china’s role in the economy of namibia 2007-2013

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China，SroleintheEconomyofNamibia2007．．2013AThesisSubmittedinPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementFortheDegreeofMastersofArtsinInternationalRelationsRosetaMersiaNawasesChinesename：玫瑰PostgraduateProgramPoliticalScienceInstituteCentralChinaNormalUniversitySupervisor：Prof．ZhaoAcademicTitle：ProfessorSignatureApprovedMay．2014 华中师范大学学位论文原创性声明和使用授权说明原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的研究成果。除文中已经标明引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本文的研究做出贡献的个人和集体，均己在文中以明确方式标明。本声明的法律结果由本人承担。作者签名：日期：五稗年万月刁日学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，即：学校有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权华中师范大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。同时授权中国科学技术信息研究所将本学位论文收录到《中国学位论文全文数据本人已经认真阅读“CALIS高校学位论文全文数据库发布章程”，同意将本人的学位论文提交“CALLS高校学位论文全文数据库”中全文发布，并可按“章程”中的规定享受相关权益。圄意论塞提交卮溢卮；旦坐生；旦二生；旦三生发壶。作者签名：食啦州僻、日期：伽f乍栖月明日导师签名：日期：y瓜∥据％砖‰∥1乞附 Acknowledgments1wouldfirstandformostliketothanktheheavenlyfatherforbringingmethisfarwithmystudies，Ianlblessed．Secondly，tomyfriends，thanksforbeingmysupportsystemduringmythree—yearstayinChinatopursuemystudies，Ioweyou．1wouldfllilllcrlikeacknowledgeandextendmygratitudetomylecturersandespeciallytomysupervisorProfessorZhaoChangFengforassistingandencouragingmethroughoutmystudiesaswellastomyspecialclassmatesthatwerethereformeandworkedhardwithmetoreachhere．Iappreciateallt11atyouhavedone，Godblessyouall! DedicationIdedicatemydissertationworktomyparents，AntonandBlantineNawasebs，mysisters，Diana,DudleyandDeliciamyadorableNephewsDenoandDenver．ThankyouSOmuchfortheloveandsupportyouprovidedformeallthetime，Iloveyou． AbstractThepurposeofthispaperistoexaminethenatureofthePeople’SRepublicofChina’SrelationswithNamibia．Priortoliberation．ChinamaintainedcordiallinkswiththeSouthWestAfricaPoliticalOrganisation(SWAPO)．nlestudyislookingattheforeignrelationsbetweentlletwonationsandthetiesmadefortheeconomicdevelopmentoftheRepublicofNamibiaandhowChinahascontributedtoit．Theperiodof咖dyforthispaperisfrom2007to2013，reasonsbeingtheeconomiccrisisthattookplacein2008indicatingtheriseandfallsofrelationsindifferentsectorsoftheeconomy．乃etheoryofliberalismisusedtoobservethetiesbetweenthetwonations，AftertheNamibianindependencein1990。China-Namibiarelationsstartedtogrow．Onthe22ndMarchl990．thedayafterNamibia’Sindependence，thetwocountriesestablishedadiplomaticrelationshipandhavebeendevelopinginafirmandmorebalancedmannereversince．ChinaandNamibiaregardeachothertobefriends，sharinganewtypeofclosepartnershipbasedonsharedideasofanti—colonialismandanti．imperialism．Thetwogovernmentsarepopularwimoneanotherbecauseofitseffectivetradediplomacy．frequentinvitationsofNamibi锄governmentO伍cialsforstatevisitstoChina．TmSpaperalsofocusesonthebricfhistorybetweenChinaandAfricamlations．mentioningtheSouthernAfric越-iDevelopmentCommunity(SADC)，andcoversareasinwhichNamibiaandChinaarehighlyengaged；lookingatpolitical，economic，technological，culturalandsociairelationshipsaimedatereatingawin．winsituationforbothparties．Keywords：China-Namibia,ForeignRelations，EconomicDevelopment 摘要本文的写作目的是研究中华人民共和国与纳米比亚之间关系的本质。(纳米比亚)解放前，中国就已经跟西南人民组织(SWAPO)保持密切联系。本研究旨在探求两国之问的外交关系(2007．2013年)以及中国在纳米比亚经济发展中起到的促进作用。本文利用自由主义理论探究2008年经济危机的原因以及中国与纳米比亚在不同经济部门的关系．在1990年纳米比亚独立后，中国与纳米比亚关系开始有所发展。在1990年3月22日，纳米比亚独立后的第二天，两国建立了外交关系，并至今～直在以前所未有的稳定和更平衡的方式发展。中国和纳米比亚视对方为朋友，是一种建立在共享着反殖民主义、反帝国主义理念基础上的亲密的伙伴关系。两国政府都因为其有效的贸易外交、纳米比亚政府官员与中国的彼此邀请进行的国事访问而受到欢迎。