《英汉网络语言模因传播的对比研究——以推特和微博为例》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。
学校代码：10172研究类型：应用研究学号：146110107中图分类号：大连外国语大学硕士学位论文题目:英汉网络语言模因传播的对比研究——以推特和微博为例培养学院（系、所）：英语学院学科专业:英语语言文学研究生姓名:李婷婷指导教师姓名及职称:成晓光教授论文答辩时间:2017年5月20i万方数据 DALIANUNIVERSITYOFFOREIGNLANGUAGESACOMPARATIVESTUDYOFTRANSMISSIONOFENGLISHANDCHINESEINTERNETMEMESWITHTWITTERANDSINAWEIBOASEXAMPLESATHESISSUBMITTEDTOTHESCHOOLOFENGLISHSTUDIESINPARTIALFULFILLMENTOFTHEREQUIREMENTSFORTHEDEGREEOFMASTEROFARTSBYLITINGTINGMAY2017ii万方数据 ABSTRACTInternetlanguagecanberegardedasaspecialformoflanguage.Withitswittyhumor,internetlanguageiseasytounderstand,vivid,andextremelyrichinpropagation.Thusithasbeenthescholars’researchobjectinrecentyears.Fromthepointofviewofmemetics,languageisinfactakindofmeme.Memesfirstappearedin1976inbiologistRichardDawkins’sTheSelfishGene.Hecreatedtheword"meme",whichisdefinedastheunitofhumanculturalinformation.Internetlanguage,asaspeciallanguage,musthaveitsownuniquenessintheprocessoftransmission.Basedonthecross-culturalenvironment,thisstudyattemptstousememeticsasthetheoreticalfoundation,comparingEnglishinternetlanguagewithChineseinternetlanguage.Onthebasisofthepredecessors’studies,itisfoundthatinternetmemeisaresearchbranchwhichworthfurtherstudieandexploration.Theinternetmemeisastheresearchobjectinthepresentresearch,whichexploresthedifferencesandsimilaritiesofthetransmissionprocessandcommunicationeffectbetweenEnglishandChineseinternetmeme.Tocomparethetwointernetmemes,threeresearchquestionsareputforwardinthestudy:(1)WhatisthedifferenceandsimilaritybetweenthetransmissionprocessofEnglishandChineseinternetmemes?(2)DomemesubtypesinfluencethecommunicationeffectofaChineseorEnglishmeme?Ifitdoes,forthesamesubtypeofEnglishandChineseinternetmeme,isthereanysimilarityordifferenceintermsoftheirstrengthincommunicationeffect?(3)Amongthecommunicationfactors,whichisthemostcredibleevaluationcriteriawhenitcomestomeasuringthecommunicationeffectofanEnglishorChineseinternetmeme?Basedonthecriteria,isthereanydifferenceorsimilaritiesbetweentheperformancesofEnglishorChineseinternetmeme?Thisstudymainlyappliedthemethodofexemplification,qualitativeresearchandquantitativeresearch.Inlanguagecommunication,theprocessoflanguageselectionanduseistheprocessofmemescompeting,reproducingandtransmittingprocess.Inthisprocess,thewayofinternetlanguagememestransmissioncouldbedividedintomemeticgenotypeandmemeticphenotype.Bydiscussingtheperformanceofdifferentmemesubtypes,thetransmissionprocessofinternetmemeisii万方数据 carefullyanalyzedinthestudy.Bycomputercrawlertechnology(Heritrix),theTwitterandWeiboopenAPIinterfaceisconnected.Thentheauthorcollecteddataonto"trendingtopics"and"trendingbloggers"twodimensionsand5communicationfactors,say,levelofreposts,ratioofrepostsoutofallposts,likes,replies,andspreadvelocity.ThenaMySQLdatabasewasestablishedfordataretrievalandsorting.UsingSPSScorrelationanalysis,theanalysisisconductedtojudgewhetherthereiscorrelationbetweenEnglishandChineseinternetmemesubtypesandcommunicationeffect,andtowhatextendthecorrelationis.Thestudyrevealsthatfirstly,attheassimilationandretentionstage,EnglishandChinesememeshavesomethingincommon.However,thetwoarequitedifferentintermsoftheexpressionandtransmissionstages.Secondly,EnglishandChineseinternetmemehasdifferencesandsimilaritiesintermsofcommunicationeffect.Differentmemesubtypeshavedifferentcommunicationeffect.EnglishandChinesememesubtypeshasdifferentcommunicationeffectasthesubtypealters.Thirdly,thereissignificantcorrelationbetweenthememesubtypeandspreadvelocity,ratioofrepostsrespectively.Spreadvelocitymaybethemostcredibleevaluationcriteriawhenitcomestomeasuringthecommunicationeffectofameme.Besides,anewkindofsubtypeofmemeisfoundwhichtheauthordefinesashorizontalgraftingwiththesimilarorsamepronunciationandmeanings.Itcouldbecategorizedasakindofmemeticgenotype.Throughouttheresearchofthepredecessorsinthefieldofmemetics,previousstudieshavefocusedonthememeapplicationintheareaofforeignlanguageteaching,translation,socialpragmatics,etc.Intermsoftheresearchmethods,morescholarsmainlyamplifytodecipherthememephenomenonbasedonthetheoryofmemeticstheory,ordoingananalyticalstudy.Bothofthestudieswerelackofempiricalresearchandquantitativeresearch.Thepresentresearchcarriedoutusingcommunicationeffectasthefoothold,inaneasy-to-copy,easy-to-spreadsocialnetworkspace,byexaminingthecommunicationeffectfactorsandcollectingalargeamountofdata,comparingthetwointernetlanguagememesinaprofoundway.Thestudyishelpfulforobservingtheperformanceofthelanguageitself,andfoundtheregularpatternoflanguagedevelopmentandevolution.Italsohelpsintheareaofdifferentsocialandculturalcommunicationandtheexchangeoflearninglanguage.iii万方数据 KEYWORDS:internetmeme,communicationeffect,Twitter,Weibo,comparisonstudyiv万方数据 摘要英汉网络语言模因传播的对比研究——以推特和微博为例李婷婷网络语言这一特殊的语言形式，以其通俗易懂、传播力强的特点，为学者们广泛研究及讨论。从模因论的角度看，语言实际上就是一种模因。1976年，牛津大学生物学家RichardDawkins在其所著的《自私的基因》一书中最早提出了“模因”的概念。“meme”这个词，被他用来定义为人类的文化信息单位。而网络语言这一特殊的语言形式，在复制与传播时必然有各自的独特之处。基于跨文化环境，本论文试图将模因论作为本文理论基础，比较中英网络语言。在前人的研究基础上，尝试对英汉网络语言传播过程与传播效果进行对比分析。为比较两种网络语言，本文提出三大研究问题：（1）中英网络模因在传播过程上有哪些异同？（2）模因子类型会影响中英网络模因的传播效果么？对同一模因子类型而言，中英网络模因传播效果的强度有何异同？（3）在众多传播影响因子中，当衡量中英模因子类型的传播效果时，哪个因子是最可信评价标准？以该标准为基础，中英模因子类型的表现有何异同？本研究主要采用例证法、定性研究与定量研究的方法。首先以例证法、定性研究法分别解析英汉网络模因在复制和传播时的异同。在语言交际中，语言选择和使用的过程就是语言模因相互竞争、复制和传播的过程。网络语言模因的复制和传播方式有基因型和表现型，而两种模因又可细化拆分为5种独立的模因形态。本文通过将收集到的数据按语言模因类型分类讨论，揭示网络语言复制和传播的方式。再利用计算机爬虫技术（Heritrix），接通推特及微博的API开放接口，从”热门话题”及”热门博主”两个角度，及转发量、相似发博数、点赞量、回复量、传播速度五个维度，分别在推特及微博进行数据抓取，并建立MySQL数据库用于数据检索与整理。再利用SPSS进行相关性分析，分别分析英汉网络不同的模因类型和传播效果的相关关系，以检验两者的相关性与相关程度。本文揭示出在传播过程中，中英网络模因在同化及滞留阶段相似，而在表达及传播阶段有明显差异。另外，中英网络模因在传播效果上有异同。不同模因子v万方数据 类型有不同的传播效果，由于子类型的不同，中英网络模因传播效果也不同；第三，模因类型与传播速度、转发比率分别有强相关关系，当衡量某模因的传播效果时，传播速度是最可信评价标准。以该标准为基础，中英模因子类型的表现有差异；另外，本文还发现一种新子类型：相同或相似发音及含义的横向嫁接类型模因。纵观前人的研究，在模因论研究领域，先前的研究主要集中在外语教学、翻译、社会语用等方面。在研究方法上，更多学者主要以模因论理论为基础，并以个例举证的方式来解读某种模因现象，或是进行分析性研究，缺乏实证性调查和定量研究。本文则以模因传播效果为研究立足点，在社交网络这种模因易复制、易传播的空间内，通过检验量化模因传播效果的因素及收集大量数据，来对比中英网络语言模因的相似与不同之处。有助于在中西方文化的交际和交流中学习语言。关键词：网络模因；传播效果；推特；微博；对比研究vi万方数据 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThisthesiscouldnothavebeenfinishedwithoutthehelpofmanypeople,andIwouldliketoexpressmyprofoundestgratitudeandgreatestappreciationtoallthosewhohaveofferedmehelpduringthethree-yearpostgraduatestudyandaccomplishmentofthisstudy.MydeepestgratitudegoesfirstandforemosttoProfessorChengXiaoguang,mysupervisor,forhisconstantencouragementandguidance.Hehaswalkedmethroughallthestagesofthewritingofthisthesis.Withouthisconsistentandilluminatinginstruction,thisthesiscouldnothavereacheditspresentform.Second,Iwouldalsoliketothankmyclassmate,SunLiyang,whohasofferedmemeaningfuladviceonthisresearchandencouragedmeduringalltheprocess.What’smore,IwoulddelivermysincereappreciationtomyboyfriendSteveChangandforhishelpincollectingtheempiricaldata.AndalsoIwouldliketothankmyfriends,WangLina,DuanRongli,andDuanYujingfortheirsupportencouragementtome.Lastmythankswouldgotomybelovedfamilyfortheirlovingconsiderationsandgreatconfidenceinmeallthroughtheseyears.Ialsoowemysinceregratitudetomyfriendsandmyfellowclassmateswhogavemetheirhelpandtimeinlisteningtomeandhelpingmeworkoutmyproblemsduringthedifficultcourseofthethesis.vii万方数据 CONTENTSABSTRACT..................................................................................错误!未定义书签。摘要...............................................................................................错误!未定义书签。ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..........................................................错误!未定义书签。LISTOFTABLES......................................................................................................xiCHAPTERONEINTRODUCTION............................................................................11.1BackgroundoftheStudy................................................................................11.2MotivationsandSignificanceoftheStudy.....................................................31.3LayoutofThisThesis.....................................................................................4CHAPTERTWOLITERATUREREVIEW................................................................52.1InternetLanguageMeme................................................................................52.1.1IntroductiontoInternetLanguageMeme52.1.2DefiningLanguageMeme62.1.3ClassificationofInternetLanguageMeme62.2ResearchonMemeticsatHomeandAbroad..................................................92.2.1FromGenetoMeme92.2.2DefiningMeme112.2.3FeaturesandLifecycleofMeme112.3IntroductiontoTwitterandSinaWeibo.......................................................142.3.1IntroductiontoSocialMedia142.3.2TwitterastheRepresentationofSocialMediainEnglishLanguageEnvironment172.3.3SinaWeiboastheRepresentationofSocialMediainChineseLanguageEnvironment17viii万方数据 2.4GapsinInternetLanguageMemeResearch.................................................18CHAPTERTHREERESEARCHMETHODOLOGY..............................................193.1MethodologicalApproach............................................................................193.1.1MethodofExemplificationandQualitativeApproach193.1.2QuantitativeApproach203.2DataCollectionandAnalysis........................................................................203.2.1TrendingTopicsandTrendingBloggers203.2.2API(ApplicationProgrammingInterface)233.2.3HeritrixasaWebCrawler243.2.4MySQLasDatabaseManagementSystem243.2.5SPSSasDataAnalyzingInstrument25CHAPTERFOURRESULTSANDDISCUSSION..................................................274.1MemeticExplanationtotheTransmissionProcessofEnglishandChineseInternetMeme.....................................................................................................274.1.1CaseStudiesofthe5MemeSubtypesOnTwitterandWeibo274.1.2TheProcessoftheTransmissionofEnglishandChineseinternetmemes324.2SimilarityandDifferenceBetweenEnglishandChineseInternetMemeSubtypesinStrengthofCommunicationEffect.................................................374.2.1GeneralResultsfromtheCollectedData374.2.2GeneralResultsfromComparingEnglishandChineseMeme384.3TheCommunicationFactorsasEvaluationCriteriaMeasuringtheCommunicationEffectofEnglishorChineseInternetMeme............................40CHAPTERFIVECONCLUSION..............................................................................445.1SummaryofMajorFindings.........................................................................44ix万方数据 5.2ImplicationsoftheStudy..............................................................................455.3LimitationsofTheStudy..............................................................................465.4SuggestionsforFurtherStudy......................................................................46APPENDIXESAMEMETICGENOTYPE...............................................................52APPENDIXESBMEMETICPHENOTYPE.............................................................66x万方数据 LISTOFTABLESTable4-1“世界上最遥远的距离”ContainedinWeibo.............................................29Table4-2HorizontalGraftingwiththeSimilarorSamePronunciationandMeanings......................................................................................................................30Table4-3HorizontalGraftingwiththeSimilarorSamePronunciationandMeanings......................................................................................................................32Table4-4TheDiversityofChineseMemeplexes........................................................33Table4-5QuantityofEachSubtypeinGeneral........................................................37Table4-6MeanValueofEachSubtypeinGeneral.....................................................37Table4-7QuantityofEachSubtypebyComparingtheEnglishandChineseMeme............................................................................................................................38Table4-8TheMeanValueofEachSubtypeofEnglishmeme..................................39Table4-9TheMeanValueofEachSubtypeofChinesememe..................................39Table4-10ComparisonTable(RearrangetheSequenceinDescendingOrderAccordingtotheAmountofEachSubtype.)..............................................................40Table4-11EnglishMemeSubtypeRankinginDescendingOrderofRORandSV.................................................................................................................................42Table4-12ChineseMemeSubtypeRankinginDescendingOrderofRORandSV.................................................................................................................................43xi万方数据 CHAPTERONEINTRODUCTION1.1BackgroundoftheStudyBasedontheDarwiniantheoryofevolution,Memeticsisatheorythatconcernstheaspectofculturalevolution.Memeticsattemptstointerprettheevolutionarylawsoftheessentialcharacteristicsoftheuniversalconnectionofthingsandtheinheritanceofculturefromadiachronicandsynchronicperspective.Asthemostcentralissueinmemetics,memewasfirstmentionedbyRichardDawkins(1976)basedontheword"gene",aNeo-Darwinismadvocate,inhisTheselfishgene.MemeisoriginatedfromGreek,meaning"imitatedthing”.Theword“meme"isinventedtoimpelpeopleassociatedwithimitationphenomenonstraightforwardly,whichisaresemblingphenomenonwiththegene.Genesaremultipliedbyinheritance,butmemesaretransmittedthroughimitation—thebasicunitofculture.Inrecentyears,researchessuchasSperber(2000,2006),Levinson(2003,2006)andMillikan(2004,2005)havepaidattentionstomemeticsintheirdistinctiveperspectives.In2005,CambridgeUniversityPresspublishedKateDistininhisdoctoralthesisonthebasisoftherevisedmonograph"selfishmemes".ThesignificanceofDistin’sstudyisthat,sincelanguageisoneofthemostsignificantfactorsinhumanculturallife,memeticscanandshouldhaveanewinterpretationoftheoriginoflanguageandtheuseoflanguage.Lateron,Chilton(2005)analyzesmetaphoricalexpressionsinconcretediscoursefromtheperspectiveoflanguageandcognition,andpointsoutthatthepropagationofideascanbeexplainedfromtheperspectivesofmemes.Johansson(2005)pointsoutthatalthoughmemeticshassomeshortcomingsanddeficiencies,ithelpsustofurtherunderstandtheevolutionofculture,thoughtandlanguage.Athome,GuiShichunfirstmentionedtheconceptin2002.DaiHaoyi(2002)thenreferredtomemesasthepsychological,socialandculturalbasisofhumanlanguage.Henaturallypointedoutthatthelanguageitselfisameme,thelanguagehasbeenabletospreadsofarandancientlanguageuserscontinuetoimitatethecopyanddisseminationareinseparable.Anyword,phrase,sentence,paragraphorevenchapter,aslongascopyanddisseminationthroughimitation,arelikelytobecomeameme.Lateron,Chinesescholarshavebeguntovigorouslyprobeintotheinterfaceofmemeticsandotherscholarbranches,suchasmemeticsandsocialpragmatics(He1万方数据 