursefromvariousperspectives,anditmarksanewmethodtoanalyzethemetaphorusecomeout(Charteris-Black,2004:34).Inthischapter,theauthorfirstlygivesabriefintroductiontoCriticalMetaphorAnalysis,andthengivesadefinitionofCriticalMetaphorAnalysis,finallypointsoutstagestostudymetaphorsbyemployingtheCriticalMetaphorAnalysis.Sincemetaphorinterrelateswithhumans’thoughtandaction,human’sthoughtwillinfluencetheuseofmetaphor.Onthecontrary,theappropriatelyuseofmetaphorwillevokehuman’sthoughtandaction.Recently,theanalysisofmetaphoruseinpoliticaldiscourseisomnipresent,andthefollowingsectionwillindicatehowmetaphorisemployedinpoliticaldiscourse,andhowpoliticianconveyshisunderlyingintentiontothepopulace.3.2.1DefinitionofMetaphorinCriticalMetaphorAnalysisAccordingtoCharteris-Black,metaphoris“arelativeratherthananabsoluteconcept.”(Charteris-Black,2004:11)Itisrelativebecausewordmeaningmaychangeovertimeandmetaphorawarenessnotonlycomesfromthelanguageproducerbutalsodependsonlanguagereceivers.Inordertoclarifywhethertheuseofaparticularexpressionismetaphoric,Charteris-Blacksuggestsitisnecessarytodefinemetaphorbyintegrating“alinguistic,apragmaticandacognitiveorientation.”(Charteris-Black,2004:20)Thetermmetaphorshouldrefertoabundleofcharacteristicscombiningcriteriaofthethreeaspectsinvaryingdegrees.Fromlinguisticcriteria,metaphorreferstowordsorphrasesthatcausesemantictensionthroughreification,personificationanddepersonification.Reificationmeanstouseawordthatembedswithconcretetoexplainsomethingabstract;personificationistoexplaininanimatewordswithanimatewords;whiledepersonificationistodescribetheinanimatebyusingwordsorphrasesabouttheanimate.Thepragmaticcriteriaofmetaphoraimsatanalyzingtheuseofmetaphorinpoliticians’languageandexploresthemetaphorsfunctiontoevokepopulace’semotion.AsCharteris-Blackputforward,“Ametaphorisanincongruouslinguisticrepresentationthathastheunderlyingpurposeofinfluencingopinionsandjudgmentsbypersuasion.”(2004:21)Thatistosay,inordertounderstandwhetheranexpression20 辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文isametaphor,itisnecessarytoconsiderthespeaker’sinclinationswithincertaincontexts.Tosomeextent,metaphorisamatterofspeaker’schoice.Aboutthecognitivecriteria,ametaphoris“causedbyashiftintheconceptualsystem.”(Charteris-Black,2004:21)Theconceptualshiftisproducedfrom“therelevanceof,orpsychologicalassociationbetween,theattributesofthereferentinitsoriginalsourcecontextandthoseofthereferentinitsnoveltargetcontext”,andtheassociationorrelevanceis“usuallybasedonsomepreviouslyunperceivedsimilaritybetweenthereferentsinthosecontexts.”(Charteris-Black,2004:21)Namely,metaphoristouseconceptinasourcedomaintodescribethatinthetargetdomain,whichisthemainideaofConceptualMetaphorTheory.InCharteris-Black’sopinion,ametaphorshouldsatisfyanyorallofthecriteria.Inotherwords,thereexistsaboutthreerolesofmetaphorinlanguage,respectivelygeneratingfreshconnotationofalinguisticrole,perceivingthemeaningofacognitiveroleandpersuadingofapragmaticrole.3.2.2StagesofCriticalMetaphorAnalysisCharteris-Black(2004)findsthestagesofCMAareverysimilartooneofthedominantapproachesofCDA,thatis,Fairclough’s(1995)threestagesofidentification,interpretationandexplanationinanalyzingpoliticaldiscourses.Accordingtopreviousmethods,Charteris-Blackelaboratelyclassifiestheprocedureofmetaphoranalysisintothreestages,respectivelymetaphoridentification,interpretationandexplanation.Thefirststageismetaphoridentification.InCriticalMetaphorAnalysis,therearethreestepstoidentifymetaphors:1)theauthorreadsthepoliticaldiscoursesfirstlyandgetstoknowthemainideacreatedinTrump’saddress.2)basedonthemetaphordefinition,wewillselectthecandidatemetaphors.Thenaccordingtothethreecriteriaofmetaphors,thatis,linguisticcriteria,pragmaticcriteriaandcognitivecriteria,theauthoridentifiesthemetaphoricalkeywords.Whatweneedtopayattentiontonotallmetaphoricalexpressionsinthediscourseisappliedfortheanalysis.Somemetaphorsarejustcreatedforvividlanguageandnotbeendowedideologicalfunction.3)weneedtotakethesocialcontextintoconsiderationtogetridoftheliteraluseofmetaphorsandretainthemetaphorical.ThesecondstageinCMAismetaphorinterpretation.Interpretationofmetaphorsinthediscourseenablespopulacetoeasilyunderstandmoreaboutthespeakers’underlyingideology.Inthissection,theauthorbeginstointerpretthedominantmetaphorsinthecorpuswiththehelpofconceptualmetaphortheory.Throughinterpretingtheworkingmechanismofmetaphorsandhowtheymaps,theauthorwillexplorehowTrumpconveyshispoliticalideologyandconvincespopulace.Thethirdstageismetaphorexplanation.Thissectionaimsatexplainingtheidentityofthesocialagencyandtheirsocialroleinpersuasion(Charteris-Black,21 AnAnalysisonMetaphorsinTrump’sInauguralAddressfromthePerspectiveofCriticalMetaphor2014).Thedominantconceptualmetaphorswillbeanalyzedinmetaphorinterpretation,andtheanalysisinthissectionwillhelptoexplainwhymetaphorsarepersuasiveinpresidents’election.Inaword,characteristicsofmetaphorcannotbetreatedinisolationfrompersuasivefeaturesinthewidecontext,throughwhichwecanfurtherexaminetheideologicalmotivationofmetaphorchoices.Inconclusion,CriticalMetaphorAnalysisisasupplementapproachtoconceptualmetaphortheoryanditisaneffectivetoolofcommunicationtoexplaintheuseofmetaphorincertaincontext.Intermsofthevividmetaphoruse,thecomplexsituationandtherelationshipbetweenlanguagescanbeannounced.Therearethreeproceduresincriticalmetaphoranalysis,namelymetaphoridentification,metaphorinterpretationandmetaphorexplanation.Accordingtothesethreeprocedures,theauthortriestoanalyzetheuseofmetaphorsinpoliticaldiscourse,inthehopeofpresentinghowthepoliticianusesmetaphorasatooltoconveyhisideastotheaudience.3.3SummaryTosumup,thisthesiswillanalyzethemetaphorinpoliticaldiscoursesfromtheperspectiveoftheConceptualMetaphorTheoryandCriticalMetaphorAnalysis.Inthischapter,theauthormakesashortexplanationontheCMTinwhichinvolvesthemappingprocess,classificationandcharacteristicsofmetaphors.ByanalyzingofmetaphoruseinCMT,itclearlyshowsthatthedefinitionofmetaphoranditsotherrespects,whichprovideaframeworkforscholarsfurtherstudyandmakereaderswellperceivetheuseofmetaphor.Next,theauthoralsoemploysCharteris’CriticalMetaphorAnalysistosuppletheconceptualmetaphor.What’smore,byanalyzingthemetaphorwiththehelpofthethreeprocedures,itcontributestoanalyzingthemetaphoruseinTrump’sInauguralAddress.22 辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文ChapterFourAnAnalysisofMetaphorinTrump’sInauguralAddressTrump’sInauguralAddressin2017isabigeventaroundtheworld,anditisalsoatypicalpoliticaldiscourseinwhichtheuseofmetaphorisanalyzed.Ingeneral,thepresidentinauguraladdressisgreatlydistinctfromothertypesofdiscoursesinthattheiraimsaretoconveythepresident’spoliticalintentiontopopulace.Metaphorininauguraladdressispervasivelyusedasacommunicativestrategyforitisnotonlyarhetoricaldevicetomakethelanguagevivid,butalsoacognitivetooltoperceivespeakers’ideologyorintentionintheirelection.Theycanmakethepopulaceunconsciouslyunderstandtheunfamiliarandabstractconceptsinpoliticsthroughmorevividandconcreteconceptstoachievethepersuasiveeffectsandgainthepopulace’ssupport.Besides,itisnecessaryforpeoplebettertoknoweachotherandshortentheirdistances.Inthischapter,theauthorisdevotedtoanalyzingmetaphorsinTrump’sinauguraladdresswiththeblendingframeworkofCMTandCMA.ThethreeproceduresofCMAwillbeprocessedstepbystep.Inthissection,theauthorfirstlyidentifiesthecandidatemetaphorsbyreadingTrump’sinauguraladdress.Then,theauthorutilizesthequalitativemethodtocheckthemetaphorsaremetaphoricalorliteral.Next,invirtueofconceptualmetaphortheory,theauthorwilltakethelaststeptointerpretmetaphorsforadetailedoverviewofhowmetaphorworks.Lastly,theauthorwillrelatetosocialcontextwiththehelpofmetaphorexplanation.ThecollecteddataforthepresentanalysisisacorpusofTrump’sinauguraladdress,andthespeechofwhichismainlyavailableontheInternetathttp://wenku.baidu.com/view/.ItissufficienttoidentifyandanalyzemetaphorsandconceptualmetaphorsthatoccurinTrump’sinauguraladdresses.4.1CriticalMetaphorAnalysisinTrump’sInauguralAddressMetaphorplaysanincreasinglyimportantroleinTrump’sinauguraladdress.AccordingtoLakoffandJohnson(1980),politicalmetaphorrepresentsthewayofthoughtandactionaboutpolitics.Intermsofthevividmetaphortheyuseintheiraddresses,thespeakerscanconveymoreconcreteconcepts,andthenpersuadeustosupporttheirpoliticalopinions.Therearethreeproceduresincriticalmetaphoranalysis,respectivelymetaphoridentification,metaphorinterpretationandmetaphorexplanationwehavementionedabove.Accordingtothesethreeprocedures,theauthortriestoanalyzetheuseofmetaphorsinTrump’sinauguraladdressindetail,inthehopeofpresentinghowheusedmetaphorasatooltoconveyhisideastotheaudience.23 AnAnalysisonMetaphorsinTrump’sInauguralAddressfromthePerspectiveofCriticalMetaphor4.1.1MetaphorIdentificationIntheabstractsection,wehavementionedthatbothquantitativeapproachandqualitativeapproachareusedinthisanalysis.Itisakeytoidentifydifferenttypesofmetaphorsandthefrequencyofusagefortheyaredifficulttoperceivefortheaudience.Accordingtometaphoridentification,theauthorcollectsthedataaboutTrump’sinauguraladdressandreadsitfirstlyandgetstoknowthemainideacreatedinTrump’saddress.Secondly,basedonthemetaphordefinition,wewillselectthecandidatemetaphors.Thenaccordingtothethreecriteriaofmetaphors,thatis,linguisticcriteria,pragmaticcriteriaandcognitivecriteria,theauthoridentifiesthemetaphoricalkeywords.Whatweneedtopayattentiontonotallmetaphoricalexpressionsinthediscourseisappliedfortheanalysis.Somemetaphorsarejustcreatedforvividlanguageandnotbeendowedideologicalfunction.Lastly,weneedtotakethesocialcontextintoconsiderationtogetridoftheliteraluseofmetaphorsandretainthemetaphorical.Forexample,inTrump’inauguraladdress,“Wearegoingtofixourinnercitiesandrebuildourhighways,bridges,tunnels,airports,schools,hospitals.”and“Workingtogether,wewillbegintheurgenttaskofrebuildingournationandrenewingtheAmericandream.”Herethesetwo“rebuild”termsareuseddifferently,andtheformer“rebuild”meanstheactionthatAmericanwilldo;whilethesecond“rebuild”isusedmetaphorically,anditbelongstothebuildingmetaphortoconveythepresident’swonderfuldreamordeterminationtogovernthecountry.Americansactionismappedonto“building”todescribethepoweranddeterminationofAmericancitizens.Intheprocessofmetaphoridentification,candidatemetaphorsareidentifiedfirst,whichhavethepotentialtoproducearelationshipbothinthesetwodomains:thesourcedomainandthetargetdomain.Trumpinhisinauguraladdressrarelyuseconcreteanddirectwordstoconveytheirpoliticalintentiontoaudience;rather,theywouldchoosecovertandabstractexpressions.Trumpusuallyappliesmetaphorsfromdifferentsourcedomainsindifferentsocialenvironments.Generallyspeaking,speakersinapeacefulsocialenvironmenttendtoapplysomeexpressionsrelatedtobestwishesorsocialsecurityjustlikehealthymetaphor;whilespeakersinaneconomydepressionenvironment,theyarelikelytouseexpressionsembracingbusinessmetaphor.Forinstance,facingatroublecondition,thespeakertendstousemetaphorsfromthesourcedomainofjourney.Forexample,ametaphoricalexpressioninTrumpinauguraladdress,“I’vegottentoknowsomanyoverthis18-monthjourney.”Here,Trumpregardsthetimehetogetherwiththegreatveteransasajourney,duringthejourney,theymaycomeacrosshappiness,trouble,difficulties,etc,buttheyovercometheobstacles.Throughusingthismetaphor,Trumpcutsoffthedistancebetweentheaudienceandhimandthentosomeextentpersuadesthepopulaceacceptshispoliticalviews.Metaphorkeywordsaretheexpressionsthatare24 辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文typicalinametaphor,andtheyaremostfrequentlyusedinthemetaphoricalexpressions.Whenconfrontingsuchexpressionsasjourney,path,longterm,getalongwith,lookforwardto,etc,naturally,peoplewouldconsidertheseexpressionsasthekeywordsofJourneyMetaphors,illustratedintheconceptualmetaphor“IAMREACHINGOUTTOYOUFORYOURGUIDANCEANDYOURHELPSOTHATWECANWORKTOGETHERANDUNIFYOURGREATCOUNTRY”(http://www.blog.sina.com).Fromaboveitisobviousthatdifferentmetaphorkeywordsconveydifferentmeanings,andTrumptendstochooseparticularexpressionstoevokepositivefeelingsamongthepopulace.Whenfinishingtheidentificationofmetaphor,thekeyistoclassifythemetaphoricalconceptsoccurinTrump’sinauguraladdressintermsoftheirsourcedomain.1)DominantMetaphorsConflictMetaphors(1)Onourvictory……hard-foughtcampaign.(2)ItistimeforAmericantobindthewoundsofdivision.(3)WashingtonhastriedtostopourcampaignIonlymoreproofthatourcampaignrepresentsthekindofchange……JourneyMetaphors(4)I’mreachingouttoyouforyourguidancesothatwecanworktogether.(5)I’vespentmyentirelifeinbusiness,lookingat……(6)……liketheKeystonePipeline,tomoveforward.BuildingMetaphors(7)……wewillbegintheurgenttaskofrebuildingournationandrenewingtheAmericandream.(8)RestoringNationalSecurityAct.Rebuildingourmilitary.(9)……incentivizesemployerstoprovideon-sidechildcareservices,andcreatestax-free……FamilyMetaphors(10)ItisamovementcomprisedofAmericansfromallraces……whoexpectourgovernmenttoservethepeople.(11)IpledgetoeverycitizenofourlandthatIwillbePresidentforalltheAmericans,anditissoimportanttome.(12)SoIwanttothankmyfamilyverymuch.Whatagreatgroup.ReligionMetaphors(13)IpledgetoeverycitizenIwillbePresidentforalltheAmericans.(14)ItisacontractbetweenmyselfandtheAmericanvoter.(15)IamaskingtheAmericanpeopletoriseabovethenoise……,andtoembracethe25 AnAnalysisonMetaphorsinTrump’sInauguralAddressfromthePerspectiveofCriticalMetaphorgreatfaithandoptimism……HumanMetaphors(16)……twoexistingregulationsmustbeeliminated.(17)Aneconomicplandesignedtogrowtheeconomy4%peryearandcreateatleast25millionnewjobs.(18)RepealandReplaceObamaCareAct.FullyrepealsObamacareandreplacesitwithHealthSavingsAccounts,theabilitytopurchasehealthinsuranceacrossstatelines.OrientationalMetaphors(19)IwilllifttheObama-Clintonroadblockstomoveforward.(20)Thebusinessratewillbeloweredfrom35to15percent.(21)IamaskingtheAmericanpeopletoriseabovethenoiseandtheclutterofourbrokenthepolitics.SportsGameMetaphors(22)Isaidunlesswewinit.