本文还重点介绍中国和非洲关系的发展简史，讲到了南部非洲发展共同体(SADC)，并涵盖了纳米比亚和中国都高度参与的领域，着眼于双方政治、经济、科技、文化和社会关系，旨在创造一个两党双赢的局面。关键词：中国一纳米比亚，外交关系，经济发展 LISToFABBREVIATIoNSAfricanGrowthandOpportunityActAdministrationQualitySupervision，InspectionandQuarantineCommunistPartyofChinaCommunistPartyChinaNationalOffshore0ilCorporationChinesePeople’SPoliticalConsultativeConferenceChinaInternationalFaitforinvestmentandTradeElectronicDocumentsandRecordsSystemEnvironmentImpactAssessmentExportProcessingZoneEuropeanUnionForumonChina_A6ricaCo—operationForeignDirectInvestmentGrossDomesticProductsInternationalCourtofJusticeInternationalI沁lationsMinistryofCommerceofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaMemorandumofUnderstandingNamibContractHaulageNamibiaBreweriesLimitedNamibianBroadcastingCorporationNamibian-ChineseLovingHeartOrganizationNationalAssemblyAssetRegisterNamibianDollarsNamibiaChamberofCommerceandIndustryNamibiaDefenceForceNamibiaStatistiCSAgencyNationalPovertyReductionActionProgrammeNationalDevelopmentPlansOrganisationoftheafricarlUnity(nOWAfricanUnion(AU))Ohlthaver&ListPeople’PeoplesRepublicOfChinaVAGOAAQSIQCPCCCPCNOOCCPPCCCIFITEDlUⅥSEIAEPZEUFOCACFDIGDPICJIRMOFCOMMOUNCHNBLNBCNCLHONAARNADNCCINDFNSANPRAPNDPs0AUO&LPLANPRC PovertyReductionStrategyRepublicofSouthAfyicaSmallMediumEnterprisesSouthernAf-ricarlDevelopmentCommunitySouthWestAfricaSouthWestAfricanNationalUnionSouth肫stAfricaPoliticalOrganisationUnitedNationsUniversityofNamibiaValHeaddedTaxPRSRSASM匣’sSADCSWASWANUSⅥ硝POUNUNAMVAT TABLEOFCoNTENTSAcknowledgments⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯iDedication⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．赶Abstract⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．iii摘要⋯LlSToFABBREⅥATIoNS⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯。vCHAPTERoNE：Introduction⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．1i)0biectivesofthestudy⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯2ii)TheoreticalFramework⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．2iii)ResearchMethodology⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯⋯．．．．．⋯．．⋯．⋯．2iv)Datacollection⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯．⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．2v)Dataanalysisandorganisationofthedata．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯．⋯．．⋯．⋯．⋯．⋯．．．⋯．⋯．⋯2vi)Limitationsoftheresearch．．．．．．．．．．．⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．31。lHistoryonNamibia’Sindependence⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．31．2ThetheoryofLiberalism(China-Namibia“All·Around”Friendship)⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯41．3BandungConference-1955⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯．⋯．⋯．⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯．⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯51．4The“GoGlobalStrategy”，historyonChina-AfricarelationsandSADCrelations．6i)GoGlobalStrategy．．．．．．．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯．6ii)China-AfricaRelations⋯⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯⋯．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．．．．．．．⋯．⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．．⋯．．6iii)Chiha-SADCRelations⋯．⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯．⋯．⋯．⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯．⋯．⋯．⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯．⋯．．9CHA_PTERTWO：2．LiteratureReview⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯。122．