Ziran,HeXuelin2003),memeticsandhumanitiesandsocialsciences(XiaJiasi,2003)(Zhang,2003),languageinthememe(HeZiran,2005).Inaddition,memeticswasdiscussedinaculturalperspective(GuoJing,2005),andalsowasappliedforexploringcognitivemotivationofmetaphor(YinPi’an2005),etc.Inrecentyears,memeticshasbeenappliedtomoreresearchfields.Memeticshasaninterfacewithteaching,asseenintheMemesfromtheMemes(SuYihua,2015)andeventheresearchinregardtouniversityforeignlanguageteachingandmultimediaresourcesintegrationstudy(YaoJing,2013).Morethanthat,memeticsisthoroughlyinvestigatedinthedomainofmemesandtranslation,exploringtheEnglishnewsheadlinestranslationinthememephenomenon(ChenXiaoli,WenJun,2011),andalsothecomparativestudyconcerningaboutlanguagememeandChinese-Englishtranslation(ZhaoXiang,2008),(MaYi,ChenShunyi,2014)andinstydiessuchasTheTranslationoftheNormativeThinkingBasedonMemetics(ZhangJian,2015),TranslationMemeticsandTranslationTeaching(MaXiao,2005).Thereareseveralstudiesappliedmemeticsintotheculturalandpragmaticfield,especiallyinthefieldofinternetlanguage.However,itisfoundthatfewstudiesconcernsaboutthetransmissionandcommunicationeffectofmemes.Inmemetics,memesarerecurrentlydescribedas"viruses,"whichcaninfectindividual’sbrains.Andoncethe“virus”infectsaperson,itwillbeparasitizedinhisbrain.Thenlatertheinfectedindividualwillspreadthe"virus"toothers.Thus,thememeaccomplishesatransmissioncycle.Theviruscanshiftthebehavioroftheinfectedone,andatthesametime,theindividualwillalsocopythebehaviorsubconsciouslyorconsciouslytoothers.Forinstance,slogans,fashionableterms,melody,andfashion,etc.Aslongasthememeiscopy-friendly,peoplewillfollowtheimitation,andspreadthememefrommouthtomouth.Wesaythatmemeisa“thinkingvirus”,becauseitisatransitionfromonehosttoanother,constantlychangingshapes,butalwaysmaintainitsinherentpattern.Sometimesitistroublesometodistinguishwhatthememesare,butmemescanberecognizedandperceivedwhenasimilarphenomenonappears.Thecommonfeaturethatmemeandgeneshareisthatbothofthetwoareevolvedfromreplicationandwillmaintaintheirabilitytobereplicatedevenafteralongperiodofhibernation.Wecouldconcludethatmemehasitsinherenttraitoftransmissionandplaysasignificantroleinhumancommunication.Toreviewtheprecedingstudies,thetransmissionattributesandcommunicationofmemeisinvestigatedintheareaof2万方数据 journalism(ZhangMingzhang,2009)andmoviedialogues(SongPingfeng,2013)inrecentyears.Nonetheless,there’relittlestudiesconcernaboutthememetransmissionintheareaofinternet.Besides,thepresentcomparativestudyofEnglishandChinesememeopensupnewhorizons,asatentativestudyprobingmorepossibilityofmemeticstudy.1.2MotivationsandSignificanceoftheStudyWiththegrowingpopularityoftheInternet,theInternetlanguagehasshapeditsuniquenessintheaspectsofcommunication.Astherepresentativesofsocialnetworkservice(SNS),SinaWeiboandTwitter,withtheiradvantageoninformationtransmissionandpromotionhomeandabroad,hasarelativelysuperiorenvironmentforfurtherdevelopment.Theinternetmemeinevitablyhasitsuniquenessintermsoftransmission.However,inthepreviousstudiesofinternetmemes,thereislittleresearchonitstransmissibility.Besides,itissignificantformarketingteamtoidentifyanddeterminethebestmodesofmemetransmission.Therefore,thisstudyhopestoreflectthefollowingtheoreticalandpracticalvalue.Thetheoreticalsignificancesofthisstudyare:(1)Thismemoirofnetworklanguageisanembodimentofcross-culturalnewperspective.Therefore,thisstudycanenrichtheresearchperspectiveofnetworklanguagememetoacertainextent,andcontributetocomprehensivelyunderstandthefeaturesofmemesofEnglishandChineselanguages.(2)Thecorpusinthisstudyismoretime-sensitiveandwide-spread,whichismorecomplexthanthediscourseofTVdramas,legaldocuments,newsandsoon.Itismorelikelytoshowthecharacteristicsof"replication".Thediversityofnetworklanguagewillbetakenintoaccounttorevealthedistributioncharacteristicsofthelanguagememeeffectandfurtherexplorehowthememeisformedinthenetworkenvironment.Thepracticalsignificancesofthisstudyare:(1)ThisstudywillshedlightonthetransmissionoflinguisticmemesinEnglishandChinesenetworkenvironmentsandtheculturalcharacteristicsofEnglishandChinesespeakersindifferentlanguages.(2)Throughthesocialnetworkenvironmentinthetransmissionoflanguagememesoftheeffectofanalysis,tosomeextentthestudycontributestothenetworkofsocialmarketingandbusinessmodelinthelanguagelevel.3万方数据 (3)ThroughthecomparisonofEnglishandChinesetexts,wecanlearnabouttheculturaldifferences,understandthevaluesandenhancethecross-culturalcommunication.1.3LayoutofThisThesisThisthesisconsistsof5chapters.Aftertheintroductionpart,Chapter2reviewsliteratureandresearchhomeandaboardandsetforthtowhatextendandforwhatmotivationdoingthestudy.IntheendingpartofChapter2,thegapofmemeticresearchisgeneratedandtworesearchquestionsareaddressed.Chpter3introducedmethodologicalapproachesadoptedinthestudy.Thethreemethods(methodofexemplification,qualitativeapproach,andquantitativeapproach)areintroducedinathoroughdescription.ResearchdatacollectingandanalyzingprocessaredepictedcomprehensivelyinChapter4.Basedontheoutcomeofdealingtheempiricaldata,majorfindingsofthestudyaredepictedinChapter5.Theinterpretationandreferencetothepreviousresearchquestionsarealsoincludedwithin.Theauthoralsolistedthelimitationofthisstudyandsuggestionsforfurtherones.4万方数据 CHAPTERTWOLITERATUREREVIEW2.1InternetLanguageMemeAstheresearchobjectofthepresentstudy,internetlanguagememeandassociatedresearchingareaswillbeintroducedinthischapter.Fromthesocialmedia,wheretheinternetlanguagelargelypropagates,tomemeticstudiesarereviewedinthischapter.2.1.1IntroductiontoInternetLanguageMemeAn"Internetmeme"isaconceptthatspreadsrapidlyfrompersontopersonviatheInternet,largelythroughInternet-basedE-mailing,blogs,forums,imageboardslike4chan,worldsocialnetworkingsiteslikeFacebook,InstagramorTwitter,Telegram,andvideohostingserviceslikeYouTubeandTwitch.tv.ChinesesocialnetworksitesandservicesincludeSinaWeibo,Wechat,Zhihu,Renrenect.RichardDawkins(2013)characterizedanInternetmemeasonedeliberatelyalteredbyhumancreativity,distinguishedfromDawkins’soriginalideainvolvingmutationbyrandomchangeandaformofDarwinianselection.Thedevelopmentofinternetmemeundergoestwophases.Inthefirstphase,contentsontheinternetwasprimarilyspreadviaemailorcertaindiscussioncommunities.Peopleshareinformationthroughdifferentmessageboardsornewsgroup.Theyencouragecommunicationbetweenpeople,andthusbetweenmemesets,thatdidnotnormallycomeincontact.Inthesecondphase,peoplestartedtopromotememe-sharingwhentheyrequirefeedback,comments,oropinions.Thisformatiswhatgaverisetoearlyinternetmemes,liketheHampsterDance.TheinteractivenatureofinternetmemeallowsittotransmitviaPrintmatter,radio,andtelevision.However,duetothefeelingoffreshnessisgraduallydecreasing,thereadersoraudiencesreceivethemessagesandinformationinapassivestateofmind.Unliketraditionalmedia,theInternetpropagatesmoreeventsandcoincidencewherepeopletendtofollowthephenomenaandcommunicatewitheachother.Thusthenatureofinternetpromotesmemestobecopied.MuchoftheInternet’sabilitytospreadinformationisassistedfromresultsfoundthroughsearchengines,whichcanallowuserstofindmemesevenwithobscureinformation.AnInternetmememaystaythesameormayevolveovertime,bychanceorthroughcommentary,imitations,parody,orbyincorporatingnewsaccountsabout5万方数据 itself.Internetmemescanevolveandspreadextremelyrapidly,sometimesreachingworld-widepopularitywithinafewdays.Internetmemesusuallyareformedfromsomesocialinteraction,popculturereference,orsituationspeopleoftenfindthemselvesin.Theirrapidgrowthandimpacthavecaughttheattentionofbothresearchersandindustry.Academically,researchersmodelhowtheyevolveandpredictwhichmemeswillsurviveandspreadthroughouttheWeb.Commercially,theyareusedinviralmarketingwheretheyareaninexpensiveformofmassadvertising.Similarly,thepresentstudyiscarriedoutforapracticalimplication:whetherdifferentsubtypesofmemeaffectsthecommunicationeffectsofone.Thenbasedontheconclusion,marketingstrategiescouldthenbecomeupwith.Inthepresentstudy,theinternetlanguagememeisdiscussedintwocategoriesand5subtypeswhichwillbeintroducedinthesubsequentsection.2.1.2DefiningLanguageMemeHeZiran(1994)pointsoutthatlanguageitselfisakindofmeme.Inthelongcourseofhumanhistory,languagecannotbecirculatinguptotodaywithoutmemeimitationandtransmissionthroughoutthewholehistory.Anywords,phrases,sentences,paragraphs,evenarticles,couldeventuallybecomememes.Thisstudy,inspiredbythememetheoryproposedbyRichardDawkins(1976),arguesforviewinglanguageasakindofmeme.Languagememescouldbepresentedatvariouslevels,fromthelexicalthroughthesententialandthetextual.Languagememes,withcontextsembedded,notonlyhavemeaningoftheirown,butoftenpromptemergentmeaningthatexistspriortodefaultmeaning.Humanisaboutcommunicatingandlanguageisthepotentialdrivingforcestosomeextent.Asthesocialpracticecarriedon,languagememesplayasignificantroleincertainsocialevents.Languageusersare,thankstotheirimitativenature,capableofreplicatinggivenmemesandofcreatingnewmemesinaccordancewiththeircommunicativeneeds.2.1.3ClassificationofInternetLanguageMemeThroughouttheprocessoftransmissionofmeme,newmemeandtheoriginalonehascertainconnectionswitheachother.Althoughamemeisabstract,ithasmeaningandconveysinformation.Thenewmemereplicatesinthesameordifferentform,andconveyssameordifferentmeaning.Itseemsreasonabletocategorizethetypeofmemesandfindouttheregularitybehindthememe.ProfessorHeZiran(2005)proposedthattherearetwokindsoflanguagememes:memeticgenotypeandmemetic6万方数据 phenotype.Andthetwotypescouldbefurthercategorizeintofivesubtypes.Inthissection,thefivesubtypeswillbeintroducedonthebasisofinternetenvironment.2.1.3.1MemeticGenotypeJustlikegenotypeofagene,memeticgenotypeisraisedtomeanwhiletheformorstructureoftheoriginalmemepassingdown,thecoreinformationormeaningstaysunchanged.Thiskindofmememaybeinheritedinvariousformsindifferentcontext,butwhattheoriginalmemeexpressisnotchangedduringtheprocessoftransmission.SUBTYPEⅠ:Thesameinformationmaybetransmittedinthesameform.Insomecontexts,thelanguagememescanbecompletelyanddirectlyreplicatedandtransmittedwithoutchangingtheformorthecontent.(WuJunning,2013)Thiskindofmemerequiresarelativelyhighernotabilityandawarenessformostofpeople.Forinstance,thereisaclassicalmovieline“做人如果没梦想,那跟咸鱼有什么分别啊？”frommovieShaolinSoccerwhichisdirectlycopiedintoothercontextslike“不要小看国足,做人如果没梦想,那跟咸鱼有什么分别啊？”.AndintheUnitedStates,“fam”isanewlycreatedsingularwordmeaning"family."Asquadisagroupoffriends,buta"fam"isdirectedtowardsoneindividual.“Fam”couldbefoundinsentenceslike“What’scrackinfam?”or“What’supfam".SUBTYPEⅡ:Thesameinformationmaybetransmittedinvariousforms.Thistypeofmemeiswidelyappliedontheinternetlongtimeago.Memeistransformedintodifferentformsfortheconvenientofcopying.Thenewformusuallylooksintunewiththelatestfashiontrendsbutthemainmeaningsoftheoriginalremainsunchanged.Forexample,Ontheinternet,thereexistplentyofthiskindofmemes,suchasemailisreplicatedas“伊妹儿”;“拜拜了”,and“就是就是”arerespectivelyinterpretedas“886”,“9494”;Indifferentareas,thebreakfastinChinesehavedifferentnamesas“早餐”,“早茶”,“早饭”,“早点”,etc.2.1.3.2MemeticPhenotypeThistypeoflanguagememesisoppositetothepreviousonewherethememesarerepresentedinthesameorsimilarformsastheoriginalones,butthemeaningsandinformationtheycontainedarecompletelydifferent.Tosubdividethephenotype,there’rethreesubtypesputforward:7万方数据 SUBTYPEⅢ:Horizontalgraftingwiththesimilarorsamepronunciationbutdifferentmeanings.Thistypeoflanguagememesistransmittinginthewaythatthenewmemeswon’tbreaktheoriginalstructure,andthenewmemehasthesimilarorsamepronunciationtotheprevious.However,themeaningsorinformationthememeconveysaredifferent.Thereareexamplesindailylife,suchas“一明（鸣）惊人”,“有痔（恃）无恐”etc.whicharealwaysappliedtoadvertisementsnotonlyproducingacatchyfeeling,butalsofitthesimplicityattributeofadvertisements,suchas“刻(咳)不容缓”(anadformedicine);“骑(其)乐无穷”(anadformotorbike);“千里江铃(陵)一日还”(anadfortruck)etc.(HeZiran&RanYongping,2009).InEnglish,thereisanicknameforfamousCanadianpopsingerJustinBieber,whosoundslikeJustinBeaverandhishaircutlookslikeabeaver.SUBTYPEⅣ:Graftingassociatedwiththesameorsimilarformsbutdifferentmeanings.Thistypeoflanguagememetransmitsbykeepingthesameformbutconveynewinformationindifferentcontexts.Forexample,therewasaterm“Duang的一下”whichoriginallycomesfromashampooadwhereJackieChanusedtodescribetheelastichair.Lateron,thememeisusedonthenetworktodescribethesoundofanyobjectofelasticity,andgradually“Duang的一下”canbeusedtodescribevariousmoodaccordingtodifferentsituationandcontext.SUBTYPEⅤ:Horizontalgraftingwiththesimilaroridenticalstructuresbuttoexpressdifferentmeanings.Thefeatureofthistypeoflanguagememesisthattheoriginalstructureisremained,butwithinthestructure,somepartsarereplacedbyothersforanothermeaning.Forinstance,therewasatimewhenlotsofChinesenetizenswouldliketocallothers“文艺青年”(AKA.文青),referringtothoseyoungsterswhoarelikeHipstersandarecrazyaboutart.Lateron,peopletendtoreplacethefirstwordof“文青”anddescribedifferentkindofyoungsterbasedontheirhobbiesorcharacteristics.Forexample,ayoungmanwholovesrockmusiciscalled“滚青”,andthosewhoaremuddle-headedarecalled“二青”,andthenormalonesarecalled“普青”.8万方数据 Itisinterestingthatthistypeoflanguagememeisbroadlypopularizedfromfamousmovielines.ThefollowingisanexampleofmovielinesfromthefamousmovieTheLionRoars:从现在开始,你只许对我一个人好；要宠我,不能骗我；答应我的每一件事情,你都要做到；对我讲的每一句话都要是真心。不许骗我、骂我,要关心我；别人欺负我时,你要在第一时间出来帮我；我开心时,你要陪我开心；我不开心时,你要哄我开心；永远都要觉得我是最漂亮的；梦里你也要见到我；在你心里只有我…”——(TheLionRoars,2002)TheversionofIT:从现在开始,你只许帮我一个人做需求；要听话,不能怼我；答应我的每一个需求,你都要做到；给我写的每一句程序都要认真。不许伤我、怼我,要聆听我；别人改我方案时,你要在第一时间出来帮我；我上线时,你要陪我上线；我不上线时,你要等我上线；永远都要觉得我的方案是最好的；梦里你也要写代码；在你心里只有我…”Thefivesubtypesasthetheoreticalframeworkembeddedintothestudy,willbeanalyzeddeliberatelyinthesubsequentchapters.2.2ResearchonMemeticsatHomeandAbroadInthischapter,theauthorwillreviewtheliteraturerelatedtothemainareasofinterestinthisstudy—theoriginanddevelopmentofmemetics,definitionofmeme,andfeaturesandlifecycleofmeme.2.2.1FromGenetoMemeThememe,analogoustoagene,wasconceivedasa"unitofculture"(anidea,belief,patternofbehavior,etc.)whichis"hosted"inthemindsofoneormoreindividuals,whichcanreproduceitself,therebyjumpsfrommindtomind.MemeticsisthetheoryofmentalcontentbasedonananalogybetweenDarwinianevolution,originatingfromthepopularizationofRichardDawkins’1976bookTheSelfishGene.