(23)IfSecretariatcameinsecond……bronzebustatthetrackatBelmont.4.1.2ClassificationofDominantMetaphorsinTrump’sInauguralAddressThedominantmetaphorshavecollectedabove,andthissectionwillclassifythemintermsofthesourcedomains.Metaphorresonanceiscalculatedformeasuringtheproductivityofmetaphorincorpus.Thecalculatedmethodisthetotalnumberofthetokenstimesthemetaphors’totalnumbertypes,andtheformulais:resonance=∑types*∑tokens.Forexample,iffight,campaign,defend,protectandconflictaretheonlymetaphorically-usedwordsinconflictdomains,thenumberoftypesinconflictmetaphoris5.Meanwhile,supposeconflictoccurs4times,fight3times,campaign5times,defend3times,andprotect3times,sotheresonanceofconflictmetaphoris90=5*(4+3+5+3+3).FromtheTable4.1showsthatwhatthemetaphorsmostfrequentlyusedinAPIAarefromthesourcedomains.Table4.1SummaryoftheSourcedomainsandresonanceinAPIASourcedomainTotaltypesTotaltokensResonancePercentageoftotalresonanceHuman3660216038Journey2558145025.5Family1588132023.2Conflict13254658.2Religion10171703Building611661.2Orientational58400.7Sportsgame34120.226 辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文Total1132715683100ThedatafromTable4hasclearlyshownthatTrumphasextensivelyemployedmulti-typesofmetaphorsinhisspeechestoconveyhispoliticalopinions.Thereare8typesofmetaphorsintotal,butsomeofthemarenotusedasfrequentlyasothers.Fromthetableitisclearlyseethathumanmetaphor,journeymetaphor,familymetaphorandconflictmetaphorarethedominantmetaphorsinTrump’sinauguraladdresses.Thestatisticsshowsthatthesefourdominantmetaphorsaccountforabout85%ofincorpus.Apartfromabove,religionmetaphor,buildingmetaphor,orientationalmetaphorandsportsgamemetaphortakeupnearly15%ofthetotalresonance.Theauthorclassifiedthelatterfourmetaphorsinto“othermetaphors”inordertostudythemetaphoruseandthengetabetterunderstandingfromthestatistics.ItisobviousthatthemostfrequentlyusedmetaphorsinTrump’sinauguraladdressisfromthesourcedomainsofconflict,journey,familyandhumanintheabovetable.Fromtheclassificationofmetaphorsmentionedabove,themainconceptualmetaphorcanbeelaboratelygrouped:ANATIONISAHUMAN.SOCIALACTIVITYISAJOURNEY.AMERICAISABIGFAMILY.POLITICSISACONFLICT.POLITICALSYSTEMISABUILDING.AMERICANSAREAGROUPOFPEOPLE.POLITICSISASPORTGAME.POLITICSISRELIGION.ThesearethemainconceptualmetaphorsinTrump’sinauguraladdressin2017,andnextstepistointerprettheappropriatelyuseofmetaphorfromcriticalmetaphortheory.4.2MetaphorInterpretationInterpretationofmetaphorsinthediscourseenablesthepopulacetoeasilyunderstandmoreaboutthespeakers’underlyingideology.Inthissection,theauthorbeginstointerpretthedominantmetaphorsinthecorpuswiththehelpofconceptualmetaphortheory.Throughinterpretingtheworkingmechanismofmetaphorsandhowtheymapped,theauthorwillexplorehowTrumpconveyshispoliticalideologyandconvincethepopulace.4.2.1HumanMetaphorsAccordingtoLakoffandJohnson(1980),themostfamiliarexperiencesofhumanbeings,suchashumanmotivation,activitiesandemotions,aremorelikelytobeemployedasasourcedomaintoassisttheunderstandingofnonhumanentities.FromTable4.1,itisobviousthathumanmetaphorsrankasthetopinpolitical27 AnAnalysisonMetaphorsinTrump’sInauguralAddressfromthePerspectiveofCriticalMetaphordiscourse.Totally,36typesoftokensandtheirnumbersareaddedupto60.So,thenumberofresonanceis2160intotalwhichisfrequentlyusedinTrump’sinauguraladdress.Resonanceofhumanmetaphorsaccountsfor38.5%inthecorpus.Metaphorsfromsourcedomainofhumanincludekeywordsgrow,growth,strong,support,loveandassist,etc.LakoffproposedthatANATIONISAHUMAN.Inmetaphoricalterms,anationisconceptualizedasaperson.First,thegrowingprocessfrombirthtodeathofapersonismappedontothedevelopingprocessofanationfromitsbeginningtoending.Forexample:(24)AndwhetherachildisbornintheurbansprawlofDetroitorwindsweptplainsofNebraska,theylookupatthesamenightsky,andtheybuildaheartwiththesamedreams.(25)Wewillembarkuponaprojectofnationalgrowth.(26)……attheendoftwoyears,youwillsayyouworkedsohardforus,withyou.AsExample(24)describes,theemergenceofanewnationislikethebornofachild.Twocenturiesago,Americanwasbornanditsbirthhadgreatsignificancetotheworld.In(25),Americagoesthroughmanyhardshipsandachievesanincreasinggrowthinthepasttwocenturies.Comparedtoothernations,Americaisyoung,butitshouldnotbehavechildishly.Throughsuchmetaphoricalexpressions,thepresidentsemphasizeAmerica’svitalityanditsprivilegedpositionintheworld.Besides,likeaperson,anationnotonlyhasphysicalbody,butalsohasitsownspecialqualitiesandspiritualworld.Forinstance:(27)Weshareoneheart,onehomeandonegloriousdestiny.(28)Weallenjoyedthesamegloriousfreedoms,andweallsolutethesamegreatAmericanflag.(29)Millionsofhard-workingmenwantbrighterfuturefortheirfamily.(30)Wewilltakecareofourgreatveteranswhohavebeensoloyal.(31)Iwillharnessthecreativetalentsofourpeople.Fromtheexamplesabove,itcanbeseenthattheimageofAmericaisofoutstandingqualities--glorious,hard-working,loyal,creativeandtremendous,etc.Inshort,thebeautifulmoraltraitsofhumanbeingsaregreatlyhighlightedintheprocessofdescribingtheAmericaimage.Thatis,thepresidentconceptualizesthegoodvirtuetohispopulace.Fromthispoint,thepopulaceisallencouragedandbelievesthecountryisfullofkindnessandhasabrighterfuture.Meanwhile,thepresidentendowsencouragementtothepopulaceandpraisesthemwithpatriotism.Itisthecommonendeavorofgovernmentandthepopulace,andthecountrycanbecomemoreandmoreprosperous.Thefollowingmappingishumanbehaviorsandgovernmentactions.(32)AllowsAmericanstodeductchildcarefromtheirtaxes,on-sidechildcareservices,withmatchingcontributionsforlow-incomefamilies.In(32),AffordableChildcareandEldercareActaretherevolvingprogramsin28 辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文AmericawhichisproposedbythepresidentTrump.ThereasonwhyTrumplaunchesthesepoliciesisthatheexpectsthepopulacecanunderstandhisunderlyingintention.Heexplainsthemeasures“AffordableChildcareandEldercareAct”launchedtothepopulaceforpersuadingthepopulacewellknowthebenefitfromthemeasures.Apartfromthat,anationcanbepowerfulwheninahealthysituationjustlikehumanbeingswhilethenationalsocanbeillwhenfacingtheturbulentpoliticsanddifficulteconomy,andthenitneedsthegovernmenttakeeffectivemeasurestohelpitrestore.(33)Andwehavetobeverystrong.Wehavetobeveryvigilant.(34)Wewillhavethestrongesteconomyanywhereintheworld.(35)Andlet’shavepaidfamilyleave,earnedsickdays.(36)FullyrepealsObamacareandreplacesitwithHealthSavingsAccounts,theabilitytopurchasehealthinsurance.AfterWorldWarII,Americahasbecomeahighlydevelopednationwithnocompetitorsurmountingitover.Thus,in(33)and(34),thestrengthofAmericaisrepeatedlyemphasized,whichimplieshowconfidentAmericaisinitsownpowerandhighpositionintheworld.Throughthemetaphoricalexpressions,thepresidentcouldenhancenationalprestigeofAmericaandstrengthenpeople'ssenseofnationalcohesionandpride.In(34),economicproblemswereconceptualizedashumanillness,bywhichthepresidentconveyedtohispeopletheseriouseconomicconditionsofAmericaandinspiredthemtoworkhardtorestoreeconomicstrength.In(35),Trumpalsoemphasizesthattheimportanceofhealthinsurance,aimingatensuringAmericans’bodyhealth.ThismeasureprovideshealthservicesforAmericans,andtheninspiresthemacceptpresidentvalues.Besides,NATIONISHUMANthisconceptualmetaphorshowstherelationshipbetweenthesetwoterms.(37)……wewillgetalongwithallothernationswillingtogetalongwithus.(38)……worktogetherandunifyourgreatcountry.(39)……IknewIcouldn’tstandbyandwatchanylonger.