1ChinaandNamibiaForeignrelations⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯．⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯．⋯122．3AspectsofChinesef．orei龃policytowardsNamibia：Namibia’Sforeignpolicysince1990⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯．⋯．⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯11；Namibia’SForeignPolicysince1990⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯152．4TheeconomyofNamibia⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯．⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯l72．5China’SgeneralcontributiontotheeconomicdevelopmentofNamibia⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．24i)T硼e⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯一24ii)Culturalexchange⋯⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯⋯．．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．．．⋯．．．．．．⋯⋯．．．．．．．．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．25iii)Promotingeconomicgrowthandsocialprogress⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯26iv)Politicalexchangeforeconomicgrowth⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯一27C妇rA_PTERTHREE：China’sPresenceinNamibiaforeconomicgrowth(2007-2013)⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．j103．1Namibia’SExportsandImportswithChina⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯303．2Education／Training⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．34 3．3Mining／Construction⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．373．4Agriculture⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯⋯⋯．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．．．．．．⋯⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．393．5Trade／ForeignDirectInvestment⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．403．6Transport⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯423．7Retail⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯423．8EmploymentCreation⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．443．9HealthSector⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．44CHA_PTER4ReasonforthegrowthofforeignrelationsbetweenNamibiaandChina：Pohfics⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯464．1Sino-NamibianPoliticalRelations⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．464．2SⅥAPO，CPCReIations⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．474．3DestructivePerceptionsontheChina-NamibiaRelations．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．48CHAPTER5RecommendationsandConelusion⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯。54i1BuildingCultureRelations⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯一54ii)Import．ExportandManufacturingindustry．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯⋯。．⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．。⋯。．⋯．．．55iii)TradeInvestments⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．55iv)Retailandemploymentcreation⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．55Bibliography⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯58 CHAPTERoNE：IntroductionTIlisstudyisprimarilyfocusingontheeconomicrelationsaswellastheforeignrelationsbetweenthePeople’SRepublicofChinaandtheRepublicofNamibia_Thepaperwilllookintothefoundationoftherelationaswellascertainareasandsectorsthathavekeptitgoing．Italsointendstoincludethesocial，economicandpoliticalaffairsandrolest11eyplayed丽theachotherinthepastaswellasinrecentyearstogetherwithdevelopmentprojectsconducted．