(Burman,J.T.,2012).TheJournalofMemeticswaspublishedelectronicallyfrom1997to2005.Dawkinswrotethatevolutiondependednotontheparticularchemicalbasisofgenetics,butontheexistenceofaself-replicatingunitoftransmission—inthecaseofbiologicalevolution,thegene.Hearguedthatbyimitation,itismemesreplicatingthoughtfrommouthtomouth,persontoperson,9万方数据 whichplaysakeyroleinculturalevolution,butnotgenes.Thesereplicatorsrespondtoselectivepressuresthatmayormaynotaffectbiologicalreproductionorsurvival.InhisbookTheTicketThatExploded,WilliamS.Burroughsbroughtuptheideaoflanguageasavirusasearlyas1962,andlaterinTheElectronicRevolution,publishedin1970inTheJob.ThesameconceptwascomeupwithinDouglasRushkoff’sMediaVirus:HiddenAgendasinPopularCulturein1995.SusanBlackmore(2002)re-statedthedefinitionofmemeas:whateveriscopiedfromonepersontoanotherperson,whetherhabits,skills,songs,stories,oranyotherkindofinformation.Furthershesaidthatmemes,likegenes,arereplicatorsinthesenseasdefinedbyDawkins,R.(1982)Darwinputforwardthatanimalshavetosurvivenaturalselectionoftheprincipleofadaptingtothelifeenvironment.Duringtheprocess,theaccumulationofsmall-inheritedchangesisshapedfromthereproduction,whichcarrythefundamentalhereditaryinformationaboutorganicentity.Andnowweknowthattheseunitsaregenes.Thecompetitionsofgenesdrivetheevolutionofbiologicalworld(Blackmore,1999).TocommemoratethethirtiethanniversaryofTheSelfishGene,OxfordUniversityPresspublishedthethirdeditionofSelfishGenein2006(Dawkins2006),publishedbyAlanGrafenandMarkRidley,formerstudentsofDawkinsRichard.DanielC.Dennett,StevenPinker,PhilipPullman,MattRidley,andothers,inthebookonDawkinsoncontemporaryscienceandculturalcontributionmadebytheviewsexpressed.Inaddition,theUSEBSCOacademicjournaldatabasehasbeendedicatedtomemeticson-lineacademicjournalJournalofMemeticsfulltextincluded.Thisnotonlycontributestothewiderdisseminationofmemetics,butalsomay,toacertainextent,giveacorrectnametomemetics,andhelpmemesgraduallygetoutoftheembarrassingsituationofacademicmarginalization.ThememeticsresearchontheevolutionaryruleofculturalevolutionbasedontheNeo-Darwiniantheoryofevolutionisinfullswinginthewesternacademiccircles.Now,therearememeticwebpages,suchasMemeticsCenterandCybernetics.Thereisalsoamemoperiodical.Theterm"meme"hasbeenwidelydisseminatedandhasenteredintothefieldsofpsychology,sociology,cultureandphilosophy.Aftertheappearanceoftheterm“meme”,thestudyconcerningmemeticshasbecomeafocusinWesterncountries.Mostofthescholars’studiesaboutmemeticsfromtheperspectiveofevolution.Theymainlysuggestthatlanguageisalsoanevolutionalsystemwhichincludestheelementslikeword,sentence,discourse,10万方数据 passage,whichbecalledreplicationfactors.Lynch(1996)andDennett(1991)regardmemeasakindofinformationschema.Gatherertakesathoughtcontagionperspective,believingthatmemesareculturalgeneticsunitorimitationunit.Gabora(1997)thinksthatmemesarethesecondevolutionarywayoutsideofgenes,whichcannotonlyexploretheevolution.2.2.2DefiningMemeDawkinscreatedtheword“meme”fromaGreekroot“mimeme”,meaning“somethingtobeimitated”.Thenheaddedthat“meme”and“memory”isrelated,soasmême.OxfordEnglishDictionarydefinesmemeas:Anelementofculturethatmaybeconsideredtobepassedonbynon-geneticmeans,esp.,imitation.Merriam-WebsterCollegiateDictionarydefinesmemeas:Anidea,behavior,style,orusagethatspreadsfrompersontopersonwithinaculture.Itcouldbeconcludedfromthosethreedefinitionsthatmemeisanabstractconceptwhichisassociatedwithconceptslike“imitation”and“transmitting”.Thedevelopmentofhowscholarsdefinememecouldbedividedintotwophases:atfirst,memeisregardedasareplicatorofculturethatisabasicunitinculturalevolutionism,similartothegeneofgenetics(Dawkins,1976).Lateron,memeisregardedasapartofinformationunitstoredinhumanbrain.Intherealworld,thephenotypeofmemecouldbewords,music,image,dressstyleorevenagestureorfaceexpression(Dawkins,1982).2.2.3FeaturesandLifecycleofMeme2.2.3.1FeaturesofMemeFromthestatementsthatwementionedinthelastchapter,wecouldconcludethatmemeshavethefollowingproperties:Memelivesonthebasisofimitation.Memeistheunitofinformationtransmission.Memespreadslikevirus.Meme,alongwithgene,willbethedrivingforcetoevolution.Onceamemefitinthehosts’socialandculturalenvironment,itcanattractpotentialhosts’attentionandadapttotheenvironmentimmediately.Thusitsself-replicatingabilitycouldreachitsfullpotential.Asaresult,thememesthatfitbetterwillbespreadingwiderthantheonesthatfitless.Therefore,onlyfewmemeswhichcould“fitandsurvive”,notalonebeingtransmittedinalongterm.Those11万方数据 memeswhichcannotfitintotheenvironmentwillannihilategradually.AccordingtoDawkins(1976),thenatureofhumanmemorycapacitydeterminesthatsomememescansuccessfullyandeasilybeabsorbedandremembered,whiletheotherscannot.Inshort,successfulmemesaretheoneswhichcanbewidelyreplicatedandtransmitted.AccordingtoDawkins,ameme-poolfollowsa“survivalofthefittest”principle.Ifamemeismoresuccessful,itshouldpossessthefollowingproperties:(1)Longevity:Longerareplicatingpatternstays,morecopiestherewillbe,andmoresuccessfulamemeis.Inotherwords.Successfulmemescansurvivelongerinthehumanbraininthememepool,andthiskindofmemeismorelikelytoreproduceitself.Memesmaygodormantatatime,butwillreviveinacertaincontext.(2)Copying-fidelity:Ifthereplicationismorefaithful,theinitialpatternwillremainafterexperiencingseveralroundsofcopying.Bysayingcopying-fidelity,itdoesn’tmeanthatmemesshouldbecompletelytransmittedfromonehosttoanotherwithoutanychange.Itistheconnectiontotheoriginalmemesshouldberemained.Thememesthatrelatedtocustoms,religious,idiomsalwayshashighfidelity.Thiskindofstrongmemescouldbetransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration.(3)Fecundity:Thestrongerthereproducingabilityamemehasandthefasteramemecanreplicate,thewideritwillspread.Withthedevelopmentofinternet,internationalcommunicationisjustaclickaway.Thus,memehasaspacewithgreatpotentialtoreproduceandtransmit.Furthermore,QiuZhihua(2011)claimedthatinternetmemehasfourfeatures:simplicity,vitality,oddnessandhumorandfoundthatinternetlanguageenjoysgreatpopularitybecauseofitscharacteristicoflanguagememes.2.2.3.2LifecycleofMemeAccordingtoHeylighen(2009),amememustundergoalife-circlewhichconsistsoffoursubsequentstagesasfollows:STAGEⅠ:AssimilationFirstofall,beforethememeiscopying,itmust“infect”ahosttomakethehostrememberit.Thememeisassimilatedonlywhentheoriginaloneisnoticed,understood,andacceptedbythehost.It’slikewhenabusinessmanwantshisusersspreadtheadvertisementthroughwordofmouth,heshouldattempttoimplantthead12万方数据 intousers’mindandcognition.“Noticing”indicatesthatinordertogetthehost’sattentionthememevehicleshouldbesalientenough;“understanding”meansthatthememewillbepresentedinthehost’scognitivesystem;“accept”indicatesthatthehostiswillingtoabsorbthememeorbelieveit.STAGEⅡ：RetentionAfterthememedrawstheattentionofsomeone,mostmemesdon’thavetheabilitytostayinthehost’smemoryforalongtime.Thephysiologicalcharacteristicsofhumanbeingsrequiretheretentionstageshasthecharacteristicofstrongselection.Strongmemewillbedetainedandsurviveinthehosts’memory.Thelongerthememekeepsinthehosts’memory,themorepotentialityitwillhavetobereplicatedandtransmittedthoughinfectingotherhosts.STAGEⅢ:ExpressionInordertobetransmittedtootherpotentialhosts,amememustfirstemergefromahost’smemorypatternandthentransformedintoaphysicalshapeinordertobenoticed.Thereareallkindsofmeansforexpression,suchasspeech,pictures,texts,behaviorsandevenbiaoqingbaosonsocialmedia.Theexpressionstagecouldhappeninaconsciousorsubconsciouswayandthewaythehostchoosetoexpressamemeisnotnecessarilyconscious.STAGEⅣ:TransmissionInordertobecommunicatedinanothersituationortoanotherindividual,amememustexpressinaphysicallystableshapeormediatopreventtheinformationfromtoomuchlossordeformation.Themediacouldbebooks,massmedia,photos,artifactsorCDS.13万方数据 Figure1LifecycleofMemeTosumup,theabovefourstagesdescribedthelifecircleofameme.Asuccessfulmememustundergothefourstagesandownsitscharacteristic.Thisstudyholdstheopinionthattheprocessofthegenerationofinternetmemealsoincludesthesamefourstages.Andthestageswillbediscussedinchapter4containingdetailedrealcasesontheinternet.2.3IntroductiontoTwitterandSinaWeibo2.3.1IntroductiontoSocialMediaAsmobileInternetbecomesmoreandmorepopular,theInternethasbecomeanindispensablepartinpeople’slife.AccordingtoChinaInternetNetworkInformationCenterinJan2017,China’smobilephoneusershavereachedmorethan600millionpeople.AccordingtoEvanKutsko(2015),over50%oftheworld’spopulationisunder30yearsold.96%ofMillennialshavejoinedasocialnetwork.FacebookhastoppedGoogletobecomethemost-visitedwebsiteintheUS.Socialmediahasovertakenpornographyasthenumberoneactivityontheweb.1outof8couplesmarriedintheU.S.metviasocialmedia.Facebookaddedover200millionusersin14万方数据 lessthanayear.iPodapplicationdownloadshit1billionin9months.IfFacebookwereacountry,itwouldbetheworld’s3rdlargestone.Figure2CountryRankingAccordingtoPopulationRankCountry1China2India3Facebook4UnitedStates5Indonesia6Brazil7Pakiztan“Wedon’thaveachoiceonwhetherwedosocialmedia,thequestionis,howwellwedoit”,asErikQualmanputit,itseemsthatbeingsocialisnolongerachoice.U.S.DepartmentofEducationstudy(2015)revealedthatonlinestudentsoutperformedthosereceivingface-to-faceinstruction.80%ofcompaniesusesocialmediaforrecruitment.95%oftheseuseLinkedIn.ThefastestgrowingsegmentonFacebookis55-65year-oldfemales.50%ofthemobileInternettrafficontheUKisforFacebook.Youtubeisthe2ndlargestsearchengineintheworld.25%ofsearchresultsfortheworld’stop20largestbrandsarelinkstouser-generatedcontent.34%ofbloggerspostopinionsaboutproductsandbrands.PeoplecaremoreabouthowtheirsocialgraphranksproductsandservicesthanhowGoogleranksthem.78%ofconsumerstrustpeerrecommendations.Only14%trustadvertisements.Only18%oftraditionalTVcampaignsgenerateapositiveROI(returnoninvestment).24ofthe25largestnewspapersareexperiencingrecorddeclinesincirculation.60millionstatusupdateshappenonFacebookdaily.Wenolongersearchforthenews.Instead,thenewsfindsus.Wewillnolongersearchforproductsandservices.Theywillfindusviasocialmedia.Socialmediaisn’tafad,it’safundamentalshiftinthewaywecommunicate.15万方数据 Figure3DiagramdepictingthemanydifferenttypesofsocialmediaWiththedevelopmentofinternettechnology,theinternetcommunicationmediahasbeendevelopingrapidlyinrecentyears.FollowingthepatternofTwitter,SinaWeibohasbecometherepresentativeinChinesesocialnetworkserviceareawithin10years.Withitsadvantagesofinformationaggregationandreal-timeinteractivity,SinaWeibohasbeenprosperingatanunprecedentedspeedabroadandathome.Accordingtopreviousresearches,studiesonsuchanewlanguagevarietyasSinaWeibolanguageareveryfew.Whatisworse,studiesonsocialmedialanguagefromtheperspectiveofmemeticsturnouttobeevenfewer.Itseemsappropriateforthepresentstudytodelvethetransmissionabilityofsocialmediaatthispoint.AccordingtothetheoryputforwardbyHeZiran(2003),thereplicationandtransmissionchannelsofthememeinnaturallanguageare:educationandknowledge,theapplicationoflanguageitselfandinformationcommunication.Asarepresentativeofsocialnetworkingservices(SNS),withtheirstrengthininformationdisseminationandpopularization,bothTwitterandWeibohaveagoodlanguageenvironmenthomeandabroadandcangreatlypromotetheinformationcommunication.Therefore,thepresentstudytriestocompareEnglishandChineseinternetmemeusingTwitterand16万方数据 Weiboastheresearchenvironment,revealingthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseinternetmemeintermsofreproductionandtransmissionpatterns,andcommunicationeffects.2.3.2TwitterastheRepresentationofSocialMediainEnglishLanguageEnvironmentTwitterhasbeenoneofthemostpopularSinaWeiboservicesforuserstosharetheirtopicsofinterests.Twittermessages(tweets)covermanysocialeventsallovertheworld.However,itslengthlimitation,informaltextsanddifferentlanguagesaskfornon-linguisticfeaturesfortextualanalysis.Tohelpidentifythetopics,tagsareintroducedasin-linetermsinTwitter.Theyaredenotedwithaleadinghashsymbol(#),thuscalledhashtags.Hashtagsaretypicallyusedtomarkkeywordsortopicsinatweet.Withinthelimited(nomorethan140-characterlong)length,hashtagsgreatlydrawresearchers’attentions,astheyprovideusefulmetadataforthetopicandannotationofthetweet.BasicallywhathashtagdoiscollectingallthesamehashtagfromanyoneelseonTwitterandgiveyoualotofresults.WithTwitter,peoplecommunicatewithotherpeople,andtoshareinformationandknowledge,tobuildrelationships.Twittersummarizesthegreatdealofmessagespostedbyusersintheformoftrendingtopicsthatreflectthetopconversationsbeingdiscussedatagivenmoment.Thesetrendingtopicstendtobeconnectedtocurrentaffairs.Differenthappeningscangiverisetotheemergenceofthesetrendingtopics.Forinstance,examplesincludeasportseventbroadcastonTVoraviralmemeintroducedbyacommunityofusers.Detectingthetypeoforigincanfacilitateinformationfiltering,enhancereal-timedataprocessing,andimproveuserexperience.Inthisstudy,weintroduceatypologytocategorizethefactorsthatleveragememes:Levelofreposts(thenumberofrepostinguserstoreachthecurrentstateofapost),ratioofrepostsoutofallposts,likes,replies,andspreadvelocity.2.3.3SinaWeiboastheRepresentationofSocialMediainChineseLanguageEnvironmentSinaWeiboiswidelyknownastheChineseversionofTwitter.OnFeb.14.2017,Weibo’smarketcapitalisationagainexceededtheTwitterAmericancompetitorsinmarketcapitalization,thisismainlybecauseweibo’sharesrosesharplypusheditsmarketvalueroseto77billion900millionyuan,whiletheTwitterbecausethe17万方数据 companyforthefuturequarterrevenueisexpectedtolowerthanmarketvaluesareexpectedtoleadtostockprices,marketcapitalizationof$76billion500million.ChinaInternetNetworkInformationCentre(CNNIC)publishedthe37thReportonChinaInternetDevelopmentStatusinDec.2016.Asthereportshows,asofDecember2015,thescaleofChineseInternetusersreached688million;mobilephoneusersreached620millionscale,accountingforincreasedto90.1%,significantlyenhancethecoverageofwirelessnetworks,InternetusersWi-Fiusagereached91.8%.Figure4ChineseInternetusersandMobileusersinRecentYearsAstheChineseversionofTwitter,thepopulationofWeibousersnowadayshassurpassedTwitter.Withitsopennessandpervasiveenvironment,Weibolanguagememeischosentobethestudyobjectinthepresentstudy.2.4GapsinInternetLanguageMemeResearchSeveralgapsappeartoexistinthepreviousresearchesofinternetlanguagememe.Intermsofresearchmethodology,itisnoteworthythatpreviousresearchstudiesarepredominantlyqualitativeinnature.Theywerepredominantlyconductedtheresearchesbasedontheoreticalexplainingandlogicaldeduction.Therewereveryfewquantitativecomponentsinthepreviousstudies.Besides,comparativestudieswereobviouslylackinginpreviousresearches.MostofthepreviousstudiestakeEnglishastheirresearchenvironment.Also,mostofthepreviousstudieschoseoverallinternettextsastheirresearchcorpus.Butthisstudyonlypaysattentiononsocialmediaenvironment,andgettotherootofTwitterandSinaWeibomemetransmitting.18万方数据 CHAPTERTHREERESEARCHMETHODOLOGYLastchapterhasreviewedliteratureconcernedwithareasofcriticalimportanceinthispresentstudy.Firstly,theliteratureofthedevelopmentofmemeticsathomeandabroadisdescribed.Secondly,languagememestudiesandclassificationiswell-introduced.Thirdly,theauthordelvedintotheinternetlanguagememeandfocusingonsocialmediamemes.Attemptingtofillthegapsbythisstudy,threeresearchquestionsareraisedbelowtoinvestigatethetransmissionandcommunicationeffectsofEnglishandChineseinternetmeme:(1)WhatisthedifferenceandsimilaritybetweenthetransmissionprocessofEnglishandChineseinternetmemes?