(40)……supportourpeopleandourvalues.In(37)and(38),AmericangovernmenttriestomakeagoodrelationshipwithothercountriesforbuildingstrongdiplomaticallianceandimprovingAmerica’seconomyprosperous.InExample(39)and(40),thekeywordsthatindicatehumanbehaviors—standby,watchandsupportareusedforelaboratelyexplainingthecommongoalswithothercountries.Birth/deathBeginning/endingGrowthDevelopmentBehaviorsGovernmentactionsHealth/illnessSocialpower/socialproblemsHumanrelationshipNationalrelationship29 AnAnalysisonMetaphorsinTrump’sInauguralAddressfromthePerspectiveofCriticalMetaphorFigure4.2Cross-domainmappingofANATIONISAHUMANFromaboveon,itisobviousthathumanmetaphorshaveagreatimpactonevokingpeople’ssensesofpresence.ThePresidentscalluponpublicworktogethertounifytheircountry,andtheninaccompanywithothernationstobuilddiplomaticrelationship.AlltheseactsareutilizedtopushAmericaintoahigherposition.Therefrom,Trump’saddresseshaveresonatedwiththepublicandgainbroadsupport.4.2.2JourneyMetaphorsJourneyisacommonhumanactivityinourdailylife,andthusisfrequentlyusedasasourcedomaininTrump’sinauguraladdress.AccordingtoTable4.1，journeymetaphorstakethesecondplaceinTrump’sinauguraladdresses.Intotal,25typesandthetotalnumberare58,anditsresonanceis1450whichtakesup25.5%ofallmetaphorsinpoliticaldiscoursecorpus.Themetaphorkeysinjourneymetaphorsincludekeywordsjourney,beginning,end,direct,direction,tough,path,way,lookforwardtoandsoon.JOURNEYmetaphorisatypicalmetaphoricalexpressioninconceptualmetaphortheorywhichisfirstintroducedbyLakoffandJohnson(1980)toillustratetheexpressionssuchasourrelationshipcameacrossanobstacleontheway.TheyproposeaconceptualmetaphorLOVEISAJOURNEY,whichcanbeexplainedsuchas“thiscouplecometoanend”toillustratetheirrelationshipisbrokeup;“theyhaveovercamemanydifficultiesontheroadofaffection”toexpresstheywillbeabouttousherabrightfuture.LaterLakoffandTurner(1980)proposeamoregeneralconceptualmetaphorLIFEISAJOURNEY.Insomeways,attributesofjourneyismappedtolife.Forexample,thebeginningofajourneymeansthebirthofonelife,whiletheendmeansdeath.Intheprocessofajourney,obstaclesmeanmanydifficultiesonemayencounterinlife.Thepoliticianchoosesjourneymetaphorsinhispoliticaldiscoursesforconveyinghisactiontothepopulace.Here,“action”referstothedestinationduringthejourneythatpopulacepursues,andthepopulaceistravellerforarrivingidealjourneydestination.SOCIALACTIVITYISAJOURNEYcanbewellillustratedasshowedinExample(41)(42)(43)and(44).(41)IwilldirectmySecretaryoftheTreasurytolabelChinaacurrencymanipulator.(42)……liketheKeystonePipeline,tomoveforward.(43)Whatfollowsismy100-dayactionplan……andbeginswithrestoringhonesty……onthefirstdayofmytermofoffice.(44)Andifwefollowthesesteps,wewilloncemorehaveagovernmentof.Inexamplesabove,Trumpusesjourneymetaphorstoconveyhispoliticalviews,andmetaphorkeywordssuchasdirect,moveforward,beginandstepoccurveryfrequently.ByemployingthesemetaphoricalexpressionsinTrump’sinauguraladdress,hetriestoexpressAmericangovernmentiscarryingoutcertainimportantandnecessarymeasurestostrengtheneconomicsafetyandprotectAmerica’sinterest.Whileaddressing,speakersusuallyconveytheirintentionwithpoliticalideology.In30 辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文theconceptualmetaphor“Socialactivitiesisajourney.”Thejourneyismappedtosocialactivities,andthenpoliticianwillcallonpopulacetosupporthispoliciesandtakeanactivepartinthesocialactivities.InTrump’sinauguraladdress,theExamples(41),(42),(43)and(44)abovecontainaconceptualmetaphor:SOCIALACTIVITYISAPATHTOWARDADESTINATION.Positivethingsarecontributedtomakingprogressingoalachievement,whilebadthingspreventfromachievingagoal.Therefore,byanalyzingjourneymetaphors,populacecanperceivethepolitician’sintention.Thefollowingexamplescanbewellillustrated:(45)itistimeforustocometogetherasoneunitedpeople.(46)……fromthebeginning……brighterfutureforthemselvesandfortheirfamily.(47)Forthosewhohavechosennottosupportmeinthepast……I’mresearchingouttoyouforyourguidancesothatwecanworktogether.(48)Wemustreclaimourcountry’sdestiny.Fromexamplesabove,itisclearlyseethatbegin,across,research,guidanceanddestinyarethekeywordsinjourneymetaphors.Trumpregardscountry’sdevelopmentasatoughjourneythatembedswithdifficulties,butheisnotdepressedandgivesup.Heservesasadirectorcalluppeopletounitetogetherforabrighterfuture,andexactsMiddleClassTaxReliefandSimplificationAct,AffordableChildcareandEldercareAct,andendtheOffShoringAct,etc.tosecureeconomicprosperityandprotectallAmerican’sinterests.Duringthejourney,theymayencountersomethingdifficultlikeatraveler,butqualifiedwithpatienceandeffortstoachievedestination.TherearetwoconceptualmetaphoricalexpressionsANATIONISAPERSONandLIFEISAJOURNEYforconceptualmetaphorSOCIALACTIVITYISAJOURNEY.Americaisconceptualizedasapersonwhotravelsalongajourneyfromtheexample(45),(46),(47)and(48).Theproblemsofacountry’sdevelopmentandsafetyareconceptualizedasobstaclesinaperson’slife.Journeymetaphorspositivelycontributetotheconveyanceofpoliciesandthenthesocialgoalisachieved.However,inTrump’saddress,thereexistssomenegativeaspectofmetaphors.Let’smovetohowthefollowingexamplesaffecttheachievementofpoliticalintention.(49)Becauselookatthemesswe’rein.Lookatthemesswe’rein.Aslongasthere’sthecyber,IagreetopartsofwhatSecretaryClintonsaid.Weshouldbebetterthananybodyelseandperhapswe’renot.Thepositiverespectsinjourneymetaphorswillbeindicatedbynegativeaspectofjourneys,suchasmessin(49).Inhisaddress,Trumpcanproducesomeunbelievablepoliticaleffectsbyusingmessmetaphors.Firstly,inordertoachieveaparticularsocialgoal,travelerswilltakelotsofeffortsandtime.Secondly,intheprocessofpursuinggoal,thetravelersneedtoovercomethedifficulties.Besides,byusingmessmetaphor,speakerscanindicatethesacrificeoftravelers.31 AnAnalysisonMetaphorsinTrump’sInauguralAddressfromthePerspectiveofCriticalMetaphor(50)……anydayoverthepoliticalhacksthatIseethathasledourcountrysobrilliantlyoverthelast10yearswiththeirknowledge.(51)……manyofthemarehere;animalsandgeneralsendorsedmetoleadthiscountry.(52)IwilldirectmySecretaryoftheTreasurytolabelChinaacurrencymanipulator.Intheprocessofajourney,aleaderexploitstheadvantagesinguidingthetravelers.Anexpertleadercanwellinstructtravelersandmakereadyfortheirjourney,otherwise,thejourneymaybeatamess.InExamplesabove,Trumpadoptsmetaphorskeywordsleadanddirect.Byusingthem,TrumpconveysthepopulacethatpoliciesareinsightfulandmakethembelievegovernmentcanwellleadallAmericans.What’smore,itisthepoliciesthatleadAmericansoutofdilemmaandmovetowardeconomicprosperityandcountrysafety.Inordertoelaboratelyillustratejourneymetaphor,theauthormakesthefollowingfiguretowellillustratethemappingbetweentheeconomicrecoveryandjourney.JourneyEconomicdevelopmentLeaderAmericangovernmentTravelersAmericansVehiclesTaxcutMessUnemployment,cyberdangerDirectionSocialgoalsDestinationEconomicprosperityFigure4.3MappingfromjourneytoeconomicrecoveryIntermsofFigure4.3,thepopulacewillhaveabetterunderstandingabouttheprocessofeconomicrecoveryfromthefeaturesofjourney.TrumpcomparesAmericaneconomicdevelopmenttojourney,andthetravelisnotrosesalltheway.Suchunemploymentandcyberdangerareliketheriskthetravelersmaycomeacross,buttheleaders,Americangovernmentwilltakeeffectivemeasuresimmediatelytodealwithit.Theycanenacteconomicpolicies,liketaxcuttostriveforthecommongoalsandthenachieveutmostaims—economicprosperity.4.2.3FamilyMetaphorsItisfamiliarthatthemeaningoffamilyforeveryone,andtheconceptofitisrelatedwithdailylife.Afamilycoversmanymembers,andamongthem,theparentswhotakeresponsibilitytofoster,upbringingandconductchildren.Atthesametime,childrenabidebytheirparents’instructionandfollowfamilyvirtues.Familymetaphorshaveanimpactonevokingresonance,anditisextensivelyusedinthePresidentsinauguraladdresses.InTrump’sinauguraladdresses,familymetaphorsaccountfor23.2%whichtakesthesecondplaceinthiscorpus.Metaphorsfromthesourcedomainoffamilyincludekeywordsfamily,citizen,parents,brother,we,ourandAmerican,etc.LakoffproposesconceptualmetaphorTHENATIONISA32 辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文FAMILY,anditwillbeillustratedbyexpressionssuchas“everyoneshouldworktogethertomakeabrightfuture”,“everyoneshoulddedicatedtocreatingahome”,etc.Lakoffthinksthat“nation”as“family”,andthe“government”asafatherfigure,whilehiscitizensareconsideredaschildren(2002:153).Inthismetaphorcategory,therearetwoconceptualmetaphors—THENATIONISAFAMILY,andTHEWORLDISAFAMILY.Let’smovetotheconceptualmetaphorTHENATIONISAFAMILYfirstinthefollowingexamples.(53)ItisamovementcomprisedofAmericansfromallraces.(54)Onourvictory……herfamilyonaveryhard-foughtcampaign.(55)First,Iwanttothankmyparents.Trulygreatparents.Inthesentencesabove,Americagovernmentisjustlikeagreatfamilywithparents,sonsanddaughters.ThepresidentofAmericaisdefinedasthe“father”ofallAmericans,andAmericansarechildrenofthegovernment.Inexample(53),TrumpstatedthatAmericansareagreatgroup,asifabigfamilywhichcomprisedoflargenumbersofpeople.Theyarechildrenwhoexpecttheir“father”—American’sgovernmenttoprovidebenefitsforthem.Inexample(54)and(55),Trumpusedthekeywordsfamilyandparentstoreducethedistancebetweenthepublic.What’smore,parentshaveresponsibilitytoprotecttheirchildrenandstriveforthebrightfuture.Americaisagreatunitedfamilywhichconnectedthemtogether,andtheywillmovetowardacommonsocialgoal.Theinnercorevalueplaysasignificantroleinafamily,andthefamilywillmakeagreatprogressinfutureifallmembersabidebythevalues.Correspondently,thevaluesandexcellenttraditionsalsomakeacountrymoreprosperous.Thus,thevaluableheritageisimportanttoacountry.(56)……what’sgoingonthroughvariouspartsofourcountry,wehavetostoptheviolence.Adistinguishedandpromisingfamilywillcontinuemakingprogresswithinnercorevalue,andcorrespondently,hisdescendantsalsoconveythevaluetoothersforitsrunningalonghistory.Trumpconsidersthesafetyofcountryasthemostimportantthing,andonlythecountryisharmonious,canallAmericanscanbehappy.Familymetaphorscanevokeemotionalresonance.ThepoliticianwantstocallonallAmericansgettogethertofacethechallenges.Bystatingtheyareafamily,Trumpevokespublic’sfeelingofnostalgia.ItisrevealedtheconceptthatbelongstofamilydomaintoAmericaregimeinthemappingprocess.HeretheAmericangovernmentismappedtoparent,andhispopulaceismappedtochildren.Themappingstructureisorganizedasfollows:ParentAmericangovernmentChildrenAmericancitizensHeritageTraditionsHomeThelandofAmerica33 AnAnalysisonMetaphorsinTrump’sInauguralAddressfromthePerspectiveofCriticalMetaphorFigure4.4CrossdomainmappingofANATIONISAFAMILYManydifferentmetaphoricalexpressionsfromTHEWORLDISAFAMILYinTrump’sinauguraladdress,andthespecificexamplesasfollows:(57)Everyonewhoardentlylovescountrywouldexpectabrighterfuturefortheirfamily.(58)Greatbrothers,sisters,great,unbelievableparents.(59)Iwanttothankmyfamilyverymuch.Fromaboveexamples,itisobviousthatkeywords“brother”and“sisters”aremainlyhighlighted.Generally,allmembersinafamilyarecloselyrelated.Inafamily,therearebrothersorsistersexceptmumanddad.Asignificantproverbsays:“BrothersinArms.”Thissentenceindicatesthedeepfeelingbetweenbrothersorsisters,andittellspeopleshoulduniteasoneandworktogetherforacommongoal.Inevitably,theyneedtorespecteachotherandabidebythefamilyroles.Onlybydoingso,willtheirgoalsbeachievedandlifewillbecomebetter.Otherwise,thefamilywillatamess.Similarly,makingageneralviewofhumanity,Americaisasuperpower,likethestrongestbrotherleadingthedevelopmentoftheworld.Tosomeextent,Americatakestheutmostresponsibilityoflookingafterhisbrothers.As(58)shows,Trumpregardsallcitizensashisbrothersandsisters,andemphasizestheimportanceofunity.In(57)and(59)，Trumpappreciateshisfamilywiththesupportofeverymembers.Infact,themetaphorthatTrumpemploysistodeclaimhispositionofworldsupremacy.Therealaimistointerfereothercountries’diplomacyandinternalaffairs.What’smore,hepreferstoallywithpowerfulcountriesandhostiletheweakerone.Inhisinauguraladdresses,TrumpusestheconceptualmetaphorTHEWORLDISAFAMILYtodescribethehumanworld,andindicatesthatthegreatmeaningofcooperationthatAmericanhasrealized.Aboveon,themappingfromafamilytotheworldcanbestructuredasfollows:HumanfamilythewholeworldBrothersandsistersNationsorallmankindElderbrotherAmericaHometheEarthFigure4.5Cross-mappingdomainofTHEWORLDISFAMILYItisobviousthatfamilymetaphorshaveagreatimpactonevokingpeople’ssensesofbelonging.Therefrom,thepresidentscancondensethewillofallAmericancitizenstogetherandthentakecombinedactiontoachievepoliticalgoals.Thatiswhyfamilymetaphorsoccurinthisinauguraladdress,functioningasanimportantinstrumentforadvocatingtheleadershipphilosophy.4.2.4ConflictMetaphorsAccordingtoTable4.1,itisillustratedthattheconflictmetaphorstakealarger34 辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文proportioninthecollectedcorpora.Thereare15typesoftokensand31tokens,andtheresonanceaddsupto465,whichtakesup8.2%.Metaphorsfromconflictdomainincludekeywordssuchasfight,campaign,protect，struggle,anddefendetc.inthepoliticalcontexts,arefrequentlyusedinTrump’sinauguraladdress.Howe(1988)pointsoutspeakersusuallyadoptmilitarymetaphorsandthepoliticianswillbedepictedasaroleofcruelandvileatthistime.Threesub-categoriesofconflictmetaphorscanbeclassified,respectively:defensemetaphors,attackmetaphorsandstrugglemetaphors,andtheyareclassifiedbysemanticmeaning.Thedefensemetaphorisinvolvedwithkeywordsprotectanddefend;theattackmetaphorisrelatedtokeywordsattack,destroyanddefeat;thestrugglemetaphorextendstokeywordsstruggleandbattle(Chateris-Black,2004).Thus,metaphorskeywordssuchasdefeat,beat,vanquish,guard,protectandpreventbelongtodefensemetaphorintermsofclassification.Metaphorskeywordssuchasattackdestroyandagainstbelongtoattackmetaphor.Metaphorskeywordssuchasstruggle,fightandbattlebelongtostrugglemetaphor.Theterm“struggle”and“fight”mayhavedifferentmeaningswhenpairedwithdifferentwords.Forexample,itmeansattackmetaphorwhentheword“against”ismatchedwiththosetwoterms,whiletheword“for”ismatchedwiththem,andthemeaningisstrugglemetaphor.Inthisresearch,theconflictisrelativelycommondomaininthecorpusalmostaccountingfor8.2percentofallmetaphorsidentified.Inthiscorpus,variouspropertiesofaconflictareprojectedtothetargetdomainpolitics.ThisconceptualmetaphorcanbegeneralizedasPOLITICSISACONFLICT,anditisexplainedfromthefollowingexamples.(60)Iwillbegintakingthefollowing7actionstoprotectAmericanworkers.