111estudywillfurtherexaminehoworwhatrolesChinahasplayedinthedevelopmentandgrowthoftheNamibianeconomywithcriticalanalysisofadjustmentsandamendmentsthattookplaceintheyearsselectedforthestudy．ItwillalsolookatobstaclesandnegativeopinionstherelationsbetweenthetwonationsbroughtaffectingthelocalpeopleandbusinessesoftheRepublicofNamibia．Variouseconomicsectorswillbediscussedindetailtofredresultsrelevanttothetopicoftheresearch．T11iSstudyiSmuchneededtogatherrelevantfindingstobeabletomakeconclusiveresultsofthetopicdiscussedathand．TlliSresearchstudyiSfocusingontheperiodof2007—2013duetoworldfinancialcrisisthatoccurredin2007toseewhetherthisaffectedtherelationsbetween血etwonationsinanyway．Canstar．cornin2012reportedthatGlobalFinancial／economicCrisisstartedinJuly2007．TlliSWaswhenalOSSbyUSinvestorsinthevalueofsub-primemortgagesleadtoaliquiditycrisis，resultinginlargeamountsbeinginsertedintothefinancialmarketsbytheUSFederalBank．In2008，thecrisisgotworseasstockmarketsaroundtheworldpackedup，becameinstable，andresultedintoconsumerconfidencehitthebottomtogetreadyforwhatWascoming．AnotherphaseofglobalfinancialcrisissurfacedinSeptember2008whenthecollapseofLehmanBrothersandtheamounttorescuethisWasUS$700billionproposedbytheU．S．government．ItWasobjected，asitwasahugeamountoftaxpayer’Smoney．Namibiaissituatedonthesouth—westernpartAfrica’s．ItsborderingcountriesareAngolatothenorth，Botswana,ZambiaandZimbabweto也eeastandSouthAfricatothesouth．ThecountryhaspartoftheAtlanticOceaninthewest．Thecountrycovers825．615km2withatotalpopulationof2．3million．ChinaiSsituatedintheeasternpartofAsiaandknowntobetheword’Smostpopulatedcountry、访Ⅱl1．3billionpeoplecoveringapproximately9．6millionsquarekilometres．ItisborderedbyRussia,Mongolia,Vietnam，Indiajusttomentionafewasithasborderswithabout14counWies． i)Objectivesofthestudy·ToinvestigatethehistoricalrelationshipbetweenNamibiaandChinasincethe1960’Sandhowtheylinkedup．·TolookintotheeconomicaffairsofNamibiaandtheroleChinaplayedinthepastaSwellaSthepresentandpossibleplanssuchaSsharingmineralresourcesandothertraderelatiOIlS。·ExaminethepossibilityofChinesebusinessinterestsinNamibiaandtheirrolesplayedintheNamibianeconomy．·ToinvestigatethepositiveoutcomesfromtherelationshipbetweenthetwonatiOIIS·Toexaminethechallenges／negativityfacedinthedevelopmentofNamibiaandpossiblefutureplans啦TheoreticalFrameworkThetheorythatiSusedinthisresearchiStheIiberalisttheory．Detailedinformationonliberalismisprovidedinthepaper．iii)ResearchMethodologyAexploratoryqualitativeresearchdesignfurtherwillallowthestudytoseekin—depthinformation．iv)DatacollectionTllisstudyisbaSedonprimaryandsecondarydata,athoroughreviewofliteraturebasedonthestudyathand，officialmediareports(especiallyNamibiaPressAgencyandtheXinhuaPressNewsandlocaldailynewspapersfromNamibiaandChina)andpolicydocuments．Further．informationonChinesetradesandinvestmentsinNamibiaandvise—versawereobtainedfromtheEmbaSsyofthePeople’SRepublicofChinaintheRepublicofNamibia-Windhoekwebsite．O伍cialdocuments．documentsfromtheNamibianEmbaSsyinChina-Beijing，MinistryofTradeandIndustryNamibia,NamibianMinistryofForeignAffairs,theMinistryofForeignAffairsinChinaNamibiaStatisticsAgency，BankofNamibiaweregathered．v)DataanalysisandorganisationofthedataToanalysetherolesofChineseinvestmentsontheNamibianeconomyandthelabourmarket,theresearchpaperusedbothdescriptivemethodsintheformofgraphicalnotationsandqualitativemethodsofresearch．2 vi)LimitationsoftheresearchnleresearchprocessfacedanumberofchallengesregardingdatacollectionassomeinformationmightbeconsideredconfidentialespeciallyaidandfiguresgivenaSwellasavailabilityofpeoplewitllnecessaryinformation．