(2)DomemesubtypesinfluencethecommunicationeffectofaChineseorEnglishmeme?Iftheydo,forthesamesubtypeofEnglishandChineseinternetmeme,isthereanysimilarityordifferenceintermsoftheirstrengthincommunicationeffect?(3)Amongthecommunicationfactors,whichisthemostcredibleevaluationcriteriawhenitcomestomeasuringthecommunicationeffectofanEnglishorChineseinternetmeme?Basedonthecriteria,isthereanydifferenceorsimilaritybetweentheperformancesofEnglishorChineseinternetmeme?3.1MethodologicalApproachPatton(1990)hasclaimedthatdifferentmethodsareappropriatefordifferentsituations.Therefore,designingastudyappropriateforaspecificsituationislargelydeterminedbythepurposeofthestudy,thequestionsbeinginvestigated,andthesourcesavailable.DuetothecomplexityofsolvingtheresearchquestionswhichtheauthorlistedinChaptertwo,threemethodsareapplied.3.1.1MethodofExemplificationandQualitativeApproachIntheanalysisofthecharacteristicsofTwitterandSinaWeibolanguage,theauthoruseslotsofexamplestobetterillustrateeachspecificfeaturesoastodemonstratemorevividandpersuasivedescriptionsonthefeaturesofTwitterandSinaWeibolanguage.Aftercollectingsufficientandpropertexts,theauthormainlyconductscarefulqualitativeanalysesonthecharacteristicsofTwitterandSinaWeibo19万方数据 languagefromfivelinguisticlevelswithlotsofexamplesandthenillustratesthefactorsaccountingforthosefeatures.3.1.2QuantitativeApproachToexplorethecommunicationeffectsofEnglishandChineseinternetmeme,theauthorconductedadatacollectingmodelduringadiachronictimeline.Soquantitativemethodsareadoptedmainlyforsolvingthesecondandthirdresearchquestion.3.2DataCollectionandAnalysisBasically,thestudycollectsasetofdiachronicdatafromTwitterandSinaWeibo.Byconductingthecomputercrawlertechnology（Heritrix）andconnectingtoTwitterandWeiboAPIs,thedataofmemesand5communicationfactorsarecollected.Datafromthetwodimensions(trendingtopicsandtrendingbloggers)arecollectedrespectively.Fordatasearchingandsorting,aMySQLdatabaseisbuilt.Figure5DataCollectingandAnalysisProcess3.2.1TrendingTopicsandTrendingBloggersBothTwitterandSinaWeiboselectanddisplace10trendingtopicsthatarebeingdiscussedmostatthemoment.20万方数据 UsingTwitterandSinaWeibo’stoptrendsandsearchAPImethods,theauthormonitoredthetrendingtopicsshownonthesitefromOct1sttoNov1st.Thelistoftop10trendingtopicswasrequestedevery30minutes.Thus,theprocessguaranteesthedetectionofatrendingtopicalmostassoonasitappearsonthesite,withadelayof30minutesintheworstscenario.Assoonasanewtopicappearedinthelistoftrends,anotherprocessqueriedthesearchAPIforthelatesttweetsandmicro-posts(Twitterallowsuserspostshort140-charactermessageswhichiscalled“tweets”.Forthesakeofconvenience,weuse“post”torefertothemessagespostedonbothTwitterandSinaWeibo.)whichcontainsthetopicasaqueryterm.Inthisapproach,theauthorcollected5,760trendingtopicsintotal.Thenthecollectedtrendingtopicsareeliminatedmanuallytoensurethatthedatawaspurememes.Figure610trendingtopicsonTwitterandSinaWeiboFollowingthisprocess,theauthorscreens142uniquememesoutofthe5,760trendingtopics,70inTwitter,and72inSinaWeibo.Thesememesincludeatotalof21万方数据 150,942postsfrom92,796differentusers.Accordingly,eachofthe142memesinthedatasetcontainanaverageofabout146associatedposts.Allthesememesweremanuallycategorizedwithinthe5subtypeswhichProf.Hedefined:memeticgenotype,andmemeticphenotype.Eachmemewasincludedintojustonesubtype.Toprovidetheannotations,thestreamoftweetscorrespondingtoatrendingtopicwasreadcarefully.Afterunderstandingthetrendingtopicthatcausedtheconversationtobecomeameme,theannotationwasprovided.Theannotationproducedanorganizationofthe142memesingroupsof71memeticgenotypes,71memeticphenotypes.Asanapproachtodiscoveringthesocialattributesandtransmissibility,theauthorproposes5communicationfactorsthatmeasurethewaythememesspread.Furthermore,sincetheauthorwantstocategorizeatrendingtopicassoonasitappearstotrendonthesite,thefeaturesmustbestraight-forward,easytoget,andcheaptocomputewhilethesystemperformsaccurately.Thiswouldensuretheimmediacyofcomputation,andtheabilitytopredictthetypeofatrendingtopiconthetable,assoonasitappearsontheTwitter’sandSinaWeibo’slist.Moreover,thesefeaturesareindependentofthelanguageusedinposts,anddonotdependonthevocabularyutilizedbyusers.Theauthorusesaveragenumberofoccurrencesoffeaturesinthepostscorrespondingtoatrend.Eachaveragecomputedasthearithmeticmeanistheresultofdividingthenumberofoccurrencesofthecorrespondingfeatureinthewholetrendbythetotalnumberofpostsgatheredforthetrendingtopic.Notethatthenumberofpostsinatopicthatjusttrendedisrelativelysmall.Theauthorproposes5differentfeaturesthatrelyonaveragevalues:(1)Levelofreposts(thenumberofrepostinguserstoreachthecurrentstateofapost),(2)Ratioofrepostsoutofallposts,(3)Likes,(4)Replies,and(5)Spreadvelocity(postspersecond).Thenumberofthe5valuesiscollectedforeachmemeunderthe5subtypes.Asthe5valuesrisingsustainablyoncethetrendingtopiccomesout,amonitoringtimerageshouldbegiven.Forthesakeofconsistency,theauthorcollectedthenumberofvalueswithin72hoursafterthetopicappearsonthetop-10table.DuetothedifferencebetweenusercardinalnumberonTwitterandSinaWeibo,theauthorchosebloggerswhosefollowersreached10millionand1millionrespectively,includinginternetcelebrities,massmedia,full-timebloggers.20bloggerswerechosen,10areWeibobloggers,and10areTwitterbloggers.22万方数据 Ononehand,theauthorcollectsboththetextualcontentofeachpostofeachbloggerandcommentstoeachpost(forqualitativeanalysisuse).Ontheotherhand,theauthoralsoproposes5differentfeaturesthatrelyonaveragevalues:(1)Levelofreposts(thenumberofretweetinguserstoreachthecurrentstateofatweet),(2)Ratioofrepostsoutofalltweets,(3)Likes,(4)Replies,and(5)Spreadvelocity(tweetsperminute).Inthisapproach,theauthorcollected569blogger’spostsintotal.Then26memesaremanuallyscreenedoutfromthe569posts,14inTwitter,and12inSinaWeibo.Thenthereare168memescollectedintotal,84inEnglishand84inChinese.Inthefollowingsections,thedata-collectioninstrumentanddata-analyzingmethodwillbeintroduced.3.2.2API(ApplicationProgrammingInterface)OpenAPIisknownasopenplatform.Theso-calledopenAPI(OpenAPI)isaservice-basedWebsitecommonapplication,thesite’sserviceproviderswillbepackagedintoaseriesofWebservicesAPI(ApplicationProgrammingInterface)ThebehavioriscalledtheopensiteAPI,theaccessibleAPIiscalledOpenAPI(openAPI).Developerswhohaveregisteredanaccount,appliedfortheirownapplicationscanaccesstheplatformdata.Usuallydirectlyusingthedataprovidedbytheapplicationinterface,candirectlyaccesstotherelevantdata.Figure7TwitterplatformandSinaWeiboplatformTwitterandSinaWeiboprovidesopenAPIsfordevelopersorscholarstocollectthestatisticsorinformationtheyneed.Toscrawldata,weneedtouseawebcrawlerwhichwillbeintroducedinthenextparagraph.23万方数据 3.2.3HeritrixasaWebCrawlerAWebcrawlerisanInternetbotwhichsystematicallybrowsestheWorldWideWeb,typicallyforthepurposeofwebspidering.Webcrawlerscancopyallthepagestheyvisitforlaterprocessingbyasearchenginewhichindexesthedownloadedpagessotheuserscansearchmuchmoreefficiently.Aslongasthesedataarepublicdata,ordinaryvisitorstoenterafterthedatacanbeseentobecollected.Basically,theprincipleofwebcrawlersistowritedownacertainfunctions,andrequirethecorrespondingdatafromURLs.Heritrixisawebcrawlerdesignedforwebarchiving.ItwaswrittenbytheInternetArchive.ItisfreesoftwarelicenseandwritteninJava.Thebestpartofitisitsscalability,whichmakesiteasyforuserstoimplementtheirowncrawlinglogic.Inthepresentstudy,Heritrixisadoptedtocrawlthereal-timedatafromTwitterandWeiboAPIsandrestorethedataindatabase.3.2.4MySQLasDatabaseManagementSystemAdatabaseisastructuredcollectionofdata.Itmaybeanythingfromasimpleshoppinglisttoapicturegalleryorthevastamountsofinformationinacorporatenetwork.Sincecomputersareverygoodathandlinglargeamountsofdata,databasemanagementsystemsplayacentralroleincomputing,asstandaloneutilities,oraspartsofotherapplications.MySQL,asknownasRelationalDatabaseManagementSystem,MySQLisanopen-sourcerelationaldatabasemanagementsystem(RDBMS).MySQLisusedinmanyhigh-profile,large-scalewebsites,includingGoogle(thoughnotforsearches),Facebook,Twitter,Flickr,andYouTube.ThedatathatarecollectedfromAPIsearchengineandwebcrawlerwillbecleaned,storedasadatabaseinMySQL.Also,asearchsystemisbuiltforkeywordsearching.Thedataisstoredaccordingtotheircorrespondingfield.24万方数据 Figure8MySQLDatabaseTable3.2.5SPSSasDataAnalyzingInstrumentAsastatisticanalyzinginstrument,SPSS(StatisticPackageforSocialSciences)hasbeenwidelyusedinsocialscienceresearches,especiallyinquantitativelanguagestudies.Inthisstudy,correlationanalysisisconductedtofindouttherelationshipbetweenthecommunicationeffectsandsubtypes.Thecorrelationcoefficientisameasureoflinearassociationbetweentwovariables.Valuesofthecorrelationcoefficientarealwaysbetween-1and+1.Acorrelationcoefficientof+1indicatesthattwovariablesareperfectlyrelatedinapositivelinearsense,acorrelationcoefficientof-1indicatesthattwovariablesareperfectlyrelatedinanegativelinearsense,andacorrelationcoefficientof0indicatesthatthereisnolinearrelationshipbetweenthetwovariables.Correlationanalysesindicatehowortowhatextentvariablesareassociatedwitheachother.Thecorrelationcoefficientmeasuresthedegreeoflinearassociationbetweentwovariables.Anyconclusionsaboutacause-and-effectrelationshipmustbebasedonthejudgmentoftheanalyst.Inthepresentstudy,theauthorisattemptingto25万方数据 answerthequestionthatwhetherthesubtypeofthememeaffectsthetransmissioneffectofmeme.RankCorrelation(AKA.Spearman’srankcorrelationcoefficient)measurestherelationshipbetweenrankingsofdifferentordinalvariablesordifferentrankingsofthesamevariable,wherea"ranking"istheassignmenttothelabels"first","second","third",etc.todifferentobservationsofaparticularvariable.Duetothememesubtypeandthecommunicationfactorsbelongtothistypeofrelationship,therankcorrelationanalysisisadopted.Besides,therankcorrelationcoefficientmeasuresthedegreeofsimilaritybetweentworankings,andcanbeusedtoassessthesignificanceoftherelationbetweenthem.26万方数据 CHAPTERFOURRESULTSANDDISCUSSIONBlackmore(1999)pointsoutthatonlyifthememeisattractedbyothersandpassitdown,theideaorinformationcannotberegardedasmeme.Soitiswhentheideaorinformationisreplicatedandtransmitted,itbecomesmeme.Inthepreviouschapters,theliteraturethatconcerningtheprocessofmemetransmittingisreadcarefully.Inthischapter,theauthorwillanalyzetheempiricalcorpusoriginatedfromthenaturalinternetenvironmenttoexaminethecopyingprocessofmeme.Besides,throughouttheprocess,5dimensionsofdataiscollectedandanalyzedtoexaminethefactorsthatrelatedtothecommunicationeffectsofmemes.4.1MemeticExplanationtotheTransmissionProcessofEnglishandChineseInternetMeme4.1.1CaseStudiesofthe5MemeSubtypesOnTwitterandWeiboInthissection,the5memesubtypesaccompaniedwithsomeofthememeplexesaredepictedthoroughlybasedontheempiricalcorpus,analyzinghowtheyactintheinternetenvironment..4.1.1.1TheSameInformationBeingTransmittedintheSameFormThistypeofmemeticgenotypealwaysappearswhenamemeiswell-knownorhasbeenpopularizedforages.Someofthemarederivedfromclassicmoviescript.Forexample,“拉着你的手,就像左手摸右手”,isaclassiclinefromfamousdirectorFengXiaogang’smovieASigh.Itiswhenthehero’scharacterismentallytorturedbyhismistress,hesaidtohischeated-onwife“拉着你的手,就像左手摸右手”,meaninghehasnoromanticfeelingsforhernomore.InthemovieFlirtingScholar,StephenChowimpressedaudienceswithhissuperbperformance.Here’retwobridgeswhicharefamousinChina.（weepingsadly）”旺财……旺财……旺财你不能死啊,旺财,你跟了我这么多年,对我有情有义,肝胆相照,但是到了现在我连一顿饱饭都没让你吃过,我对不起你啊,旺财！”（devastated）”小强！小强你怎么了小强？小强,你不能死啊！我跟你相依为命,同甘共苦了这么多年,一直把你当亲生骨肉一样教你养你,想不到今天,白发人送黑发人！”27万方数据 —(FlirtingScholar,1993)AfterthemovieandStephenChowbecameabigshot,Chinesepeoplecallcockroachas“小强”,andcalldogsas“旺财”.Andwecouldfindthememesstaytheformwhilethey’retransmittedontheinternet.Thistypeofmemeisbasicallystrongenoughthatusuallynottakingotherformsandstaystheoriginalform.ThesamepatternalsogoeswellintheEnglishinternetenvironment.Theexampleisasfollows:“Lifewaslikeaboxofchocolates.Youneverknowwhatyou’regonnaget.”—(ForrestGump,1994).Also,thefamousmovielineiswidelytransmittedontheinternetwithoutchangingtheoriginalform.Inrecentdays,memelike“你咋不上天呢”,and“来啊,互相伤害啊”whichspreadwidelyisalsobelongtothismemesubtype.4.1.1.2TheSameInformationBeingTransmittedinVariousFormsItseemedthatmemessuchas“蓝瘦香菇”,“笔芯”,and“猴赛雷”arewidelywelcomedonWeibo.Chinesetendtousehomophonesinrecentdaysowingtothesimilarityofthistypeofmeme.ItisthesamewhenEnglish-speakingpeopleuse“luvu”meaning“loveyou”.4.1.1.3HorizontalGraftingwiththeSimilarorSamePronunciationbutDifferentMeaningInChinese,“杯具”originallymeanscupsormugs.Asthesamepronunciationwith“悲剧”(meanstragedyinChinese),peopleuse“杯具”tomeansomethingtragicalandpatheticbutinanironicway:就算生活只是个杯具,我也要做个上品青花瓷杯具。中国就像一个大茶几,茶几上放着13亿杯具。有这么一种人,专门拿别人的杯具品茶。4.1.1.4GraftingAssociatedwiththeSameorSimilarFormsbutDifferentMeaningsThistypeofmemeisalwaysdependentoncontext.Mememayhaveadifferentmeaningaccordingtodifferentcontext.In2016,Aug.8inRio,ChineseswimmingplayerFuYuanhuiisinterviewedbyCCTVontheOlympicwomen’s100backstrokesemi-finals.Whenbeingaskedwhethershepreservedherstrengthduringthecontest,Fusaidthat“我已经用了洪荒之力”(meaningI’veswamwithallmymight.)andthevideothenwasallovertheinternet.28万方数据 Thentheterm“洪荒之力”isappliedtoallkindsofcontextbasicallymeaning“pre-historicalpowers”or“thepowercandestroytheuniverse”.ButwiththerapidityofthetransmissionontheinternetandthecreativityofChinesenetizens,thememehasdifferentmeaningssuchas“thepowerthatpromotesanenterprise”.Also,thenounisappliedasanadjectiveoranadverb.Figure9“洪荒之力”containedinnewsmedia4.1.1.5HorizontalGraftingwiththeSimilarorIdenticalStructuresbuttoExpressDifferentMeaningsThistypeofmemeisusuallyfoundinasentence.Peopleuseacatchyandlogicalfamouslinetoexpressatotallydifferentmeaning.Forexample,hereisasentence“世界上最遥远的距离不是生和死,而是站在你面前却不能说我爱你。”