(61)“ContractwiththeAmericanVoter”willensurethatAmerica’seconomyisrevitalizedandcitizensareprotected.(62)……whowillupholdanddefendtheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates.(63)Rebuildsourmilitarybyeliminatingthedefensesequesterandexpandingmilitaryinvestment.Inordertomakeagreatprogressinsocialaims,thepresidentusuallyemploysconflictmetaphorstoconveyhisunderlyingideasandevokepeople’semotioninpoliticaldiscourse.TrumpadoptsdefensemetaphorsInExample(60),(61),(62)and(63)forwellillustratetheconflictmetaphor.ThedefensemetaphorsinpoliticaldiscourseareemployedtoindicateAmericantakesmeasurestofightagainstthebadthingsthatthreatenthemandvaluestheirlifesafetyandnationalunity.Thus,Trumputilizesthedefensemetaphortomanifestsomeeconomicpolicieswillbeenactedforimprovingthecurrentsocialproblems,promotingpeople’slivingstandardanddevelopingeconomy.Meanwhile,hereferstotheproblemsthatallpeoplecareabout—healthinsurance,economicdevelopment,constitution,andmilitary,whicharethemainrespectsoftheiraction.Thepresidentmakesgreateffortsforprotecting35 AnAnalysisonMetaphorsinTrump’sInauguralAddressfromthePerspectiveofCriticalMetaphorAmericansafetyandpromotingeconomyprosperity.Next,theattackmetaphorwillbeillustrated.(64)……hewastheonetogoagainstthoseDemocrats.(65)Butincreasinglyweareseeingcyberattackscomingfromstates,allkindsofstates.(66)There’snodoubtnowthatRussiahasusedcyberattacksagainstallkindsoforganizationinourcountryandIamdeeplyconcernedaboutthis.InExamples(64),(65)and(66),Trumpadoptsattackmetaphors.Example(64)showsthecompetitionbetweenAmerica’sparties,buttheircommongoalistoachieveAmerica’ssecurity.InallusiontosecuringAmerica,Trumpproposeswaysthatprotectcyberandinformationsecuritytodealwiththechallengesfromothercountries.Americantakestoughmeasuresoncyberandcyberwarfareaswellaslong-termsecuritygrowth.Thegoingsays,securitymattersmorethantheheaven.Inaword,Americagovernmentgreatlyvaluesthesecurityproblems,andtheyresolutelyopposetheactofdestroyingthenation.Duringthisprocess,thepresidentrepresentstheinterestsofAmericanpeopleandtakesmorenewlawsthatcontributedtopeople.ConceptualmetaphorPOLITICSISACONFLICThighlightsthemappingrelationshipbetweenpoliticsandwar.Here,theconceptualmetaphorreflectsthemappingfromawartothepoliticsactivities.Athreatleadstoidentificationofanenemy.ThedefensemetaphorsinpoliticaldiscourseareemployedtoindicateAmericantakesmeasurestofightagainstthebadthingsthatthreatenthemandvaluestheirlifesafetyandnationalunity.TheattackmetaphorsimplyAmericandestroysordefeatsothercountriespoliticssubjectively,andthatisstronglyopposedbyAmerica.Thenextfigurewillbedisplayedthatillustratesthemappingfromconflicttopolitics.ConflictPoliticsLeaderAmericangovernmentFightersAmericanEnemyEconomiccrisis,terrorismWeaponAmericaneffortsGoalFreedom,prosperityFigure4.6MappingfromconflicttopoliticsThesystematicinteractionbetweenofconflictandpoliticsiselaboratedinFigure4.6.Thepresidentusestheattackmetaphorstomanifestdeterminationwithgreateffortsdealingwiththecurrentproblems.AmericanswillunitetogethertodefeattheturbulentpoliticanddifficulteconomyundertheleadershipofAmericangovernment.Thedeterminationwithgreateffortisanalogoustothesoliderfightsagainstthefoewithhisweapons.Theultimateaimoffightingistorealizethecountryfreedomandeconomicprosperity.Fromtheanalysisofconflictmetaphor,itiscanbe36 辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文concludedoneconceptualmetaphorPOLITICSISCONFLICT.What’smore,lifeispeoplestrivesforandhopestoownabrighterfuture,soanotherconceptualmetaphorLIFEISASTRUGGLEisformed.Intheprocessoffightingagainsttheturbulentpolitic,differenteconomyandmessdiplomaticrelationship,thegrandroleofhisgovernmentisespeciallyprominent.Thestrugglemetaphorwillbediscussed.(67)IwillworkwithCongresstointroducethefollowingbroaderlegislativemeasuresandfightfortheirpassagewithinthefirst100daysofmyAdministration.(68)AndIwantustodomoretosupportpeoplewhoarestrugglingtobalancefamilyandwork.(69)Theyaredevaluingtheircurrencyandthere’snobodyinourgovernmenttofightthem.AndwehaveagoodfightandwehaveawinningfightbecausetheyareusingourcountryasapiggybanktorebuildChinaandmanyothercountriesaredoingthesamething.InExamples(67),(68)and(69),thestrugglemetaphorsarewidelyemployedbythepresident.TrumphopesworkwithCongresstogrowtheeconomy4%peryearandcreateatleast25millionnewjobsthroughmassivetaxreductionandsimplificationduringhisinauguration.Thatisthechangethatheisfightingfor.HeproposesaMiddleClassTaxReliefAndSimplificationActtocutthetaxandpromotethedevelopmentofeconomy.HealsowantAmericacreatemorejobsforthosepeoplewhostruggledtobalancefamilyandworkandappealsAmericanpeopletocomebacktowork.Besides,headvisesAmericanfightagainstthebehaviorthatdestroystheirinnereconomicpeace.Tosumup,thereasonwhythepresidentchoosesconflictmetaphoristhatexplainingtheworthyofdoingwhattheywoulddoandconveyinghisunderlyingpoliticalideas.Trumpemphasizesoverandoverthesignificanceoftheirnationandtheeffortsthegovernmenthasdone,andheexpectstoevokeaudience’semotionbythisway.Thegovernmentenactsaserieseconomicpolicieseliminateeconomiccrisisandterrorism,alsoheputsforwardaseriesoftaxpolicytoovercomeeconomicobstacle.Itisobviousthattheconflictmetaphorsusualconceptualmetaphorforspeakerstoexpresstheirpoliticalpoints.FromwhatconflictmetaphorsTrumpused,wecanseethatwhattheAmericanvaluedandopposed.Ingeneral,thepresidentusethedefensemetaphortoexpresshissocialideals,thatistoprotecttheircountry;theattackmetaphorisusedbypresidentfordefeattheenemiesthatthreatenAmerica;thestrugglemetaphorsrepresentstheirdeterminationforfightingwithfreedom,peaceandanyotherbeautifulthings.Likethewar,conflictreferstothestrugglethatpeoplewilltrytheirbesttopursueinterests.What’smore,theuseofconflictmetaphorinpoliticaldiscourseshowsthatsacrificethepresidenthasdoneandcontributestopersuadetheaudience.37 AnAnalysisonMetaphorsinTrump’sInauguralAddressfromthePerspectiveofCriticalMetaphor4.2.5OtherMetaphorsBasedonTable4.1，theresonanceofthedominantmetaphorsofconflict,journey,family,andhumanaccountsforalmost85%inallresonanceinTrump’sinauguraladdress.Nottakingabovefourdominantmetaphorsintoaccount,theresonanceoccupiesnearly15%istherestmetaphorsorothermetaphors.Althoughoccupyingdiminutiveproportionintotalresonanceoftheothermetaphors,theyarestillhaveagreatimpactonanalyzingtheuseofmetaphorinpoliticaldiscourse.ReligionMetaphorsReligionbeliefsinAmericajustlikethecommunisminChina.Religionmetaphoriswidelyemployedinpoliticaldiscoursesforithasagreatimpactonsocialrevolution.Theuseofreligionmetaphorinpresident’saddresscanprovokespiritualresonance,andthencontributestopresident’spersuasion.(70)Itisamovementcomprisedofbeliefs,whoexpectourgovernmenttoservethepeople.(71)……becausethetruthisthatweusedtohavecontrolover.