1．1History011Namibia’SindependenceSouthWestAfrica(SWA)nowknownastheRepublicofNamibia,acountryintheSouthernpartofAfricaWasauthorisedtoSouthAfricain1920bytheLeagueofNationsfollowingthedefeatoftheformercolonialpowerGermany．After1949，thewhiterepresentativesofSWAjoinedtheSouthAfricanparliamentandthatbroughtthepracticeofApartheidltobeenforcedinSWA．TheblackAfricansreactedagainstSouthAfrica’sruleinSWAin1959andformedtheSouthWestAfl'icanNationalUnion(sw心q-u)andaboutayearlatertheSouthWestAfricaPeople’SOrganisation(SWAPO)Wasestablished(Taylor,2006)．nletwoorganisationsthenopenedheadquartersinTanzaniawimintentionstotakeuparnlsagainstSouthAfrica’spresenceinNamibia．However,theOrganisationofAfricanUnity(OAU)questionedthewholeplan,SouthWestAfricaPoliticalOrganisation(swA20)answeredinthefavourablewaythatleadtoSWAPObeingrecognisedastheofficialliberationorganisationinSWAandSWANUlostOAU’Ssupport(Gibson，1972)．111ePeople’SRepublicofChinainitiallydealt、ⅣiⅡlbothSWAPOandSWANUsincethe1960’S．DuringthestruggleforfreedomfromtheSouthAfricangovemmeITLSWAPOsentvolunteerstoChinafortrainingandadoptedelementsofMaoistguerrillathinkingintheirmilitarytacticsagainstSouthAfrica(Dreyer，1994)．Thatiswhentherelationshipbetweenthetwonationsstarted．Between1990and2009，developmentaidfromChinahadreachedtheN$1billion(US$9,498，796．71)mark2．ChinahascontributedsignificantlytothebuildingofinfrastructureinNamibia(Amadhila,2012)．Sino-NamibianrelationsCanbecharacterisedbygrowinginvestment,aidandtrade．Howeveronewouldsaythat也erootofthisrelationisthepoliticalaspectlookingbackatthepastandhowstrongithasbecomehavingahugeimpactonkeepingthebondbetweenthetwonationsinotherareasstrong．1Apartheidisall“Afrikaanslanguage’’termusedforracialdiscriminationoriginatingfromSouthAfrica．21NAD=0．585375CNY．Source：ht-tp：／／www．xe．com／currencyconverter／converV?Amount—=—100000000．0．．．．&．．．．．．．．．．F．．．．．．r．．．．．o．．．．．．m．．．．．．．．．=NAD&．．．．．．．T．．．．．．．o．．．．．．=．．．．．．．C．．．．．．．N．．．．．．．．．Y．——3 ⑧硕士学位论丈MASTER’STHESlS1．2ThetheoryofLiberalism(China—Namibia“All-Around’’Friendship)ThelinkagesbetweendevelopmentdiscoursesandtheoriesofInternationalRelations(IR)areoftenunderstoodratherthanclear．However,bothsharesomethingofaEurocentricandreductionismwhichplacesAfricaasthesubjectofhistoryandmodernity(Pieterse，1995)．Liberalismisoneofthemainschoolsofinternationalrelations．Itisknowntobeapoliticalphilosophybasedonequality，independenceandpeace．ItallstartedduringtheAgeofenlightenment．LiberalismalsoknownasIdealismemphasizesondiversityandmulticultumlism，aswellasbenefitinginexchangingeconomiccompetitionsamongstnations．111eideasaboutthenatureofactorsinworldpolitics，thenatureofthecontextthatsurroundsthoseactorsandthenatureoftheinteractionsbetweenthemaredescribedbyInternationalRelationstheoriesliketheliberalisttheory(BaandHoffman,2003)．TherisiIlgforcesofeconomicglobalizationthathavemadetheworldamuchsmallerplace．particularlysincetheendoftheColdW缸hasbeenindicatedbyLiberalinternationalists(Gismondi，2008)．Gismondialsostatedthatmanyliberalsseektocreateawin-winworldorderinwhicheveryoneCanbenefitfromthechangestakingplace，i．e．inwhicheveryonecanpursuehisorherowninterests．ManywouldalsoarguethatdoingSOisamoraldutyforthosepopulations，andthestatestlleyinhabit,fortunateenoughtohavetheresources，tohelpbringaboutsuchaworld。ChinaandNamibiahaveafriendlytiedatedfrom也e1960’SasChinahasbeenamongtheworld’Smosteconomicallyandtechnologicallyadvancednations．