(张小娴,1997)whichisfamousoninternet.Weibousersapplythestructuremechanicallyandproducedalotofhilarioussentences:Table4-1“世界上最遥远的距离”containedinWeiboMemeplexesof“世界上最遥远的距离”世界上最遥远的距离，是你在看《三生三世》，而我在追《乡村爱情》。世界上最遥远的距离，是我坐在你面前，而你却在低头玩手机。世界上最遥远的距离，是勇士打卡下班了，骑士还在熬夜加班。世界上最遥远的距离就是，你买了个苹果8，而我买了八个苹果。世界上最遥远的距离，不是生与死，而是你未来丈母娘站在你面前你却只能喊她阿姨。29万方数据 世界上最遥远的距离不是生与死，而是手机快没电了，我带了充电宝却没带数据线。世界上最遥远的距离是什么？是我站在你面前你却认不出来我是谁！世界上最遥远的距离，不是生与死，而是我们一样的年龄，而你天生丽质，我却只能天生励志。世界上最遥远的距离，是我想跟你成为朋友，却发现我们话不投机。世界上最遥远的距离是什么？是我在马路边等红灯，而对面的公交车缓缓淡出了我的视野。世界上最遥远的距离是，我对你添加了特别关心，你却对我设置了访问权限。世界上最遥远的距离，不是生与死的距离，而是你在上课，人家已经放假了。Also,intheEnglishinternetenvironment,thesamesituationhappens:Trump:Seeyouincourt.Thesecurityofournationisatstake!—Trump’sTwitter2017,Feb.9DarthVader:Seeyouincourt.Thesecurityofourgalaxyisatstake!—DarthVader’sTwitter2017,Feb.10AfterTrumptweetingandcomplainingaboutthedistrictcourt,theofficialaccountDarthVadertweetedalikeandmadeasatireeffect.4.1.1.6HorizontalGraftingwiththeSimilarorSamePronunciationandMeaningsThroughtheprocessofcollectingmemes,theauthorfoundthat,besidesthefivememetypes,internetmemeshasitsuniquepatternsofformation.Thereisonecaseintriguingtheauthor.PeopleusedtoseparateaChineseidiom(oraproverb)intoanEnglishword(oranameofacelebrityorbrand.etc.)andoneortwoChineseaffixesorsuffix.Andthisphenomenoncreatesahilariouseffectandforpeopletoruminate.Forexample:Table4-2HorizontalGraftingwiththeSimilarorSamePronunciationandMeaningsmemeoriginalmeaning忠言near忠言逆耳无可phone告无可奉告Excel而过一笑而过无fuck说无话可说Eason不吭一声不吭暗John观察暗中观察谈cellphone生谈笑风生30万方数据 tonny带水拖泥带水cheese妙想奇思妙想Pop及待迫不及待热情hulk热情好客通宵达damn通宵达旦Book理喻不可理喻深藏blue深藏不露Vans如意万事如意Samsung有幸三生有幸席dear坐席地而坐老floor妻老夫老妻人见人eye人见人爱Gas神功盖世神功呆若muji呆若木鸡似懂freedom似懂非懂Mouth顿开茅塞顿开Book思议不可思议贪生pass贪生怕死Lay流满面泪流满面生walk恋生无可恋Star皆空四大皆空昂shooting胸昂首挺胸表里roy表里如一Cheer不舍锲而不舍咸鱼fashion咸鱼翻身滴水blow滴水不漏有bear来有备而来一发book收拾一发不可收拾Bear不谈避而不谈Lunch八糟乱七八糟见风store见风使舵Sherry藏刀笑里藏刀Is不挂一丝不挂Sun心病狂丧心病狂不好is不好意思关你peace关你屁事Samsung有幸三生有幸半tour废半途而废InFujianprovince,peoplealwayspronounce[h]as[f].Atthebeginning,peopleimitatetheFujianaccentanduse“无fuck说”toreplace“无话可说”because“fuck”ispronouncedlike“话可”inFujianese.Thenthisphenomenonspreadquicklyonthe31万方数据 internet.TheWeibonetizenstreateditasagame,andfollowsuit.Thenthememeisgraduallytakingshape.ThistypeofmemeisuniqueonWeibo.Itcanbeconcludedasanewcategory,whichtheauthordefinesas“Horizontalgraftingwiththesimilarorsamepronunciationandmeanings”.4.1.2TheProcessoftheTransmissionofEnglishandChineseinternetmemesFollowedbythe5subtypesofHeylighen’stheory,toillustratetheprocessofthereplicationandtransmissionofEnglishandChineseinternetmemesinthefollowingsection,wewilltake“皮皮虾,我们走。”and“fakenews”astwoexamplesonbehalfofEnglishandChinesememesrespectivelyandthendiscussthesimilarityanddifferencebetweenthetwo.Here’sthecontextofhow“皮皮虾,我们走。”becameaninternetmeme:ItwasoriginallyacatchphrasethataChinesefamousprofessionalgameplayerPDDalwaysusesinhislive-streamingvideo.ThenduringtheSpringFestival,thereisa40-year-oldChinesemanrodehomeonhisbicycleonlyfoundoutthathewasontheoppositedirectionafteramonth.ThenewsbecomesabesthitontheWeibotopictable.ThentheChineseWeibonetizensmadelotsofbiaoqingbao(imagetypesthatarewidelytransmittedoninternet)containing“皮皮虾,我们走。”.Thenpeoplerepostandmadecommentsunderthispieceofnews.AftertheWeiboVIPsandKOLstransmissionandfollowingthefashionoftheexpression,theWeibonetizensmademorebiaoqingbaoscontainingmemesasfollows:Table4-3HorizontalGraftingwiththeSimilarorSamePronunciationandMeaningsMemeMemeplexes象拔蚌，我们走。源龙星，我们走小姐姐，我们走扇贝，我们走。皮皮虾，我们走。北极贝，我们走。大闸蟹，我们走。古驰，我们走。阿马尼，我们走。香奈鹅，我们走。32万方数据 ThefirststageofgenerationoftheInternetmeme“皮皮虾,我们走。”isassimilation.Inordertobecomeasuccessfulmeme,thememe“皮皮虾,我们走。”havetoinfectanewhostandstayintheirmindaslongasitcan.Hereinthiscontext,theWeibousersarethenewhostthatisinfectedbythememe.Theyhavemetthememe“皮皮虾,我们走。”whiletheywatchPDD’svideo.Amemehastobesalientenoughinordertobeassimilated.Thenthememeisnoticed,understoodandacceptedbythenewinfector—Weibousers.Theycannoticeitbecausethememe“皮皮虾,我们走。”beveryoutstandingandspecial.Afternoticingthememe,thehosttakesthememeintotheircognitivesystem,thatis,tounderstandit.Thememeispresentinthehost’sminddeeplyandthehostiswillingtobelieveitortreatitseriously.Therefore,theassimilationisthefirstandalsothepreparationstage.Thesecondstageofgenerationofinternetmemeisretention.Ifthememewantstobecreated,ithastoremaininthemindofthehostforlongenough.Therearemanyothermemes,atthesametime,existinginthehost’smind.Thememeswillcompetewitheachothertogetsurvived.Throughstrongselection,onlyafewmemescansurvive.Sothelongerthememe“皮皮虾,我们走。”staysinthemind,themorepossibilityitwillgettobetransmitted.Andtheretentionofthememe”皮皮虾,我们走。”inthemindofthehostnotonlyreliesontheimportanceandspecialityofthememebutalsoreliesonhowoftenitgetsrepeated.Thememe“皮皮虾,我们走。”isfromthefamousgameplayerPDD,whoenjoysthepopularityandisknownalmostbyeveryone.Soitwillbementionedfromtimetotime,givingitmorechancetostayinnetizens’mindandfinallygetusedinconversationwhichgenerateshumorouseffect.Thenthethirdstageistoexpressthememe“皮皮虾,我们走。”storedinthemind.Inordertobeperceivedandusedincommunication,themememustbetransformedintoaphysicalshapefromthememorypattern.Andrepostsandcommentsaremostbasicmediatoexpressintheinternetenvironment.Whenthenetizenssawthenews,theconditionsofthe40-year-oldandthebicycleremindhimofthememe“皮皮虾,我们走。”.Thelaststageisthetransmissionofthememe“皮皮虾,我们走。”.Hereintheinternetenvironment,sincetheWeiboVIPsandKOLs(keyopinionleaders)alwaysmaketopicsorleadthefashion,thememeitselfcanbeself-diffusing.Oncethe33万方数据 humorousmemeisformed,itwilltransmittomoreindividualsbydifferentforms,suchasbiaoqingbaos,pictures,commenttexts,videosandsoon.Whenexploringthe“皮皮虾”meme,theauthorfoundthatinternetmemesmaybereplicatedandtransmittedfromhosttohost.Differenthosthasadifferentcomprehensionandretentionprocess.Thusastransmittingthroughaperiodoftime,thememewilltransformintoalotofdifferentforms,whichisshownasfollows:Table4-4ThediversityofChinesememeplexesMemeplexes骚年，这是你的皮皮虾吗？又抓到一个，骑皮皮虾的。皮皮虾，走反了。你踏马走够了没有。七色虾，我们周游四海八荒。皮皮虾，等等我。皮皮虾，咬他。皮皮虾，我不爱你了。皮皮虾要突突了你们这帮坏人。皮皮虾，很难过。带上你的皮皮虾，有多远走多远。你今天走不了了，你的皮皮虾在我手上。你们的皮皮虾都是熟的，走不动了。老子手撕你的皮皮虾。皮皮虾，用冲浪。Asthetableshownabove,Chineseinternetmemescanderivememecomplexesinalargespan.Thenlet’stakealookathowEnglishmemestransmit.OnJan.11st2017,President-electDonaldTrumphasaccusedUSintelligenceagenciesofleakingallegationsthatRussiahascompromisingmaterialonhim.MrTrumpcalledBuzzfeeda"failingpileofgarbage"andaccusedCNNof"goingoutoftheirwaytobuilditup".HerefusedtotakeaCNNreporter’squestionatthepressconference.CNNlaterdefendeditsdecisiontopublishwhatitcalled"carefullysourcedreporting",sayingitwas"vastlydifferentfromBuzzfeed".34万方数据 Figure10Trump’sTweetonFeb.1st2017ThenonFeb.1st2017,TrumpcalledCNN"fakenews"duringaWhiteHouseeventhonoringBlackHistoryMonth.Lateron,“fakenews”referstoanynewsreportedbymainstreammediawhichisdeemedunflattering,incriminatingorotherwisehittingtooclosetohomeforDonaldTrumpand/orhiscabinetoflapdogRepublicans,regardlessofitsactualfactualnessorvalidity.DonaldTrumpreferstoalloftheleakscomingoutregardinghistiestoPutinandRussiafakenewsbecauseunlikemostofus,hebelievesthattheofficeofthepresidencygiveshimthepowertoreinventreality.ThenherecomesthejokeonTwitter:Trump:heyI’mnotRussian.liberals:fakenews!Trump:theNorthKoreans,uh,feedtheirparentstodogs.liberals:yeahthat’strue.Thefourstagesarecontainedhere.InTwitter,therearealotofnewsmediaofficialaccountssuchas“FoxNews”,“WashingtonPost”,“CNN”,“ABCNews”,“BBCNews”,“TheNewYorkTimes”,andsoon.Theseaccountsmakesinfluencesonpeoplebyupdatingfirst-handnewsonTwitter.SoeachTwitteruserwhofollowstheaccounts,wouldaccesstothelatestnewsimmediately.Intheassimilationstageof“fakenews”,thememeisexaggeratedbythenewsmedia.Bytransmittingthroughthemedia,theTrumpnewsinfectedthenewhost—Twitteruser.Thememe“fakenews”infectedtheTwitterusersandstayintheirmind.Theymetthememe“fakenews”whiletheysawtheTweetpublishedbynewsaccounts.Thenewinfectornoticedthememeandunderstooditthemomenttheysawit.Thenattheretentionstage,thememehastoremaininthemindofthehostforlongenough.BecauseofthespecialtyandimportanceoftheTrumpnews,Twitterusersmayaccesstomoreofthismemethanothers.Thenthememe“fakenews”willeasier35万方数据 getsurvivedandgetrepeated.Sowhenthe“fakenews”wasmentionedfromtimetotime,theTwitterusersaremorelikelytorememberinthemind.Theninthe“expression”stage,thememestoredinthebrainofthehostthustransformedintoaphysicalshape.Inthiscase,ittransformedintoasectionoftweettext,aninternetjokeaboutTrump.Theninthe“transmission”stage,topreventtheinformationfromtoomuchlossanddeformation,thehostwritesdownthejokeandpublishthemonTwitter.WhatisalsoworthnoticingisthattheAmericansalwayscreatememesderivedfromTrump.BecauseofTrump’sinflatedlanguageandhis“tweetplomacy”(UsingsocialmediasitessuchasTwittertomanageforeignrelationsandconductdiplomaticdiscussionspublicly),peoplealsomadesomememes(basicallyarememeticphenotypes).Forexample,peopleuse“trumped”tomean“tobefired”.Youmayhaveatrumpshakewhenahandshakebetweentwopersonsgoespasttheextratime—itcanlastuptotwenty-oddseconds.Ifsomeoneistrumpian,thenyoumaymeanthatheismotivatedbyarrogance,self-agrandizement,andwithoutconcernforfact,consequenceorresponsibility.TrumpflakesarepeoplethatblindlydefendDonaldTrump,nomatterinsaneorbat-shitcrazythecasemaybe.TheyarebasicallyflakesthatdefendDonaldTrumpbycallingeveryone‘snowflakes’.Fromtheexamplesandpreliminaryanalysisabove,wecouldconcludethatintheprocessofthetransmission,EnglishandChinesememeshavedifferencesandsimilarities.Intheassimilationstage,thetwoarealike.BoththeChineseinternetmeme“皮皮虾,我们走。”andtheEnglishone“fakenews”whicharesurvivednotonlysuccessfullysalientenoughtogetthenewhost’sattention,butalsoinfectnewhosts.Thereputationandinfluenceoftheoriginalhostarebothgreat.Attheretentionstage,thetwomemeshavesomethingincommon.However,thetwoarequitedifferentintermsoftheexpressionandtransmissionstage.Becauseofthedifferentinternetenvironmentandthenetizens,theexpressionofthehostshasdifferentexpressionpattern.TheWeibouserstendtofollowthefashion.WhenamemeistransmittedbyWeiboVIPs,KOLs,andofficialaccounts,Weibouserswillgetinvolvedintotheprocessandrepost,commentorlikethememe.Furthermore,ifthememeisreallysuccessfulandenjoyapopularposition,usersmayexpressthememesinothersituations.Whenmoreandmorepeoplegetaccesstothememe,therewillbemoreandmorepeoplenoticethememeandspreadthemtomore36万方数据 peoplejustlikerollingasnowball.Thetransmittingtoolscouldbebiaoqingbao,Weibotextsorpicturesunderthecomments.Thenthememewillappearonnewsheadlines,oradvertisepunchlines.Itcannotbeavoidedthatsomeofthememesaremarketingtoolsintentionallycreatedbythebusinessmanormarketingcompanies.Inthe“皮皮虾,我们走。”case,ItisthehostgameplayerPDDwhoinitiatesthememe.ThenthroughthetransmittingofWeibousers,itisappearedontheheadlineoftheChinaDaily,evenbecomingapopularsongontheinternet.WhileTwitterusersmoretendtoexpressthememesbygeneratingajokeintheformoftext.Ontheotherhand,theytendtoemergethememeintotheirdailyTwitterupdates.Inthe“fakenews”case,whenthenewscomesout,theTwitterusersnoticethenewsandthengeneratesajokecontainingthememe.Thus,thememesaremorelikelytobecomestreetfashion.Inthiscase,“fakenews”isoriginallycreatedbyTrump,andexaggeratedbythenewsmedia.Whenthememeinteriorizes,thenewhostmadeupajokeandexpressthejokedirectly.Bycontrast,wecouldconcludethattheWeibomemetransmittingprocessfollowsatop-down,thenbottom-upmode.WhiletheTwittermemefollowsatop-downfashion.TheproductivityofTwitterusersisratherlowerthanWeibo’s.WhiletheTwitterusersaremoreadeptatdrilldownintotheessenceofthememe.Inotherrealsituations,EnglishandChineseinternetmemesalsodistinguishthemselvesfromeachotherinthewaysofmemeexpressionandtransmission.4.2SimilarityandDifferenceBetweenEnglishandChineseInternetMemeSubtypesinStrengthofCommunicationEffectAfterGatheringthe5communicationfactorsofthetrendingtopicsandtrendingbloggers,thedataiscarefullyprocessedwithSPSS.4.2.1GeneralResultsfromtheCollectedDataTomeasurethecommunicationalintensityofeachsubtypeofinternetmeme,thequantityofeachsubtypeandmeanvalueofeachfeatureofthe5subtypearecalculatedrespectively.QuantityAccordingtotheamountofeachsubtype,thequantityofeachsubtypeislistedbelow.37万方数据 Table4-5SubtypeSubtypeSubtypeSubtypeSubtypeSubtypeⅠⅡⅢⅣⅤQuantity513683241Fromthetable,outofthe168memescollected,theamountofSubtypeⅠismost,andSubtypeⅢisthelowest.MeanvalueThemeanvalueofeachsubtypeislistedbelow:Table4-6RatioMeanLevelofSpreadofLikesRepliesValueRepostsVelocityRepostsSubtypeⅠ1195511.565.51096488.66055026.9165.4Subtype231461357.21407608.77578249.4139.8ⅡSubtype1150657.250.1494172.62295857.8178ⅢSubtype866752.554.82187262.64779747.3207.9ⅣSubtype928302.252.5880023.7127604.5202.8ⅤAswecanseefromtheabovetable,SubtypeⅠ,Ⅳ,andⅡhasabetterperformancecomparedwithothertwo.4.2.2GeneralResultsfromComparingEnglishandChineseMemeTobettercomparingtheEnglishandChinesememe,thetwosetsofdataarealsocalculatedrespectivelyfromtwodimensions:quantityandmeanvalue.QuantityTable4-7MemeSubtypeSubtypeSubtypeSubtypeSubtypeAmountⅠⅡⅢⅣⅤ38万方数据 English371121123MemeChinese142562118MemeFromthetableabove,EnglishmemehasbetterperformanceatSubtypeⅠ,Ⅴasawhole.AndChinesememehasbetterperformanceatSubtypeⅡ,Ⅳasawhole.BothEnglishandChinesememehasaworseperformanceatSubtypeⅢ.MeanvalueThemeanvalueofeachsubtypeofEnglishmemeislistedbelow:Table4-8EnglishMemelevelofratioofspreadlikesrepliesMeanrepostsrepostsvelocityValueSubtype392483.478.2765365.8337273.7161.9ⅠSubtype262806.772.2207008.210409.8151.3ⅡSubtype66662.54384315.5134767.5185ⅢSubtype12104053.249147.626793.8146.1ⅣSubtype944673.543.4156626.5352536122ⅤThemeanvalueofeachsubtypeofChinesememeislistedbelow:Table4-9ChineseMemelevelofratioofspreadlikesrepliesMeanrepostsrepostsvelocityValueSubtype331780058.3197159810757563174.6ⅠSubtype3217470850.6193587321166232134.7ⅡSubtype151198952.5607091.83016221175.6Ⅲ39万方数据 