(72)……andtoembracethatgreatfaithandoptimismthathasalwaysbeenthecentralingredientintheAmericancharacter.BasedontheExamples(70),(71)and(72)above,anotherconceptualmetaphorPOLITICSISRELIGIONisformed.Herepoliticsisconceptualizedasbeliefs,truth,faithandoptimismofreligion.Inaword,religionmetaphorgreatlyimpelsTrumptodeliverhispoliticalintentionswiththebeliefs.BuildingMetaphorsInAPIA,buildingmetaphorcanbefoundineveryinauguraladdress.Socialgoalisconceptualizedasalong-termbuildingprocesswhichinvariablyconveysapositiveevaluation.TheunderlyingconceptualmetaphorcanbesummarizedasNATIONALDEVELOPMENTISBUILDING.AccordingtoTable4.1,thereare6typesofbuildingmetaphorstokensandthetotaltokensare11.Metaphorsfromsourcedomainofbuildingmetaphorsincludekeywordscreate,build,construction,andrenew,etc.(73)……createatleast25millionnewjobs……incombinationwithtradereform.(74)……andbeginswithrestoringhonesty,accountabilityandchangetoWashington.(75)RestoringNationalSecurityAct.Rebuildsourmilitarybyeliminatingthedefensesequesterandexpandingmilitaryinvestment.ItisindicatedthatintheExamples(73)and(74)above,theurgentaffairofAmericaistoovercomedifficultiesanddeveloptheeconomy.Inexample(75),thebuildingofanationisstartedrandomlybutmustbeplannedinapredeterminedway.Anation-buildingshouldbeconductedinaccordancewiththeirmilitaryconstruction.Whatactionstotakeandwhatchoicestomakedependonthegovernment’s38 辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文determinationandguidance.So,TrumpproposesRestoringNationalSecurityAct,aimingatbuildingamoresafecountrywhichservesallAmericans.ThebuildingmetaphorsTrumpproposedaremoreeasilyacceptedbythepublic.OrientationMetaphorsFromTable4.1,theproportionoforientationmetaphorsisrelativelysmall.Totally,5typesoftokensoccurinthismetaphorandthetokensare8,accordingtotheformula,itisconcludedthattheresonanceaddsupto40,whichtakesup0.7%.Inselectedaddresses,theorientationkeywordsincludelift,lower,rise,increase,andinner,etc.(76)Aneconomicplandesignedtogrow……andliftingtherestrictionsonAmericanenergy.(77)Thebusinessratewillbeloweredfrom35to15percent,andthetrillionsofdollarsofAmericancorporatemoneyoverseascannowbebroughtbackata10percentrate.(78)Thatmeansweneedmorejobs,goodjobswithrisingincomes.TheaboveexamplescovertwotypesofconceptualmetaphorMOREISUPandLESSISDOWN.“Ifyouaddmoreofasubstanceorofphysicalobjectstoacontainerorpile,thelevelgoesup.”(Lakoff&Johnson,2003:15)Actually,lift,loweredandrisingrefertophysicalorientation,whileintheexamples(76),(77)and(78),theyareusedasorientationmetaphors.Liftingandrisingareadoptedtoexpressmorecostsorpaymentsandloweredisusedtoindicateless.SportsGameMetaphorsFromTable4.1，itisclearlyfindthatsportsgamemetaphorstakearelativelysmallproportionofallthecollectedmetaphors.Inselectedaddresses,sportsgamekeywordsincludesecond,win,competeandtrack,etc.(79)Wehave22CongressMedalofHonorpeople……Ineverhadabadsecondwithhim.(80)Thosepopulacewouldadmireusifwewinit.(81)Ifthatofficecameinsecond,officewouldatthetrackatanotherplace.Fromaboveon,itisshowedthatpoliticalactivitiesarejustlikeasportgame,theyallneedtoabidebytherules,politicsandphysics.Thus,anewconceptualmetaphorPOLITICSISASPORTSGAMEisgenerated.TrumpsaysthatinordertoprotectAmericaneconomyandpeoplefrommarketcollapse,thegovernmentshouldimmediatelytakeeffectivemeasurestoupdatetheoldmarketrulestomeetwiththechallengesofnewcentury.EveryoneinAmericashouldtakeanactivepartinsportsgameandwinthegamewiththegreatefforts.39 AnAnalysisonMetaphorsinTrump’sInauguralAddressfromthePerspectiveofCriticalMetaphor4.3MetaphorExplanationThissectionaimsatexplainingthestateofthepresident,inotherwords,explainingtherelationshipbetweenhispositionandthesocialroleheplaysinreality.Thedominantconceptualmetaphorswillbeanalyzedinmetaphorinterpretation,andtheanalysisinthissectionwillhelptoexplainwhymetaphorsarepersuasiveinTrump’sinauguraladdress.AccordingtoTable4.1,family,human,journeyandconflictmetaphorstakeupabout85%ofallresonanceinthecorpus.IntheprocessofanalyzingtheuseofmetaphorinTrump’sinauguraladdress,historyandcultureplayanindispensablerole.Althoughdifferentcountrieshavedifferentculturalvalues,languageandcultureinsomeextentcaninterrelatetoeachother.ThisstudytakescurrentsocialsituationofAmericaintoaccount,whichrecurstoTrump’sinauguraladdressin2017.In2017,Trumpwinsthepresidentialelection.Meanwhile,hefacesmanychallenges.Economicproblemsleadtothehighrateofunemployment,politicalunrestandtradeissueswiththeneighboringcountries.TheexistingsocialdilemmaislikethefoeofdevelopingeconomyandblocksthedevelopmentofAmericanprosperity.Therefore,inTrump’sinauguraladdress,heusesfamilymetaphorstoappealonallAmericantounify;heusesjourneymetaphorsencouragethepubliconlyfacetheobstaclesbravelycantheyovercomehardshipandbesuccessful;heusesconflictmetaphorstocallonAmericanstofightagainstthe“enemies”withsolidarity.Metaphorisarhetoricdeviceanditmakeslanguagevivid.Inpoliticaldiscourses,metaphorplaysanimportantroleforpresidenttoconveyhispoliticalideology.Itcanalsoforpersuadingaudiences.Persuasionisacommunicativeartinwhichthespeakeruseappropriatelylanguagetoconvincepopulace,andachievepoliticalintention.Charteris-Blackthinksthatpersuasionisrelatedtothechoiceofmetaphorinpoliticaldiscourse,andamethodisprovidedbyCMAtointerpretrationality.4.4SummaryInthischapter,theauthoremployscriticalmetaphoranalysistoanalyzetheuseofmetaphorinTrump’sinauguraladdress.Firstly,bothquantitativeandqualitativemethodsareusedtoidentifythecandidatemetaphors.Here,onecrucialstepistoreadTrump’saddressfortheauthorandtoidentifythemetaphorthatoccursinahighfrequency.Then,theauthorutilizesthequalitativemethodtocheckthemetaphorsaremetaphoricalorliteral.Secondly,afteridentifyingthemetaphorkeywords,theauthorbeginstocalculatethetotalnumberofmetaphorkeywordsaccordingtotheirsourcedomains.Afterthatstep,itisclassified8typesofmetaphorsinTrump’sinauguraladdressin2017intotal.Byanalyzingthestatistics,itisclearthattheretotallyhave8typesofmetaphorsin40 辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文politicaldiscourseinwhichhuman,journey,family,andconflictmetaphorsarethedominantmetaphor.Abovefourdominantmetaphorsinpoliticaldiscourseoccupyabout85%resonanceinall.Apartfromthesefourdominantmetaphors,religion,building,orientationandsportsgamemetaphorsoccupyalmost15%ofthetotalresonance.Next,invirtueofconceptualmetaphortheory,theauthorwilltakethelaststepintoconsiderationtocomplementthemetaphorinterpretationforadetailedoverviewofhowmetaphorworks.Thenreaderswillgettoknowthespeaker’sintentionpurposeonusingthemetaphor.Finally,theauthorwillrelatetosocialcontextwiththehelpofmetaphorexplanation.Thisthesisaimsatanalyzingthestatisticalresultsandrevealingthepotentialpurposesandideologies.41 