111eSouth·southSolidarity，cooperationandmutualsupportareknowntobethedefiningcharacteristicsoftherelationshipbetweenNamibiaandChina．ItisallbasedonequalityandpoliticalrespectbetweennatiOIlS．ChinaWasoneofthefwstcountriesthatestablishedrelationswithNamibiaimmediatelyaftertheproclamationofNamibia’Sindependence．China’Sdevelopmentoverthepasthalfcenturyhasalwaysreliedonintemationalmarkets，whetherforrawmaterialsortechnologytransfer．The1960’Swereknowntoaperiodofmoreintemallyfocuseddevelopment,whichsawintensivemilitaryactionsandadecentralizationofdevelopmentinordertomakeprovincesself-sufficient．Thesewereb0廿lresponsestowhatWassaidtobeChina’Sthreatofinvasion．(Dent,2011)．neTwosidesagreedtofurtherexpandthescaleofbilateraltrade．aswellastopromoteandencouragemoreChineseenterprisestoinvestinNamibia,andprovidevocationaltrainingtohelpcreatemoreemploymentopportunitiestoNamibians．TlIisisaclearindica：cionthatthetheoryof1iberalismWasputtouseasthisresultstopositiveoutcomesonbothsides．BilateraleconomicandtechnicalcooperationagreementWas4 alsosignedduringthetalks．11listookplaceduringHon．Mr．ChenDeming，MinisterofCommerceofthePeople’SRepublicofChinavisittoNamibiainFebruary2013(EmbassyofPeople’SrepublicofChinaintheRepublicofNamibia,2013)．AnotherpointthatshowsthattheliberalismtheoryisrelatedtotheChina-NamibiarelationsaswellasChina／AfricarelationsisbackdatedtotheBandungconferencethattookplacein1955asmentionedinChapterone．TheConferencebroughttogetherforthefirsttimeAsianandAfricannations，itwasperceivedasthestartingponforChina-Africarelationsinthemodemera．Chinahadbeencontributoryinsettingupthesummitmeeting，asitadoptedFivePrinciplesofPeacefulCo-ExistencebeingbasedonapriorunderstandingestablishedbetweenChinaandIndiaayearearlierbeforetheconference(Dent,20111．DentfurthernotedthattheBandungConference’Smainthemesanddeclarationsemphasisedtherespectforsovereignty，non-interferenceintheinternalaffairsofothernations，economicandtechnicalco—operation，mutualbenefit,theneedsandfightsofdevelopingnationsthatincludesinvestmentanstabilisingprimaryproductpricesaswellaspeacefulCO—existence．，nleMinisterofTradeandIndustryinNamibiaHon．C．SchlettweinstatedthatChinaisanimportanttradingpartneraswellasasourceofforeigndirectinvestmentsintoNamibiaandSADCespeciallyininfrastructuredevelopment,miningandenergy．TllisWasmentionedduringtheChina-NamibiaBusinessForumthattookplaceinMarch,2013inWindhoek，Namibia．1．3BandungConfefence-1955TlliSwasknowntobethefirsteverlargescaleAfrican—AsianConferencethatWasheldinBandung，IndonesiainApril，1955．111egovernmentsofBurma,India,Indonesia,PakistanandSriLankaCO．sponsoredtheBandungConference．Representativesfromtwenty·ninegovernmentsofAsianandAfricannationsgatheredinBandung，IndonesiatodiscusspeaceandtheroleoftheThirdWorldintheColdWar．economicdevelopment,anddeeolonization．nliSiswherethewholerelationshipbetweenthetwocontinentsstarted．TheaimsofthisconferenceweretopromoteAfro．Asianeconomicandculturalcooperationaswellastoopposecolonialismorneo—colonialismbyanynations．TheconferenceWasanimportantsteptowardstheformationoftheNon—AlignedMovement．ThecoreprinciplesoftheBandungConferencewerepoliticalself-determination,mutualrespectforsovereignty，non-aggression,non-interferenceininternalaffairs，andequality．111eattendeessignedacommuniquethatincludedarangeofconcreteobjectives；someofthegoalsthatwerediscussedwereasmentionedbeforetopromoteeconomicandcultural5 cooperation，protectionofhumanrightsandtheprincipleofself-determination，acallforanendtoracialdiscriminationwhereveritoccurred，andarecapoftheimportanceofpeacefulcoexistence．