Subtype125736455.633072287269389340.2ⅣSubtype907383.464.21804365277353.2305.9ⅤFromthetableabove,SubtypeⅠ,ⅤinEnglishmemehavemoremeanvaluesrankedfirstintermsofthecommunicationfactors.SubtypeⅡ,ⅣinChinesememehavemoremeanvaluesrankedfirstintermsofthecommunicationfactors.4.3TheCommunicationFactorsasEvaluationCriteriaMeasuringtheCommunicationEffectofEnglishorChineseInternetMemeIntheapproachinChapter4,168memes(150trendingtopicsand26trendingbloggersincluded)aregathered,soasthe5communicationfactorsofeach.Researchquestionthreeistodiscusstherelationshipbetweenmemesandtheircommunicationeffects.Astheresearchshownabove,communicationeffectinthisthesisismeasuredby5communicationfactors.Thenthefirstissueistofindoutwhichfeaturesarerelatedtothesub-typesthatbetterrepresentascommunicationfactors.4.3.1RankCorrelationAnalysisDuetothesubtypesandthecommunicationfactorsarenotinalinearrelationship,therankcorrelationwillbechoseninthisstudy.Toexaminewhetherthesubtypesandeachfeaturesisrelated,itisrequiredtorearrangethesequenceofsubtypesandretitlethevariableas“Type”.Thecomparisontableisasfollows:Table4-10ComparisonTable(RearrangetheSequenceinDescendingOrderAccordingtotheAmountofEachSubtype)SubtypeⅠⅡⅢⅣⅤVariable13542（Type）Thenthe“Type”variableandthe5subtypesareimportedintotheSPSSasfollows:Figure11(LOR=levelofreposts;ROR=ratioofreposts;SV=spreadvelocity)40万方数据 Runthe“Analyze→Correlation→BivariateCorrelation”process.TheBivariateCorrelationpop-upwindowisshown.Figure12BivariateCorrelationwindowSetthe“CorrelationCoefficientasSpearmanandthe“TestofSignificance”asTwo-tailed.Theauthorexaminedeachvariableandtyperespectivelytoseewhichvariablehasthecorrelationrelationshiptothememesubtype.Theresultislistedbelow:Figure13ResultsofLORResultsofROR41万方数据 ResultsofLikesResultsofRepliesResultsofSVFromtheresultslistedabove,wecouldfindoutthatthereissignificantcorrelationbetweenROR(ratioofreposts)andsubtypes;andthereissignificantcorrelationbetweenSV(spreadvelocity)andsubtypes;Thecorrelationcoefficientsare:correlationcoefficientofROR=-0.237correlationcoefficientofSV=-0.395Accordingtotheevaluationcriteria,moretheabsolutevalueofcorrelationcoefficient,thestrongerthecorrelationrelationshipthetwovariableshave.Aswecansee,|-0.395|＞|-0.237|,spreadvelocityhasastrongercorrelationrelationshipwithsubtypesthanratioofrepostshave.Furthermore,wecouldconcludefromthenegativecorrelationrelationship.Itmeansthatlesstheamountofsubtype,thelessthedegreeofcorrelationis.4.3.2ResortingtheSubtypeTakingRORandSVasStandardsTakingRORandSVassortingstandardsfromhighesttolowest,theaccordingsubtypesarelistedfromtop1to10.Table4-11EnglishMemeSubtypeRankinginDescendingOrderofRORandSVratioofrepostssubtypespreadvelocitysubtype90%Ⅴ542Ⅰ42万方数据 90%Ⅱ519Ⅰ90%Ⅳ500Ⅰ90%Ⅴ445Ⅴ90%Ⅰ367Ⅰ89%Ⅰ333Ⅳ88%Ⅰ332Ⅰ88%Ⅳ328Ⅰ87%Ⅰ321Ⅰ84%Ⅰ321ⅠTable4-12ChineseMemeSubtypeRankinginDescendingOrderofRORandSVratioofrepostssubtypespreadvelocitysubtype90%Ⅴ678Ⅳ88%Ⅱ621Ⅳ88%Ⅱ560Ⅰ87%Ⅴ521Ⅴ85%Ⅱ520Ⅴ81%Ⅳ509Ⅱ80%Ⅴ500Ⅱ80%Ⅳ499Ⅴ78%Ⅳ478Ⅳ77%Ⅴ453ⅤFromthechart,itisfoundthatforEnglishmemes,subtypeⅤandⅠperformsthebestatRORandSVstandard.ForChinesememes,subtypeⅡandⅣperformsthebestatRORandSVstandard.43万方数据 CHAPTERFIVECONCLUSION5.1SummaryofMajorFindingsTheprimaryobjectiveofthisstudywastoinvestigatethedifferenceandsimilaritybetweenthetransmissionandcommunicationeffectofEnglishandChineseinternetmemeandattempttofindoutwhetherthey’redifferentintermsofcommunicationeffects.ThestudywascarriedoutbasicallyonlineonWeiboandTwitter.Threeapproacheswereadoptedtocollectdataandanalyzethem.Thefirstmajorfindinginthisstudyisthatattheassimilationandretentionstage,thetwomemeshavesomethingincommon.However,thetwoarequitedifferentintermsoftheexpressionandtransmissionstages.Weibomemetransmittingprocessfollowsatop-down,thenbottom-upmodewhiletheTwittermemefollowsatop-downfashion.TheproductivityofTwitterusersisratherlowerthanWeibo’s.Onthecontrary,theTwitterusersaremoreadeptatdrillingdownintotheessenceofthememe.Besides,fromthequantitativestudy,itisfoundthatmemesubtypeinfluencesthecommunicationeffectofaChineseorEnglishmeme.Differentmemesubtypeshavedifferentcommunicationeffects.EnglishandChinesememesubtypeshavedifferentcommunicationeffectsasthesubtypesalter.EnglishmemehasbetterperformanceatSubtypeⅠ,Ⅴasawhole.AndChinesememehasbetterperformanceatSubtypeⅡ,Ⅳasawhole.BothEnglishandChinesememehasaworseperformanceatSubtypeⅢ.Therefore,forChineseinternetlanguage,strongmemesusuallyappearswhenitbelongstoSubtypeⅡ,Ⅳ;forEnglishinternetlanguage,strongmemesusuallyappearswhenitisSubtypeⅠ,Ⅴ.andweakmemesappearswhenitisSubtypeⅢ.Amongthememeticgenotype,coinagesemergeoneafteranothermaybeowingtotherapidpaceoftheinternet.FewSubtypeⅢspreadswidelymaybebecauseitrequirescoincidencetoproducememethathassamepronunciationbutdifferentmeanings.Anotherfindingisthat,wecouldconcludefromthecorrelationanalysisthatthereissignificantcorrelationbetweenthememesubtypeandspreadvelocity,ratioofrepostsrespectively.Spreadvelocitymaybethemostcredibleevaluationcriteriawhenitcomestomeasuringthecommunicationeffectofameme.ForEnglishmemes,44万方数据 subtypeⅤandⅠperformsthebestatRORandSVstandard.ForChinesememes,subtypeⅡandⅣperformsthebestatRORandSVstandard.Moreover,anewkindofsubtypeofmemeisfoundwhichtheauthorwouldnamehorizontalgraftingwiththesimilarorsamepronunciationandmeanings.Itcouldbecategorizedasakindofmemeticgenotype.5.2ImplicationsoftheStudyTheoretically,thisstudyenrichestheresearchperspectiveofnetworklanguagememetoacertainextent,andcontributetocomprehensivelyunderstandthefeaturesofmemesofEnglishandChineselanguages.Thedataontothepresentstudyismorecomplexandtime-sensitivethanotherdatainpreviousstudies.Thisstudyenrichestheresearchperspectiveofnetworklanguagememetoacertainextent,andcontributetocomprehensivelyunderstandthefeaturesofmemesofEnglishandChineselanguages.Practically,thisstudysolvesthemarketingproblemtosomeextent.Formostoftheinternetenterprise,marketingteamislookingforabettersolutionpromotinganideaandmakingthebrandwell-known.Exceptforwhattheideais,whatkindofmediachannelstheylaunch,howcreativeoftheposteris,onekeyproblemthemarketingteamfacingistheyneedtolettheirideapropagateontheinternet.Therefore,whatthestudyofferedisamethodthatpromotesthemarketingindustry—methodtocreatestrongmemesininternetenvironment.Strongmemesspreadfasterandmorestable.MarketingteaminChinacouldattempttoproducemoreSubtypeⅡ,ⅣkindofmemeandtheteaminEnglish-speakingcountriesdoingmoreSubtypeⅠ,Ⅴones.BothofthemshouldavoidSubtypeⅢastheirtransmittingmeme.Also,asthestudyshows,spreadvelocityandratioofrepostsbetterrepresentascommunicationfactors.Marketingteamcouldcollectdatafromthesetwodimensionsastheirmeasuringstandardofcommunicationeffect.ThroughthecomparisonofEnglishandChinesememes,wecanlearnabouttheculturaldifferences,understandthevaluesandenhancethecross-culturalcommunication.We’llfindthatword,andmanymorenewmemes,ontheInternet,inmovies,inmusic,onsocialmediaandinotherpopculturemedia.Technologyhasanuncannywayofspreadingtrendsinlanguage,specificallywhenitcomestoteenslang.Infact,ifyouspendenoughtimetalkingwithateen,perhapsthenyou’llbeluckyenoughtounlockanentiredictionaryofnewslangthathasbeenmadepopularbytheInternet.45万方数据 Interestinglyenough,everyyearMerriam-Websterannouncesa“WordoftheYear,”awordthatismostfrequentlylookedupbyreaders.Itrevealswhatthemajorityofpeople,notjustteens,mightbethinking.Justasyoungadultslangchangesrapidly,sotoodotheculturalicons,technology,literature,moviesandothermethodsofcommunicationswehaveallcometodependon.Languagecannotbepushedforwardwithoutcultureandteensbeingonpoint(simplyperfect)attransmittinglanguagearoundtheglobe.Whatfollowsissomeexamplesofthetopslangexpressionsusedbyteensinbothverbalconversationsandtextmessages.Tosumup,Weibocaughttheaudienceofyoungpeople’spreferences—entertainmentstarsandVIPs,Twitterisstillpoliticallyvalue-oriented,andthemainstreammediasteerstheTwittershipinsomeextent.5.3LimitationsofTheStudyWeiboandTwitterareoneofthemainstreammediainChinaandEnglish-speakingcountriesrespectively.However,intermsoftheformoftheproductandtheaudience,thestudycouldnotbegeneralizedbeyondthespecificcontextsinvolvedinthepresentstudy.Ontheotherhand,withtherapidchangesintheInternetera,theemergenceofnewformsofmediastreams(suchasvideoandH5)forthespeechpresentationmodesnolongerrelyontextform.Therefore,thepropositionitselfisnotconcreteandvisible.Besides,intermsoftheempiricaldatacollectingprocess,itisbetteriftheprogramrequestedlessthanevery30minutesandthecollectingtimespanextendlonger.5.4SuggestionsforFurtherStudyFurtherstudyissuggestedexploringtheapplicationofmemeinotherplatformsuchasnewmedia(longblogs,livebroadcast)andtraditionalmedia(magazines,television,radio,etc.).Additionally,withthesixthsubtypeofinternetmemefoundout,wecouldanticipatethattheremightbepossibilityintermsofbuildingupanewmemeclassificationsystemonthebaseofmodernlanguage.46万方数据 REFERENCESAnneLazaraton.(2014).Aaaaack!TheActiveVoiceWasUsed!LanguagePlay,Technology,andRepairintheDailyKosweblog[J].JournalofPragmatics,64.102–116.Anqicui,MinZhang,YiqunLiu,ShaopinMa,KuoZhang.(2012).DiscoverBreakingEventswithPopularHashtagsinTwitter[R].ACMInternationalConferenceonInformationandKnowledgeManagement,1794-1798.AZubiaga,DSpina,VFresno,RMartínez.(2011).ClassifyingTrendingTopicsaTypologyofConversationTriggersonTwitter[R].Proceedingsofthe20thACMInternationalConferenceonWebSearchandDataMining,24-28.Blackmore,S.(1999).TheMemeMachine[M].Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.Blackmore,S.(2001).EvolutionandMemes:TheHumanBrainasaSelectiveImitationDevice[J].CyberneticsandSystems,32,21-44.Brodie,R.(1996).VirusoftheMind:TheNewScienceoftheMeme[M].Seatle:WA,IntegralPress.Burman,J.T.(2012).TheMisunderstandingofMemes:BiographyofAnUnscientificObject,1976–1999[J].PerspectivesonScience,20,75–104.Cayzer,S.(2004).SemanticBloggingSpreadingtheSemanticWebMeme[D].XMLEurope,14,32-36.DanielRomero,BrendanMeeder,JonKleinberg.(2011).Differencesinthemechanicsofinformationdiffusionacrosstopicsidioms,politicalhashtags,andcomplexcontagionontwitter[R].InternationalConferenceonWorldWideWeb,695-704.Dawkins,R.(1976).TheSelfishGene[M].NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress.DGruhl,RGuha,DLiben-Nowell.(2004).InformationDiffusionThroughBlogspace[R].Proceedingsofthe13thinternationalconferenceonWorldWideWeb,491-501.Distin,K.(2005).TheSelfishMeme:ACriticalReassessment[M].Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.DMRomero,BMeeder,JKleinberg.(2011).DifferencesintheMechanicsofInformationDiffusionAcrossTopics:Idioms,PoliticalHashtags,andComplexContagiononTwitter[R].Proceedingsofthe20thinternationalconferenceonWorldwideweb,695-704.47万方数据 FHeylighen,KChielens.(2009).EvolutionofCulture,Memetics[M].EncyclopediaofComplexityandSystemsScience.FarshadMaghnati,KwekChoonLing.(2013).ExploringtheRelationshipbetweenExperientialValueandUsageAttitudetowardsMobileAppsamongtheSmartphoneUsers[J].InternationalJournalofBusiness&Management,8(4),5-9.HaewoonKwak,ChanghyunLee,HusungPark,SueMoon.(2010).WhatisTwitteraSocialNetworkoraNewsMedia[R].InternationalConferenceonWorldWideWeb,591-600.HKwak,CLee,HPark,SMoon.(2010).WhatisTwitter,aSocialNetworkoraNewsMedia?[J]Proceedingsofthe19thinternationalconferenceonWorldwideweb.591-600.Heylighten,F.(1998).WhatMakesaMemeSuccessful?[A].InS,Zhong(Ed.),Proceedingofthe2012InternationalCongressonCyberneticsandInformatics[C].NewYork:Springer,423-418.Hull,D.L.(1982).TheNakedMeme–Learning,DevelopmentandCulture[M].London:Wisley.JYang,JLeskovec.(2011).PatternsofTemporalVariationinOnlineMedia[R].ProceedingsofthefourthACMInternationalConferenceonWebSearchandDataMining,129-132.KateDistin.(2005).TheSelfishMeme[M].Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.MartaDynel.(2016).“IHasSeenImageMacros!”:AdviceAnimalMemesasVisual-VerbalJokes[J].InternationalJournalofCommunication,10,23-34.Meltzoff,A.N.&W.Prinz(Eds).(2002).TheImitationMind:Development,EvolutionandBrainBases[M].Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.Ritt,N.(2004).SelfishSoundsandLinguisticEvolution:aDarwinianApproachtoLanguageChange[M].Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.SteveCayer.(2004).SemanticBloggingSpreadingtheSemanticWebMeme[J].XmlEurope,40,243-267.SusanBlackmore.(1999).TheMemeMachine[M].Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.ThorstenBotz-Bornstein.(2010).Genes,Memes,andTheChineseConceptofWentowardaNatureCultureModelofGenetics[J].PhilosophyEast&West,60(2),167-186.48万方数据 Vaneechoutte,M.&Skoyles,J.R.(1998).TheMemeticOriginofLanguage[M].Berkeley:UniversityofCaliforniaPress.Wilkins,J.S.(1998).What’sinaMeme:ReflectionfromthePerspectiveoftheHistoryandPhilosophyofEvolutionaryBiology[J].JournalofMemetics-EvolutionaryModelsofInformationTransmission,12,166-168.崔学新(Cui,Xuexin).(2007).选择与建构从meme到模因[J].外语研究,(6).80-82.陈琳霞(Chen,Linxia).(2010).广告语言中的模因[J].魅力中国,(4).43-46.陈琳霞,何自然(Chen,Linxia&He,Ziran).(2006).语言模因现象探析[J].外语教学与研究,(2).108-112.邓文彬(Deng,Wenbin).(2009).网络语言的定位与规范问题[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),(24).136-137.何自然(He,Ziran).(2003).模因论与社会语用[J].现代外语,(2).24-27.何自然(He,Ziran).(2005).语言中的模因[J].语言科学,(6).54-64何自然(He,Ziran).(2014).语言模因论研究专栏[J].山东外语教学,(2).13-19.何自然,申智奇(He,Ziran&Shen,Zhiqi).(2004).刻意曲解的语用研究[J].外语教学与研究,(36).163-168.何自然(He,Ziran).(2014).流行语流行的模因论解读[J].山东外语教学,(2).7-12.何自然,李冬梅(He,Ziran&Li,Dongmei).(2013).模因论的一个评议性重估——Distin<自私的模因>读后[J].外文研究,(3).34-36.何自然,陈新仁(He,Ziran&Chen,Xinren).(2004).当代语用学[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社.何自然,何雪林(He,Ziran.He,Xuelin).(2003).模因论与社会语用[J].现代外语,(2).201-208.吉建华(Ji,Jianhua).(2011).基于模因论视角的网络幽默语言类型分析[J].鸡西大学学报(综合版),(11).125-126.江汝镠(Jiang,Ruliu).(2014).以模因视角分析英汉网络语言中的仿拟现象[J].江苏外语教学研究,(3).61-64.姜坤(Jiang,Kun).(2013).从模因视角解析情景喜剧《生活大爆炸》中的言语幽默[D].辽宁:辽宁大学.49万方数据 李波(Li,Bo).(2011).英汉言语幽默模因对比分析[D].郑州:郑州大学.李文中(Li,ZhongWen).(2012).语料库标记与标注：以中国英语语料库为例[J].外语教学与研究,(3).336-339.李丹(Li,Dan).(2016).模因论视角下的英汉网络语言对比研究[J].文教材料,(19).39-40.李捷(Li,Jie).(2008).模因论视域中的言语幽默[J].外语学刊,(1).74-78.李捷,何自然(Li,Jie&He,Ziran).(2014).语言模因的主体性与语境化[J].外语学刊,(2).59-63.李琳,吉哲民(Li,Lin&Ji,Zhemin).(2010).从模因论的角度浅析语言的复制和传播[J].内蒙古农业大学学报(社会科学版),(3).396-397.廖迅乔(Liao,Xunqiao).(2009).模因幽默——言语幽默的模因观[J].黑龙江教育学院学报,(9).110-112.吴俊凝(Wu,Junning).(2013).语言模因论视角下的英语言语幽默分析[D].吉林:吉林大学.邱志华,陈晓林(Qiu,Zhihua&Chen,Xiaolin).(2011).网络语言的模因分析[J].南昌航空大学学报,(1).82-85.苏奕华(Su,Yihua).(2014).网络流行语中模因幽默机制产生的翻译干扰及对策研究[J].文教材料,(16).51-52.苏焕(Su,Huan).(2015).模因论视野下网络流行语英译策略分析[J].吉林省教育学院学报旬刊,(6).132-133.孙国兰(Sun,Guolan).(2009).新时期英语广告语谚语模因的复制与传播效果研究[J].内蒙古财经大学学报,(2).71-74.谢朝群(Xie,Chaoqun).(2007).语言模因说略[J].现代外语,(1).30-38.杨欢欢(Yang,Huanhuan).(2016).模因论视角下微信在大学英语视听说教学中的应用[J].教书育人:高教论坛,(3).90-91.杨婕(Yang,Jie).(2008).新闻标题中流行语的模因论研究[J].外语学刊,(1).79-82.吴燕琼(Wu,Yanqiong).(2016).国内近五年来模因论研究述评[J].潍坊工程职业学院学报,(2).59-61.50万方数据 吴俊凝(Wu,Junning).(2013).语言模因论视角下的英语言语幽默分析[D].吉林:吉林大学.吴康(Wu,Kang).(2016).第39次中国互联网络发展状况统计报告[R].北京:中国互联网络信息中心.庄美英,何自然(Zhuang,Meiying&He,Ziran).(2010).物竞天择适者生存——从模因论的纬度看新词酷语的流行现象[J].湖北社会科学,(7).115-117.宋平峰(Song,Pingfeng).(2013).