AnAnalysisonMetaphorsinTrump’sInauguralAddressfromthePerspectiveofCriticalMetaphorChapterFiveConclusionWiththeblendingframeworkofconceptualmetaphortheoryandcriticalmetaphoranalysis,thisthesisbetteranalyzestheuseofmetaphorsinTrump’sinauguraladdresses.Thischapterisaconclusiverepresentationwhichincludesthemajorfindingssectionandlimitationsandsuggestionsofthisstudy.5.1MajorFindingsMetaphoriswidelyusedinEnglishpoliticaldiscourses,andthisthesisemploysChateris-Black’scriticalmetaphoranalysis(CMA)andLakoff’sconceptualmetaphortheory(CMT)toanalyzetheuseofmetaphorsinTrump’saddressin2017.CMAcontainsthreeprocedures,respectivelyidentification,interpretationandexplanationofmetaphor.Meanwhile,thisthesisalsodependsontheworkingmechanismofCMTtoanalyzetheapplicationofmetaphors.Thus,themajorfindingsthattheauthorreferredtoasfollows:Firstly,Trumpwidelyadoptsagreatmanymetaphorsinhisaddresses.Accordingtothecross-domainofCMT,themetaphorscanbeclassifiedinto8types.FromtheTable4.1，itisobviousthatthereare8dominantmetaphorsinTrump’saddress.Theyarehuman,journey,family,conflict,religion,building,orientationandsportsgamemetaphors.Theanalysishasshownthathuman,family,journey,andconflictmetaphorsarefrequentlyused,andtheirresonancetakesupabout85%intotal.Secondly,eightconceptualmetaphorsaregroupedinTrump’saddress.Theseconceptualmetaphorsallfollowthemappingmechanismfromthefamiliar,concreteconceptstotheunfamiliar,abstractconcepts,inwhichsatisfiestheneedfortheaudiencetounderstandtheunderlyingmotivationinpoliticaldiscourseandtheintentionforpersuadingpeopletosupporthispoliticalideologyforTrump.Metaphorisnotjustlanguagebutthoughtandactioninourdailylife.Throughhumanandfamilymetaphors,itcanbeshownthatTrumpcallsonthepublicworktogethertounifytheircountry,andtheninaccompanywithothernationstobuilddiplomaticrelationships.Injourneymetaphors,Trumpregardsthedevelopmentofcountryasatoughjourneythatembeddedwithdifficulties,butheencouragesthepublicnotbedepressedandgaveup.Finally,thisthesistakesthesocialcontextintoconsiderationinexplainingthemetaphors.In2017Trump’sinauguraladdresshappensinthetimeofturbulentpolitics,difficultlife,andthegapbetweenrichandpoorisrapidlygrowing.Whenfacingthecurrentsituation,TrumpemploysconflictmetaphorstoappealtoAmericanpeopletofightagainstthebehaviorthatdestroystheirinnereconomicstabilityandnationpeace.Apartfromhisconflictmetaphors,TrumpalsoutilizesbuildingmetaphorstoillustrateAmericancurrentsocietyisinconstructionandtowards42 辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文economicprosperity.Inordertofightagainsttheturbulentpolitics,Trumpproposeshumanmetaphors,andpersuadesAmericansshouldworktogetherandunifytheircountry.Byjourneymetaphors,TrumppointsoutthatAmericanshavealongwaytogo,andtheyneedtoovercometheobstaclesontheway.Byfamilymetaphors,heconcludesthatallAmericansarejustlikeabigfamily,onlytheygettogethercantheyeasilydefeathardshipandachieveunbelievableachievements.5.2ImplicationoftheStudyAtfirst,thepresentstudymakesanewbrandofinquiryintotheuseofmetaphorinTrump’sinauguraladdressintheframeworkofconceptualmetaphoraswellascriticalmetaphoranalysis.Itnotonlybasesonthedefinition,characteristics,mappingprocessofCMT,butalsoconsidersthethreeproceduresofCMAandconnectswiththesocialcontext.Secondly,thisstudyshedanewlightonthemetaphorbyanalyzingtheirworkingmechanisminthepoliticaldiscourse.Sincemoststudiesonlyfocusonsimpleconceptualmetaphorandignorethepragmaticfunctionsofmetaphor,soitcannotwellconveyssocialroleineverydaylife.Thirdly,practically,thestudydesignsnotonlytoimprovereader’sappreciationonpoliticaldiscourse,butalsobroadenanewhorizonforhumaneverydaylearning.Aspeopleallknow,languageisanartincommunicatingwithothers.Fromthetraditionalviewsandcontemporaryviewsofmetaphor,itisobviouslythatmetaphorhasnotbeenarhetoricaldeviceorlanguageornamentbutthethoughtthatrepresentspeople’sunderlyingideology.Inaword,learningtheuseofmetaphorandanalyzingtheuseofmetaphorinpoliticaldiscoursecanhelppeoplegetabetterunderstandingtotheworld.Therefore,thisstudyplaysaroleinhelpingreaderstoimprovetheircommunicationskillinordertocommunicatewithothersinthecomplexworld.5.3LimitationsandSuggestionsforFurtherStudiesWiththeblendingframeworkofconceptualmetaphortheoryandcriticalmetaphoranalysis,theauthorhasconductedacomprehensiveanalysisofmetaphorinTrump’sinauguraladdressin2017.However,thereexistsomedeficienciesduetotheauthor’slimitedknowledgeandtime.Firstofall,thisthesisonlychoosestheaddressthatTrumpgainsthepresidentialelection,andthenumberofcorpusisrelativelylimited.Besides,thescopeofthisstudyiscomparativelysmall,anditishardtoanalyzetheuseofmetaphorthoroughly.Secondly,cultureplaysanincreasinglyimportantroleinanalyzingtheuseofmetaphorinpoliticaldiscourse.Americanpresidentialelectionisabigevent,andattractsattentionaroundtheworld.Thus,itprovidesacorpusforscholarstoanalyzethemetaphor.But,duetotheauthor’slimitedculturalbackgroundandhistory,the43 AnAnalysisonMetaphorsinTrump’sInauguralAddressfromthePerspectiveofCriticalMetaphoranalysisofmetaphorispartial.Thirdly,thisthesistakesqualitativemethodtoanalyzetheuseofmetaphor,anditisinevitablyembeddedwithsubjectivity.Especiallyintheprocessofidentifyingthecandidatemetaphorsanddeterminingwhetherthekeywordsaremetaphoricalorliteral.Lastly,thisthesisaimsatanalyzingthedominantmetaphorsandignoringothersthatnotfrequentlyused.But,theyalsodeserveattractingourattentionasaresultofcontributingtotheelection.Giventhelimitationsmentionedabove,furtherstudymightbeconductedasfollows:Firstly,moreaddressesshouldbecollected,suchastheaddresscompetingwithHillaryClinton.Secondly,knowmoreaboutthehistoricalandculturalbackgroundofforeigncountriesandlayafoundationforfurtherstudy.Thirdly,asfortheidentificationofmetaphor,weneedaprofessionaltooltoidentifyandavoidthesubjectivityoftheresults.Lastly,paymoreattentiontotheothermetaphorsandmakeasupplementtothedominantmetaphors.44 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AnAnalysisonMetaphorsinTrump’sInauguralAddressfromthePerspectiveofCriticalMetaphorAcknowledgementImustshowmygratitudetothepeoplewhohaveofferedmeduringtheperiodthatIwritingmypaper.First,Iwanttoshowmyappreciationtomywell-belovedsupervisorJiangHui,forherprofoundideas,insightfulsuggestionsandattitudehavegreatlyeffectontheconceptualizationandformationineachprocessofaccomplishingmystudy.Sheknowseverydetailofmystudy,forshehelpsmeoneverythingfromtheimmaturethoughtstothefinalconclusion.Withouthercompleteconstitution,strictrevisionaswellasearnestencouragement,mystudycannotachievethispresentform.Undertheguidanceofmysupervisor,Ihavelearnedhowtomakeanacademicresearchwithresponsibilityanddevotion.Herenthusiasm,instruction,aswellasdedicationhaveguidedandconcernedallthroughmydailylife.Itismymostcherishedandvaluablememoryandwealth.Second,mysincerethankstoallprofessorsthathadtaughtmeinmywholestudycareer.Theirinterestingandinformativelecturesleadmetothisacademicdomain.Besides,IwanttoshowmyheartfeltgratitudemyenthusiasticandfriendlyclassmatesSunYanqiuwhohavehelpedmeincollectingresearchmaterialsandprovidedsuggestioninmycomposition.Duringthethreeyears’studyandliving,Ihavelearnedhowtogetonwellwithpeoplearoundme.Briefly,Iowetothemforthethingstheyhavedoneforme.Ialsothankstomyboyfriend’sappearance,otherwisemythesismighthavefinishedafewmonthearly.Besides,thankstomyfuturesister-in-law,who’saPhDandnowadoctor,shealwaysencouragesmewithherfullpositiveenergywhenIamdown.Ialsowanttoexpressmyappreciationtomyparents.Theyalwaysencouragemeonmystudyandsupportmealotinthecourseofmystudyandlife.Withoutthem,IwouldnotbewhoIamtoday.Atlast,Ishowmyappreciationtoallthosewhogenerouslyallowmetousetheirworksformyreference.Theirthoughtfulideas,cherishedcomments,andusefulreferenceshavedoneagreatjobonmystudy.48
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