从模因论视角看电影台词中流行语的植入现象[J].南昌工程学院学报,(2).47-49.张名章(Zhang,Mingzhang).(2019).新闻标题与模因传播[J].新闻界,(4).116-117李工科(Li,Gongke).(2009).网络流行语传播机制的迷米学理论分析[D].山东:烟台大学.高佳(Gao,Jia).(2012).网络流行语传播机制的模因研究[D].山西:山西师范大学.付惠英(Fu,Huiying).(2011).模因论视角下的网络流行语研究[D].甘肃:西北师范大学.夏玉宇,李珂(Xia,Yuyu&Li,Ke).(2009).时尚网络新词的模因理据分析[J].湖南工业大学学报（社会科学版）,14(1).116-119.余艳(Yu,Yan).(2007).网络模因的复制传播以及模因对外语教学的启示[J].科技信息（学术研究）,(36).154-156.51万方数据 APPENDIXESAMEMETICGENOTYPEDIRECTIONS:ThetwotypesofmemeticgenotypearerepresentedbyⅠandⅡrespectively.Ⅰ.Thesameinformationbeingtransmittedinthesameform.Ⅱ.Thesameinformationbeingtransmittedinvariousforms.SpreadSub-LevelofRatioofMemeMeaningExampleLikesRepliesvelocity(typerepostsrepostsposts/s)我和女朋友分手了,有点蓝瘦Ⅱ蓝瘦香菇难受想哭38225073%1093934481120126香菇。Ⅱ笔芯比心,表示喜爱周杰伦是我的偶像,笔芯。12432350%87874222211356Ⅱ猴赛雷广东话,好犀利你有八块腹肌啊,猴赛雷。1788221164%932221788769678Ⅱ因吹丝停interesting这个玩具设计的很因吹丝停。24531922%246327882115明天要和小伙伴去郊游的地方Ⅱ亦可赛艇exciting64323145%5412223342137看起来会让人亦可赛艇。小明同学竟然学会了做饭,我Ⅱ我开始方了我开始慌了1818173233%2034438373728193开始方了。你能不能别突然跳出来,吓死Ⅱ吓死本宝宝了指吓死我了,吓死人,把我变成宝宝,吓死自己的意思,34522255%16931263536865本宝宝了。Ⅱ小公举小公主”一种嗲声嗲气的叫法人家天生爱美就是小公举嘛。1124421261%9839812837462888你怎么又失业了,真是职场卢Ⅱ卢瑟/鲁蛇loser55333265%3944123126368190瑟。度娘指的是百度搜索,有事请问度娘,代指百度公司的感觉跟不上时代的时候就去找Ⅱ度娘444256233%6665167252190幕后工作者。这一称呼有把百度萌化的意义。度娘吧。做人如果没梦Ⅰ想,那跟咸鱼有//51415661%12200163637383什么分别啊？52万方数据 康敏苏isaHomophonicofComingsooninChinese.BecauseLadyGaGaalwayssaidthatheralbumⅡ康敏苏ARTPOPsecondsinglesDOWHATUWANTMV不要老是康敏苏,就现在吧43922144%45322337262517160ComingSoonbuthasnotComing,thereforeGaGahad康敏苏asaHomophonicnicknameinChina.Ⅱ666指玩的真”溜”你玩魔方真挺666的23345269%213438374761854“23333”是大笑的意思,即笑得不能自已,满地打滚的Ⅱ23333意思,它是一个笑脸符号的编号,出自NICONICO动这个笑话太23333了21298752%337777791818198态图组第233号。同中文音译”去死吧”,也是某大型知名网络游戏的表Ⅱ74吧你再吓唬人就74吧8273669%8644236726151100情快捷代号意为”呕吐”。Cool这个词在英文里算是应用最广的词之一,总之Ⅰ酷毙了只要是好事,你都可以说cool!毙是中文死掉的意思。这个衣服设计的酷毙了31245160%44566448478376结合起来就是”好极了”“棒到极点了”。网络用语。原本是ACGN界词汇”萌”的引申词汇,即”能不能别老装小姑娘在我面前Ⅰ卖萌刻意显示自身的萌”,后来在网络上意义又有所延伸。23343257%349087645261745卖萌。萌起源于日语”萌え”（MOE),拼音读音是meng。原本指网络流行的表情符号：○|￣|_它看起来像是一个人跪倒在地上,低着头,一副”天啊,你为何这样对我对你厚脸皮的工夫佩服的ⅠORZ33762741%5323227262727182我”的动作,虽然简单却很传神。,也在发音上等同于英orz语的”onmygod”撩妹为网络语言,撩：撩拨。妹：年轻女子。撩拨妹子,意指引诱女性,获得女性青睐的行为。另外,北方方Ⅰ撩妹你对别的女生也这么撩妹吗。66511276%78652217163617844言”撩骚”、”撩哧”也有”挑逗”的意思。来源于客家话、粤语、赣语等南方方言。老司机,网络名词。意为行业老手,对各种规则、内容Ⅰ老司机以及技术、玩法经验老道的人,带有褒义。可以理解你真是情场老司机,快教教我。333716269%456733837361878成对行业规则”轻车熟路”。53万方数据 2016年诞生的热门网络用语,简单点来说,就是觉得竟然会做东坡肘子,厉害了Ⅱ厉害了word哥84728138%65223846737251对方十分厉害,称赞对方。Word同中文发音”我的”word哥。是”godie”的谐音,源自中国艺人黄子韬在一次演唱Ⅱ狗带再惹怒我你就去狗带吧。112345247%876543625362755会上表演的英文Rap。网络新词,是英文”wonderful”的谐音,中文有”奇妙、Ⅱ弯的服这次功课完成的非常弯的服。23987432%123984836272321极好的、绝妙的”的意思。意指给猫、狗铲屎的人类。爱猫人士将自己比作铲Ⅰ铲屎官我养猫之后大家都叫我铲屎官431563153%3876426456718560屎官,以表诙谐幽默气氛。官方释义为”喜极而泣的笑脸（FacewithTearsofJoy）”,中国网民通常称之为”笑cry”。官方表示,这一你竟然把我的白衬衫洗染色Ⅰ笑cry34971164%5421218635361776结果是由牛津大学出版社和输入法公司SwiftKey联了,简直笑cry。合评选而出。SM,就是指的就是虐待倾向与受虐倾向,是英文只有骂你才能认真工作么,你Ⅱ抖S抖MSadism&Masochism的缩写。SM不同于”攻受”。抖34587458%876521552416223是抖M吗。s这个词是来源于日本,来源于日文ドS。暖男,是指像煦日阳光那样,能给人温暖感觉的男子。他们通常细致体贴、能顾家、会做饭,更重要的是能谢谢你送来的雨伞,还真是一Ⅰ暖男87642356%324587373838254很好地理解和体恤别人的情感,长相多属干净清秀的个暖男。类型,打扮舒适得体,不会显得过于浮躁和浮夸。杀马特来自smart,可以译为时尚的；聪明的。杀马特你搞一个粉色的头发是要学杀Ⅱ杀马特家族不论男女,大部分留着五颜六色的长发,画着很浓938471230%876311877289198马特么的妆,穿一些很个性的服装,戴着稀奇古怪的首饰。"不知道"的意思,意思是你知不知道。人们为了更快这种问题真的不要问我,我也Ⅱ不造更方便地表达某些常用词组的意思,将其以快速或者87556547%34531243627189167不造。连读输入,就成了合音,类似于台湾腔。54万方数据 表示想要确定事情是不是真的,你在开玩笑吗？逗比的用途,作为当下最流行的网络用语。主要用在与别买5件一样的衣服穿,你是逗比Ⅰ逗比人交谈时开玩笑,卖萌。要注意的是,逗比用在比较熟65432154%7263787463621321吗。的朋友身上就是调侃,开玩笑的意思,但是用在不熟的人身上则表示贬义,意思有些嘲笑看不起不理解。口头流行语,英文为"Ballache",(来源Headache,头已经改了很多遍还不通过,有Ⅰ蛋疼44322556%938379154637899疼),反义词是”蛋腚”。点蛋疼啊！怪蜀黍（源自怪叔叔的谐音）：读音guàishǔshú（注：字典中黍字的读音只有shǔ）,又作”怪叔叔”,指有萝莉那个门卫大叔总偷看我,是不Ⅱ怪蜀黍74671863%84747686253652212情结的中年男子,那些喜欢萝莉带有拐带和推倒萝莉是怪蜀黍。倾向的男人。“么么哒”[拼音][memeda]又作”摸摸哒”、”摸摸大”,么么哒是表亲吻动作的拟声词。用以表达对一个人的Ⅰ么么哒谢谢你的帮助,么么哒。83762371%66536122343265钟情与喜爱。最早在【辞海】中是求欢的意思,而"么么达"是接受求欢的意思。“肿(zhǒng)么了”即”怎么了”,是山东枣庄一带方言你怎么老趴着,肿么了？生病Ⅱ肿么了988722128%8374637423256376（我国其他地区也有）。了？指一些事物看上去很复杂很高端,但却没有实质性的就算你证明了你是好人,这个Ⅱ然并卵效果,或者得不到理想的收益。多用来表达无奈、调12221450%839271635261198事你也有责任,然并卵。侃之情。凤凰男是”鸡窝里飞出来的金凤凰”,虽然离开农村自然的生活环境,但是仍然保留许多农村的朴素观念和他大学毕业之后一直不好好工Ⅰ凤凰男传统思想,当他们选择了身边的城市女子,并和她们携43245536%6364814271721251作,还总想当凤凰男。手走入婚姻殿堂,一部分夫妇许多观念上有时会有不同,大多数家庭冲突不断。裁判代表能当着整个中国人的ⅡI服了You！我真是服了你了面吹黑哨,简直无话可说,I服了111187288%70061084839077you!55万方数据 其音与”混蛋”同音,是”混蛋”在网络中的另一种书写方式。混蛋(húndàn)的本意是不明事理、不讲道理；Ⅱ魂淡亦指不讲道理的人、坏魂淡,打你电话从没打通过。73762351%46536112343240家伙。在网络中,”魂淡”多用于调侃或者是一种娇嗔的责怪。山炮（膻炮）,这个词由土匪发明,形容人头脑简单,东北人平翘舌不分把"shan"说成”san”,东北人主要吃猪肉,而羊肉和牛肉有一股膻味,借用这个”膻”字来你连YSL都不知道什么？山Ⅰ山炮3313987463%73645887635272311形容说话做事欠缺考虑,与其他人不一样给人一种炮吗？不舒服的感觉,就是形容一个人见识平庸,没有见过世面Youshouldhavetoldmeyoufromthegiddydon’tlikemenfromthegiddyⅠFromthebeginning.84628250%7262796252890upupandIwouldn’thavewastedmytimetakingyouout.A:Dude,Ifuckinhatethemimmigrants!WhateveryinhabitantoftheUSAis,excepttheNativeⅠimmigrantB:Wellwhaddayathinkyour2580554%1738225943319Americans.greatgreatgreatgrandfatherwas?Whensomethingischaracterizedbybeingcool,ThreeWolfYourband,ThreeWolfMoon,Ⅰamazing,awe-inspiring,life-changing,orhaving50189067%4242420890087232MoonisprettyThreeWolfMoon.reachedapinnacleofperfection.actinginacasualordisrespectfulmannertowardsthrowingshade,actingkindaⅠShadesomeone/dissingafriend.Weallprobablyknowthat65371870%98821746482321shadyonepersonwhothinkseverythingis"shade"whenitreallyisn’t.Shadeisatermcreatedbygaymenwhich56万方数据 describesastatementthatcanbeinterpretedasadistowardsomeone.hewasdissingonmymomⅠdissingputtingdown73271967%83746837382190whenhecalledherfatⅠnumanumasaslangtermforthebreastsheynicenumanumas!72652612%9087217462856Tobeoverwhelmingimpressedwithsomething,orsomeone,isthesamethingasbeingshook.ThistermyooigotfuckinshookwhenⅠshookwasheavilyusedinthe‘90stodescribebeingafraidofthatgirlcalled...ithoughtshe2234278%63721736373500someone,andsomehowmadeacomebackin2016withhatedmecuzoflastnight.anewmeaning.Turnupisessentiallyaphrasethatmeansto"letlooseandhavefun",butwhenFirstLadyMichelleObamaTallwoodHighSchoolisaboutⅠTurnUpputherownhealthyspinonthephrase,wecouldn’t8141267%382728253435328toturnupat2014promhelpbutfeelembarrassedweeveruseditinthefirstplace.*SeestheLtrainisdownfortheWhatitmeans:Indicatessomethingorsomeoneis294thtimethisweek*terrible,similarto"garbage."("TodaysmellslikewarmⅠtrash2833289%948375352699garbage.")Basically,anythingthat’sworthyofbeing*Turnstofriend*thrownout.Me:"TheLtrainistrash."Me:"MyroommateusedupthelastrolloftoiletpaperandTometaphoricallyrakesomeonethroughthecoalsorⅠdraghasn’treplaceditinthreedays."3652154%874766356178rather,burnthem.Friend2:"DRAGHERTOTHEGROUND."57万方数据 Textfromfriend:"WhenareFamissingularandisshortfor"family."Yoursquadisyoufree?"Ⅱfamyourgroupoffriends,butyour"fam"isdirected23511776%52425123422189Me:"idkfambutI’mmissingtowardsoneindividual.squad."Person:"Idon’tthinkwomenare‘better’thanmen,sothereforeIwouldn’tconsidermyselfafeminist."Beingaware--specificallyinreferencetocurrentⅠwoke53871588%41681837382211eventsandculturalissues.Me:"YouneedtoreadsomeChimamandaNgoziAdichie.OrlistentosomeBeyoncé.Staywoke,dude."Me:"WhatdoyouthinkofmyⅠkeepitToapproveofsomethingorsomeone.newTwitteravi?"7213276%836286252677Friend:"Keepit.""High-keydon’twannamovefromthecouchtoday.Orever."ORHigh-keyreferstosomethingneedingtobesaidouthighkey/low"I’mjustlow-keyinlovewithⅠloud.Low-keyistheopposite.Bothcanrefertoan5426184%76615545189keyhim,OK?"intenselike/dislike.Herearebothusedinthesamesentence:"Low-keyneedtogotothe58万方数据 gym;high-keywantTacoBell.""Thatbiolabwaswaylive."Referstosomethingasbeingcool/exciting/fun;canORⅠlive93847167%7436734242100alsobeinterpretedasextreme/intense."Prof.Styleswaswaytooliveinbiolabtoday."It’snosecretthatEnglishlackswordsfordifferenttypesofaffection.WhereasalanguagelikeSanskrithasninety-sixwordsforlove,Englishisstuckwithjustone.AsolutionproposedbywebdenizensandyouthsisTextMessage:heybabycul8r,Ⅱluvamisspellingof“love,”usedprimarilyinafamiliar,37362170%7365263525198luvbobfriendlysense.In2016,“luv”sawrecordpopularity,probablyowingtotheToryLanezsongofthesamename,whichtoppedhip-hopchartsandreachedno.19ontheBillboardTop100.Toreplacetheword"fucking"whenyouaresaying/writingitforalargeaudience,esp.inabusinesssetting.Althoughthiswordtrendedin2016,it’sfarfromnew.Thefirstwritteninstanceof“freaking”(presumablytheprecursorto“freakin”)wasintheThisfreakinprojectisdrivingⅡFreakin3944256%66522524261213seventeenthcentury,whenitwasusedasadescriptormecrazy!forpeoplewholovedoddpastimes,notasanintensifier.Eventhoughthiswordisnothingnew,Grammarlyusersstilladdedittotheirpersonaldictionariesin2016.Andthatisfreakin’incredible.59万方数据 thebestofthebest.Manyhavecalledthissuperlativelazyorunnecessary,andyet,Grammarlyusersseemtoloveit.Englishsuperlativesarenotoriouslyfickle,sinceⅠBestestsomeneedintensifierslike“more,”whileotherscanThebestestfoodispizza.63121269%35272524242367takethe“-est”suffix.Doyouthinkweshouldwelcome“bestest”intotheEnglishlanguagein2017?Letusknowinthecommentsbelow.Person1:Doyouwannagotothemovietheater?Colloquialalternativesto“no”arenothingnew,butPerson2:Nah.“nah’s”culturalmomentactuallyhappenedin2014,ORwhenthechart-toppingsong“OrNah”wasreleased.ⅠNahPerson1:Doyouwanttogo83739173%62526121212378Sincethen,“nah”hasremainedconsistentlypopularstripinfrontofmyneighbor’samongGrammarlyusers,althoughGoogleTrendshouse?suggeststhatitsoverallpopularityiswaning.Person2:Nah,man.That’sjustgross.WethinkthisoneisⅡY’knowYouknow76491280%9889283626199self-explanatory,y’know?Atermmeaning"little".MostcommonlyusedbyNameonegoodrapperwhoseⅡLilrappersfortheirrapnames.(i.e.-LilBowWow,Lilnamehastheword"lil"init...3342175%67462753562144Kim,LilRomeo,etc.)yeadidn’tthinkso.Homeworksucks!Zzz.Really.ⅠZzzTermusedwhensomethingboresyou.22942366%24253255261321Zzz.ThisslangexpressionmeansthatsomethingiswellGirl1:OMG!Yourhairanddone,highqualityorperfect.ItisespeciallyhelpfulformakeuparealwayssoonⅠonpointdescribinganaccomplishment,orsomethingthatistop8322378%489126526289point!qualityorwonderful.ItmayoriginatefromthewayGirl2:Wow,thanks!ballerinasstand“enpointe,”orontheverytipsoftheir60万方数据 toes.Girl1:Hey,youroutfittoday?Justlikeonpoint,thisslangtermisanotherwaytoSeriouslyonfleek.Supermodeldescribesomethingnearlyclosetoperfection,Ⅰonfleekquality.93832172%6735292737519especially,ofcourse,intheeyesofateen.YoucanalsoGirl2:Thanksgirl,youlookusefleekin’orfleeking.prettyfleekin’yourself.Boy1:LookatallthosebasicThisisanadjectiveusedtodescribewhensomethingisschoolgirlswiththeirStarbucksⅠBasictypicalorordinary.ThistermismostcommonlyusedtoandiPhones!3442169%561835252787describetheappearanceoffemales.Boy2:Yeah,theyalllookthesame.Maybeyou’vebeeninashopandyou’veheardsomeGirl1:Areyougoingtoseetheteenstalking.Youmightthinktoyourself,“aretheynew“StarWars”movie?Ⅱobvi23452370%5551764563756evenspeakingEnglish?”Well,theyare!“Obvi”isjustGirl2:Wellobvi,IalreadygotlazyEnglishforobviousorobviously.ourtickets.Thisexpressionisbothaverbandanadjective.Turnupisusedasaverb.Turntistheadjectiveform.ItmeansGuy1:Dude,yougonnaturnuptobeintoxicatedafterconsumingdrugsoralcohol.Oftonightatthefratparty?Ⅰturnt53134959%7764184983634course,notrecommendedthatyougetturneduporturntGuy2:Duuuude,I’msooooyourself,butitisalwaysgoodtoknowwhenpeopleareturntalready.talkingaboutthis.Boy:HeycanIgettheBiologyWhensomeonesaysthey’releavingandyoureallynotesfromyou?don’tcare,theirnamebecomesFelicia.ItisalsousedGirl:Um,byeFelicia.ⅠByeFelicia42344168%6452742423274whensomeonewantstogetridofanotherpersonwhoisBoy:Well,howaboutadateannoying.then?Girl:BYEFELICIA…61万方数据 Muchoftheteenslangmentionedaboveisusedprimarilyinspeakingconversations.However,youcanalsobelazywithlanguagewhensendingtextmessages.Girl1:Doyoulikemyoutfit?Thisonemeans“tobehonest.”YouuseitwhengivingGirl2:TBH,Idon’t.ⅡTBH64289174%8778284729176anhonestopinionaboutsomething.HeavilyusedbytheGirl1:LOL,OMG.Let’sgotextinggeneration,itmaytaketheplaceofthesimilarbacktothemallthen.expression,“tobefair…”whichmeansalmostthesamething.Thistermofaffectionhasbeensaidtostandfor“beforeanyoneelse,”butitmayalsojustbeashortenedversionBoy:Bae,you’resohot.ⅡBAE7467356%3242163627222ofthewordbabe.Youcancallyourboyfriend,Girl:Aww,thanksbae.girlfriendorspousebae.Ifyou’vesucceededatsomethingunbelievablyamazing,perhapsyou’llearnthisterm.Itmeanstobethebestofthebest.Ifyouarethebest,thenyouslay.IfAdele’snewalbumslayed.It’sⅠslayyoudidsomethingreallywell,youtotallyslayed.Otherbeen#1onthechartsfor65712366%63527542612300similartermsarekilledit,orbadass.Youcanhearslaymonths!usedmany,manytimesinBeyoncé’snewesthitsong,“Formation.”Guy1:Ican’tpartythisSohopefullyyou’llneverreceivethisslangexpression.weekend!ⅠZeroChillItmeansyouhavedonesomethingveryuncoolornot7467162%552116678272Guy2:Zerochill,man,zeroverypopular.chill.Aphrasedescribingthecommontext-icon‘<3’whichⅠLessthanthreeGoodbye...mylessthanthree2221383%8897242562689isusedtosignifylove,heart,etc.BroIgotsoShamrock’dlastⅠShamrock’d(Noun)GettingdrunkonSt.Patrick’sDaynightatthisgirlsSt.Patty’s5632168%7362735635256party.62万方数据 WhenBobwokeupthisStrand-upThewayone’shaircanlookfirstthinginthemorning,Ⅰmorning,hishairlookedlikea14494877%52537826771200comedystickingstraightupinalldirections.strand-upcomedy.IgotmyearsloweredovertheⅠearsloweredAslangtermforahaircut.4432387%234121145389weekend.ManmomihavetheonedayⅠonedayfluExcusetomissschoolforanevent.34332176%778915141594flu.folksThefinefolxatthecornerdinerⅡfolx9843683%45213746712288Asin,agroupmultiplepeople.shortedmemychange.Fictionwrittenbyfansforotherfansaboutthefandomsthattheylike.UsuallytheauthortakestheIoncereadaXena,WarriorⅠfanfictioncharactersand/orthesettingofthefandomandwritesaPrincess/StarTreck:Voyager82726278%627281726255120neworcontinueingplot.Sometimestheyuber,crossover,fanfic.writecrossoversmark:"didyouseethat,IhitthatguywithmydodgeballandheScumbagThegenericnameforsomebodywhogetshitinⅠwon’tgetoutofthegame"9282759%5300192525802332Stevedodgeballanddoesn’tgetout.todd:"yea,he’sarealscumbagsteve"ApoorlydrawnDonaldDuckwhospeaksinabroken...andinothernews,anotherEnglish.Heisahomicidal,bisexual,depravedsemen-filledheadlesscorpsenecrophiliacandsociopath.Heisalsooddlypolite,wasfoundtoday.Onawallnearfrequentlysaying"pls"asherapesandmurdershisⅡDolanthecrimescenewerethewords15141265%46282967252856friendsandfamily.Heisalwayssmilingbecausehe"goobypls"writteninblood.doeswhathelovesforaliving.HeisfearedandloathedPolicehaveputoutawarrantbyallexceptfortheBrolans,hisloyalfollowers.HeisforthearrestofDolan.classifiedasa"meme".63万方数据 ERMAHGERD,usedforinternetmemes.Anobnoxiouswaytosay"Oh,ERNSTAGERM(Oh,mygod,MyGod"withstrongemphasisontheRsounds.Instagram)ⅡErmahgerd24242690%6272116363224TypicallyfollowedbyotherwordswithemphasisonERMAHGERD,MERFERCEtheRsounds.HERTS(Oh,mygod,myfacehurts)Asimple,undefinedreplywhenanignorantcommentoractionismade.BroughttolifeintheSouthPark“Iamt0tallyc00l3rthan7useries,whenMr.DerpmadeaguestapperanceatSouthⅠderpn00bs.“71661154%7776216262876ParkElementaryasthechefforaday,followedby“Derp.”hittinghimselfintheheadwithahammerandexclaiming"Derp!"Lindsay:100likesandI’lltakeachallengethatyoutakepartinaftermakingyourthecinnamonchallenge!facebookstatus"50likesandi’lldothecinnamonKayla:OMGGODSPEED!thecinnamonchallenge."thecinnamonchallengeisdonelikethis:Ⅰ(5minuteslater)72627233%5282916763530100challengeyoutakeateaspoonofcinnamon,tiltyourheadback,Lindsay:(barfinginsink)dumpthecinnamoninandtrytoswallowit.itisKayla:HAHATTHATSextremelydifficultandpainfulFUCKINGNASTY!!!DyingyourhairredwastheⅠsupercutsAplacetogetyourhairchoppedupworstmistakeyoumadesince87767879%72528137353889goingtoSupercuts.Aw,crap,Idon’tknowwhich1FirstWorldProblemsfromlivinginawealthy,industrializednationⅠcaratdiamondencrusted62526860%9282914837372Problemsthatthirdworlderswouldprobablyrolltheireyesat.platinumringtobuy!64万方数据 Poorly-drawncomicsthatusuallydescribesomethingfunnythathappenedtotheauthor,usingavarietyof"Whatareyoudoing?"pre-made"ragefaces".Theywereoriginallyfour-panelⅠragecomic"I’mjustreadingragecomics90876177%2000117262134comics,inwhichthelastpanelwasofaguyraging.onreddit."Hence,thename.Theyusuallyappearonthesitereddit.com.ThenewPresident’sUsingsocialmediasitessuchasTwittertomanagetweetplomacymaybeⅠtweetplomacyforeignrelationsandconductdiplomaticdiscussionstransparentdomestically,butit3638290%76622833110publicly.couldalsorufflefeathersabroad.65万方数据 APPENDIXESBMEMETICPHENOTYPEDIRECTIONS:ThethreetypesofmemeticphenotypearerepresentedbyⅢ,Ⅳ,andⅤrespectively.Ⅲ.Horizontalgraftingwiththesimilarorsamepronunciationbutdifferentmeanings.Ⅳ.Graftingassociatedwiththesameorsimilarformsbutdifferentmeanings.Ⅴ.Horizontalgraftingwiththesimilaroridenticalstructuresbuttoexpressdifferentmeanings.SpreadLevelofRatioofSub-typeMemeMeaningExampleLikesRepliesvelocity(prepostsrepostsosts/s)Ⅴ我可能xx了假xx对XX的否定我可能看了一部假美剧！57383955%82828142231509先完成一个小目标,比先完成一个小目标,比如毕业了ⅤXXX指代很大的目标,调侃无法实现78992178%18221263738330如先XXX马上当上董事长赢取白富美。世界那么大,我想去看Ⅴxx那么大,我想去看看食堂那么大,我想去看看。191821990%30082193801123看(中央气象台)新疆下,新疆下,新疆下完,陕西黄萝卜蹲,黄萝卜蹲,黄萝卜蹲完,下。陕西下,陕西下,陕西黑萝卜蹲。黑萝卜蹲,黑萝卜蹲,下完,山西下。山西下,黑萝卜蹲完,白萝卜蹲。白萝卜Ⅴ山西下,山西下完,河南/蹲,白萝卜蹲,白萝卜蹲完绿萝卜72728263%4550217362890下。河南下,河南下,河南蹲,绿萝卜蹲,绿萝卜蹲完青萝卜下完,山东下。山东下,蹲。青萝卜蹲,青萝卜蹲,青萝卜山东下,山东下完北京蹲完红萝卜蹲。下。肾虚,有时在过度劳累之后。腰腿酸痛、终于帮同事搬完家了,感觉身体Ⅳ身体被掏空精神不振,好像身体被掏空,是不是肾37376467%273621937729293被掏空了。透支了？莫名其妙,后车司机被栏一脸懵Ⅴ一脸xx满脸的XX52525272%7620193782628289逼。66万方数据 Ⅴapec蓝两会蓝北京又雾霾了,好怀念apec蓝！83772880%82721192728222看来我要在教学楼读一个多小Ⅴxxx惹指”xxx了”,单独使用,表示惊讶。12234163%25272052620500时书等演讲惹。滚青（摇滚青年）、普青（普通Ⅴ文青文艺青年7672235%3894739126291521青年）“人家拿小拳拳捶你胸口”是2017新年过后的首个流行语。继男友神回复之奔驰你辣么美,人家好想拿小拳Ⅳ人家拿小拳拳锤你胸口51415144%27262930381478后,各种搞怪配音版也随之到来。有萝拳锤你胸口！莉版、御姐版,还有各地方言版。如何优雅地在工具只有筷子的Ⅴ如何优雅地xxxx？/7262730%398272736729391情况下吃大虾螃蟹？xxxxx是一种怎样的体有位脑洞很大且有画工的爸爸Ⅴ/33221122%282791333089200验？是一种怎样的体验？这是xxx被黑得最惨的这是南方人被黑得最惨的一次,Ⅴ/87262770%9877216278287一次有口音的人伤不起！走心了,兄弟。也可以理解成痛心啊,扎心了老铁,学什么专业也躲不Ⅳ扎心了老铁哥们。这句话主要伴随着伴随着骂人9880053%11612276181999过老板的套路！或诉苦。火钳刘明,”火前留名”的谐音。由于输入法的缘故,人们在输入火前的时候出这个帖子爆料一定会火,火钳刘Ⅲ火钳刘明72653245%987783635267253现的是火钳,所以网友们为了方便”火明。前留名”也就变成了”火钳刘明”。多用于形容看到不该看、不好看的东机器人评委国际选美大赛,结果Ⅳ辣眼睛西。具有不忍直视、惨不忍睹、看了51544181%17761282681333为何辣眼睛？长针眼等潜在含义。Ⅳ血槽空了表示自己内心受到打击,崩溃了。你不要这样的看着我,血槽空了。3223476%362221527291187爆表原意是指仪表爆炸,通常指仪表指看下好莱坞电影的最强反派,战Ⅴxx爆表72671469%5272813816188针超过仪表所能显示的上限,比如AQI斗力爆表！67万方数据 超过500。网络上多用来形容人的某一方面特别厉害。看了LV、Chanel准备的秋冬款,Ⅴ妈妈再x我一次/44653188%77189989872221我请妈妈再打我一次.....duang本是成龙代言的一个洗发水广告里形容头发很有质感的一个拟声词,果然这种类型电视我比较喜欢,ⅣDuang的一下在网络上用来形容有弹性的物体的声少女心duang一下就被激发出来32112164%901829172528390音,后来逐步可以用来形容各种声音,了。也可以用来表达心情。我和我的小伙伴都惊呆看到这里,我和我的小伙伴都惊Ⅳ/90087739%6272816252781238了呆了。嘴上说”美”,但用”不敢看”表达了对它的否定,暗含讽刺意味。常用于讽刺并超神女司机行车日常,不放手刹Ⅳ画面太美不敢看不美好的事物,比如看到一张很雷人的87716140%472829838910321启动那画面太美不敢看！图片,以此表达自己看到这张图片受到的视觉或心理冲击。你过来我保证不打死你,其实是玩笑语句,意思就是只要你敢过来,我就敢打你,打得你就剩一口气死不了。但是网这是谁画的,给我站出来,保证不Ⅳ保证不打死你友都觉得霸气侧漏,就在微博上面大量6382959%1918782627456打死你！使用,一时炸开了锅,”你过来我保证不打死你”就成为了2014年最火爆的网络流行语之一。我只想安静的做个表示说话人与世无争,只想安安静静乔丹之子：我只想做个安静的富Ⅴ62178834%7163891826297230XXX的做自己的事情。通常有反讽之意。二代你们城里人真会玩,简称”城会玩”。你乡下人来看城里的油菜花,你们Ⅳ你们城里人真会玩们城里人真会玩原本意思是讽刺某些24367238%826272963682345城里人真会玩人做的事情常人无法理解。后来就变68万方数据 成了朋友之间互相调侃的一句话原意是”让我静一静”,在网络中多半被每逢佳节,胖得自己都开始怀疑Ⅳ我想静静65611268%524272826284621（故意）曲解为”我想念静静”。人生了,我想静静。你尽管XX,能XX算我Ⅴ/你尽管存钱,能攒起来算我输。82627177%61618292625234输强调大写的X,把文字形态变成语言的你生病了还去单位,我真是大写Ⅳ大写的服8474664%168922726263770形式来表达夸张的意思。的服！一年来,唯一完整看完的长篇,Ⅲ杯具悲剧66552173%33209072623320居然是个杯具。多用于男女恋爱,用心经营的感情,一你想做我男朋友吗,来啊,互相伤Ⅳ来啊,互相伤害啊旦分裂就会或多或少的收到伤害,如果83874746%377372919183738189害啊！不怕伤害,那就大胆的爱吧！为英文tooyoung,toosimple的谐音,翻译：太年轻,太天真。图样图森破Ⅳ图样图森破你们年轻人就是图样图森破。77642365%8464325545677322多见于各大贴吧,意指对方想的简单肤浅,毫无意义。原意指女人与女人之间的斗争。现在为了证明项目的问题不是我的,Ⅳ撕逼也可用来形容双方互相攻击揭短、发34455244%1123424262731132明天和产品部门去撕逼。生骂战的现象。为了搞定论文我已经用尽了洪Ⅳ洪荒之力全部的能力728299180%9392183783987荒之力。我去年买了个表的缩写是：WQNMLGB,也就是大家最常用的那个脏话之一。有失败后的宣言,表示”一天开3个会都没就结论,我去Ⅳ我去年买了个表998772233%77733119387899276不甘心,不情愿,心里不平衡觉得很不年买了个表！公平”等意义。是个发表自己不同意不愤情绪的万用词语。69万方数据 就是骗人的意思,就是一开始的行为语言让你意想不到最后他的目的或是结Ⅳ全是套路又来接我下班,全是套路。66229263%8171677263628110局,加上配的图片,所以就成了网络名句,套路,套路,全TM是套路。一种对无奈、郁闷、无语情绪的轻微表达方式。用法类似”我也是晕了”,是你能玩到半夜2点不回家？我也Ⅳ我也是醉了73635130%8828219878312200一种幽默用语。通常表示对人物或事是醉了！物无法理喻、无法交流和无力吐槽。基友的意思是男性之间亲密的朋友。在英文中,男同性恋的英文单词Ⅳ基友为”gay”,和粤语的”基”同音,因此就有明天约了基友去打台球！45343351%625245382767377了”搞基”、”基友”（粤语中称”基佬”）这种中文衍生一说。在抗美援朝的战场上,战斗英雄王成冲着对讲机喊出了最后一句话：”为了胜利,向我开炮。”从此影史留名。在影片《英雄儿女》中,王成出场不过十几分钟,但这句台词却成了整部影片的灵魂。记得小时候,伙伴们在一起玩耍时Ⅴ为了xx,向我开炮！为了新中国的建设向我开炮！92827285%7262890918719499都会学着说：”为了××,向我开炮！搜索”结果经常是大家一拥而上把他压在最底下。儿时的玩伴如今已各自忙碌,再次相聚时,谈论最多的仍然是无忧无虑的童年。一句”向我开炮！”竟然重拾了温馨的感觉。世上无难事,只要肯放弃。要命了Ⅴ世上无难事,只xxxx世上无难事,只要肯放弃78262659%626281403892520真的是。70万方数据 网络词汇,灌水和搞笑之用。来源语出我本来不想来回答你的问题,直Ⅳ我的膝盖中了一箭自世界著名魔幻角色扮演游戏《上古64022063%3402101233045322到我膝盖中了一箭。卷轴5:天际》。表示转折和否认。“捉鸡”即是”拙计”,”智商拙计”经常说因为我知道我智商捉鸡答题肯Ⅲ捉鸡526517143%82826187681111成”智商捉鸡”。定各种错。河蟹”,即”和谐”的谐音,是在中国大陆的网络语言。中国政府推行网络管理政策,在屏蔽色情暴力信息的同时,亦曼迷玩残利物浦！巴神惨被「河Ⅲ河蟹98394348%59330315332084231把不利于社会和谐稳定的信息强行移蟹」。除或屏蔽,例如整治互联网低俗之风专项行动。友谊小船最早的说法来自英文友谊一词“friendship”,friend朋友的ship船,而说翻就翻的说法来自曾经流行的一你要是背着我吃好吃的,咱俩的Ⅴxx的小船说翻就翻515193187%22561162528453张恶搞配图”让我们荡起双桨,小船儿小船说翻就翻！说翻就翻。”friendship读起来就像翻的ship。自从上次和橘子聊完之后,我无Ⅲ大宝剑大宝剑,谐音大保健。指足疗。59332667%29402293025194法直视大宝剑三个字了。Ⅲ包治百病包能治百病。包治百病,那高跟鞋治什么？83744039%749291103942245Ablogger’snamewhichisderivedfromⅤ50NerdsofGrey/3302912%766271882190themovie50shadesofGrey.Asuffixusedtodenoteapoliticalscandal.ItsuseoriginatedwiththeFilegateandChinagateareⅤxxgate6652859%828299200143WatergatescandalduringtheNixonexamplesofClintonerascandals.administration.TheBritishExitfromtheEuropeanPeaceoutEurope,I’mgonnaⅤBrexit2920130%66622222590Unionprovidesanewvocabularyforbrexit.71万方数据 futurepoliticalbreakups:Scotxit,Quebecxitand,even,Texit.IvotedforTrumpbecauseIWhenyoumakeadecisionyouinstantlyⅣfeelingbrexitthoughthewouldbethegreatest6081250%909828680088regret.leaderever,I’mfeelingbrexit.ThedabisadancemoveinwhichthedancersimultaneouslydropstheheadImadeitwithoutcrashing,butIⅣdabwhileraisinganarmandtheelbowina3339070%3300833921333hadtodabonce.gesturethathasbeennotedtoresemblesneezing.Person1"HowstheweatheruphowstheweatherupAdickthingyousaytoatallpersontoⅤthere?"88777190%20182153920278therepissthemoff.Person2"Fuckyou."AprefixusuallyprecedingaverbSeriouslythatshittymindlessemphasizingandoftenexaggeratingtheshowneedstobeinstacancelledⅤInsta-2728212%3380084799hasteofsomething,especiallyabeforeIinstasertthisscrewdriverperformedtask.intomypulsatingforehead.AnynewsreportedbymainstreamDonaldTrumpreferstoallofthemediawhichisdeemedunflattering,leakscomingoutregardinghisincriminatingorotherwisehittingtootiestoPutinandRussiafakenewsⅣfakenewsclosetohomeforDonaldTrumpand/orbecauseunlikemostofus,he72920143%228288299130hiscabinetoflapdogRepublicans,believesthattheofficeoftheregardlessofit’sactualfactualnessorpresidencygiveshimthepowertovalidity.reinventreality.DidyouhearthatDonaldTrumpgotTrumpedbyNBC,Macy’s,ⅤTrumpedTobefired.8767121%827235636andothermajorcorporationsbecauseMr.Trumpisaracist.72万方数据 PresidentTrumpandJapanesePrimeMinisterAbehadaWhenahandshakebetweentwopersonstrumpshakeattheWhiteⅤTrumpshakegoespasttheextratime—itcanlastup9887290%3333122320House—didthe"epichandshake"totwenty-oddseconds.setanewrecordindiplomaticcircles?Boy,TheDonaldreallyisaPieceOfTotallyUselessShit/PresidentPOTUS/ⅤPOTUS76661130%2826221156oftheUnitedStatesRonaldReaganwasthefortiethPOTUS.TheCEO’strumpianpolicieshavedrivenbothhiscustomerbaseandemployeestotheiradj:describesanactionorpersonthatiscompetition,SAD!motivatedbyarrogance,Ⅴtrumpian62527145%8272112211self-agrandizement,andwithoutconcernTheTeacher’spunativeactionsforfact,consequenceorresponsibilty.towardsthestudentsshefailedtoadequatlyteacharetrumpianofanature,PATHETIC!Calmdown,stopthrowingaExtremeoverreactiontopersonalⅤtrumpitantrumTrumpitantrum.AllBeckysaid83638076%5059301223234criticism.wasyourhairlookedweird.There’sbeenahellofaThesmellthatoccurswhenaswampistrumparomaaroundheresinceⅤtrumparomadrainedandreplacedwithrawsewage3637238%8221800445theydrainedthatswampandfilledandotherkindsofstinkingwaste.itwithsewage.ⅤtrumpophobiaThefearofDonaldTrumpIhavetrumpophobia.7262825%77684101973万方数据 Sometimes,whenIdrink,IgetTrumpableandwanttodeportall1.tobeinagreeancewithDonaldtheMexicans.TrumpⅤTrumpable2.toshareanidealoftenpreachedby2892811%272859007Myco-workershavedescribedmeDonaldTrumpthatgoesagainstgoodas"Trumpable"becauseIthinktaste,moralsense,etc.womenshouldbepaidlessthanmen.MorethanlikelyisgoingtohappenandGeorgeisTrumpablygoingtoⅤTrumpably2392148%439221076whenitdoesitsgoingtobe,haveapartytonight."HUUUUUUUUUGGGEE"!AfterreadingPresidentDonaldanxietycausedbyPresidentDonaldⅤtrumpadationTrumpslatestTweet,Iwasfilled93739978%86721212387Trumpwithmuchtrumpadation.Carlos-"Iheardthattrump-a-dumpwasamillionⅤtrump-a-dumpAdumpstertooputDonaldtrumpin.dollars."625271140%2229004002201Brock-"Justlikethesmallloanhisfathergavehim"Iwenttotheemergencyroomanewhealthcareinsurancesystemaftertheaccident,theysaid,"weⅤtrumpcarewhereyouautomaticallyloseyour826272912%827244399810can’thelpyou,you’vegothealthcoverageifyouaresickorpoor.trumpcare."74万方数据 Inapressconference,DonaldTrumpsaidthatthereweremaybeTrumpflakesarepeoplethatblindlyamillion,millionandahalfdefendDonaldTrump,nomatterinsanepeopleathisInauguration(anⅤTrumpflakeorbat-shitcrazythecasemaybe.Theyobviouslie).1122332%8020377544arebasicallyflakesthatdefendDonaldTrumpbycallingeveryoneTrumpflakesimmediately‘snowflakes’.defendedtheir(mostly,kindof,alittle)fearlessleader.Aspecificrhetoricinvolving"alternativefacts,"misleadingThetheorytheMexicanmisinformation,fear-inducing,wordgovernmentissendingtheirworstⅤTrumpaganda73628239%8282112122345terror,generallypoorlywritten,andtoourcountryistypicalstructurallyunsound.SeeanysentenceTrumpaganda.spokenbyDonaldJ.TrumpDonaldTrumptiesarecheap,poorly-maderagsthataresoldadiscountandsecond-handstores.PeoplewearingthesetiesarethosewhowishHeyman!CheckoutmyDonaldtheyhadmoreintheirwalletthanjustTrumptie!Ⅴdonaldtrumptielint.Generally,tie-wearersare6562858%5000380204Fuckyou,Iwipemyasswithwanna-beswhoarelookingforsomethoseDonaldTrumpties.attentionandsomethingtobragabout.Inreality,theyarejustembarassingthemselvesandallotherothertie-wearersaroundtheworld.TrumpaigningiswhenyoucampaignsoAllofhisTrumpaigninggothimⅤTrumpaigning82638170%223247492320hardthateverynewsstationintheanunexpectedwin.75万方数据 countryforecastsyouropponenttowin,butintheendyouwinbyalandslideoftheelectoralcollege.AsuffixaddedtoanynountoshowhisstyleisDaVanci-esque,butⅤesque8820044%2039222923sometypeoflikeness.withJohnsinfluenceaswell.SomeonewhodoesadistinctivePresidentBushmispronouncessospecifiedthingsomuch,thattheyareⅤismmanyofhiswordsthattheyare27281958%5291101134460nownotoriousforit.TheyaregenerallynowreferredtoasBush-ism’s...referredasa"theirname"-ism.TheinternetmemewhichresemblestheLuigispritefrom‘MarioisMissing!"WeegeeissaidtobethemostevilbeingOhthatWeegeestuffissuchaintheuniverse,toppingevenPedobearloadofbull---andTailsDoll.HisstareissoⅣweegee*WeegeeStare*7272249%822133029254frightening&blankthatjustthesightofALLHAILWEEGEE,THEGODittransformsthevictimintoaWeegeeOFALLMORTALBEINGS.clone.Weegee’smaingoalistoturntheentirehumanraceintoWeegeesandtakeovertheuniverse.creepy-chanisagirlwidelyknownon4chanmessageboardsasbeingaverystrangegirlwithevenstrangerpictures.creepy-chanftwⅣcreepy-chanitjustsohappensthatsheisacontestantheydidyouseecreepy-chanon2827188%653341294130onamericasnexttopmodelseason12.antm?herrealnameisallisonharvard./b/tardsLOVEHERacompoundofexitandⅢexit-tainingI’mexit-taining.Doyougetit？4932232%193013900249entertaining,meaning“I’mout.”76万方数据 AtermforJustinBieberwhosoundsMann,ThatJustinBeaverissooⅢJustinBeaverlikeJustinBeaverandlookslikea8400354%149330230533321good.beaver.Aninternetmemeusedtodescribeanobjectplacedwithinanothersimilarobject.AdaptedfromtheTVshowPimpYoDawgiherdyoulikecarssoⅣYoDawgMyRideinwhichrapperXzibitweputacarinyocarsoyoucan2939229%937291022370wouldpimpoutoneluckydrivewhileudrive.personsridewithcompletelyuselessshit.Avivid,unpleasantmentalimage(asinanightmare)conjuredinbroaddaylight,Scottstillisn’thomefromthesuchasanimpendingcrash,orathoughtgame,andI’mhavingsuchaⅣdaymare2273230%211163290ofalovedoneindistress,whichcandaymare!Iknowhe’sstretchedcauseastrongemotionalresponsesuchoutonthepavementsomewhere.asfearorhorror.AfascisttwitwhooverusestheirTwitter,andusesitforattentionandto"IwishPOTUSTrumpwouldindoctrinatethefoolish.Synomouswithstoptweetingalready,he’snotaⅣtwitler3724432%5098134587TheOrangeSnowflake,a.k.aOrangewinnernomatterhowmanytimesMussolini,a.ka.OrangeFacedhesaysit,man’sarealtwitler."Shit-gibbon,a.k.aDonaldJ.Trump.WhenyourexperiencelevelinMygirlfriendcaughtmemasturbatinghasreachedthepinnacleⅣdoctorbatingdoctorbatingandwasimpressed6729865%8990178179ofthefieldandhavebeenestablishedaswithmylevelofskillachieved.anexpertinthefield.DoyoumindifIuseyourⅣhotDonaldAlarge,freshdump.21199690%1919107000320restroom?I’mabouttohaveaHot77万方数据 Donald.Anindividualwhotalksonhisorher"Can’tyoustoptalkingontheⅣcellfishcellphoneevenwhendoingsoisrudephonewhileorderingyourhappy3838340%322256227orinconsiderateofotherpeople.meal--that’scellfish"78万方数据 万方数据
此文档下载收益归作者所有