1．4The“GoGlobalStrategy"，historyonChina-AfricarelationsandSADCrelationsi)GoGlobalStrategyIn1978，Chinabegantoimplementitspolicyofreformandopeningup，givingtopprioritytoeconomicdevelopment．DengXiaopinglaunchedasecondrevolutionthatinvolvedreformingChina'seconomicsystemandopeninguptotheoutsideworld．111eDengeraisknowninChinaasthePedodofReformandOpening．111eGoingGlobalStrategywaspartofthereformationprocessandthiswastoaccelerateChina'sdevelopmentandmodernizationprocessesandbroughtgrowthopportunitiestoChineseenterprises．nle“GoingGlobalStrategy”alsoknownasthe“Gooutpolicy”WasofficiallyannouncedduringthefirstinvestmentandtradefairofficialopeningceremonythatWaSheldin2001inXiamen，诵ththeintentionsofatwo·wayinvestmentstrategyinanintroductiontoall-aroundintegrationintotheglobaleconomy．However，theChinesegovernmentin1999initiatedthisstrategy．TIliswastomeetthedemandsofinternationalanddomesticsituationsaswellasforthedevelopmentoftheChineseeconomy．AccordingtothestatisticsreportreleasedbytheMinistryofCommerceofthePeople’SRepublicofChina(MOFCOM)on30August2012，China’SnetoutwardForeignDirectInvestment(FDI)WaSus$74．65billionin201l，up8．5％yearonyear．ChineseformerVicePremier缪西BangguomentionedthatthisWasforChinatoencouragecompetitiveenterprisestogoglobalbyinvestingabroad．OneofthemainaimsforthisstrategyweretopromoteforeigncapitalinflowtoboostChina’Soverallinvolvementintheglobaleconomiccooperation．ii)China-MricaRelationsChinese-AfricanrelationsbecameaniSSUCofincreasingimportanceleadinguptothe2006China-AfricaSummitinBeijing(Alden,Large&DeOlivera,2008；Amadhila,2012)．ThefoundingofthePeople’SRepublicofChinain1949markedtheinitiationofcontemporaryChina-AMcatradeandeconomicrelations．Fromthe1950stothe1970s．AfricancountrieswerepreoccupiedwiththeirfightfornationalliberationwhileChinaworkedtosafeguarditsownsovereigntyandterritorialintegrity(China-AfricaTradeandEconomicRelationshipAnnualReport,2010)．Chinaisoneofmflica’smostimportanttradeandeconomicpartners．By1978．Chinahadalreadyestablisheddiploma廿crelationswith40Africancountries，providingAfricannationswithitssupport．Chineseeconomic6 ⑧硕士学位论文MASTER‘STHESISapproachisbasedoninvestmentflowsinexchangeforrawmaterials，onaproductioncycledestinedtogrow．However，Chinesesupporttohfl'icanStatesCAllbeconsideredaself-fmancedformofterritorialexploitation．OnlytheinfrastructureChinapromisedandstartedbuildinginSub-SaharanAfricasoftenedtheInternationalMonetaryFund’Scriticismagainstsuchmassivespeculativeinvestments．AngolabecameChina’SmajorAfricanpartnersince2008．About24％ofSino—Africantradeand16％ofChineseoilimportspassthroughLuanda(Dent，2011)．Sincetheverybeginning，theprofitableandlong·lastingparlaaershipbetweenAfricaandChinaWasbasedonthecomplementaritiesofactors’needsandthecapacitytomutuallyfulfilthem．China,considerednothingmorethanabitplayerbythemaincharactersofworldconflict,penetratedinsilencemarketsthatEuropeandtheUnitedStatesweredisregardinganditconsolidateditsgrowth．wimannualincreaseratesupto16％ofGrossDomesticProducts(GDP)．ChinareinforceditsinfluenceandgaingroundinAfricabecauseitsuniquerequirementforbilateralrelationsWastherespectofthefiveprinciplesofpeacefulcoexistencementionedbefore．The“Angolanmodel”，acommercialextensionofChinesecooperativepolicy，isbasedontheprincipleoffinancialcredit．ChinahasenormousmonetaryresourcestoinvestinAfrica,anditneedsbothraWmaterialstoimportandmarketswhereitcanexportitsproducts．Africa,ontheotherside，isoftenrichinrawmaterialsbutitlacksthetechnologynecessarytoexploitthem．Moreover，ChinaassistedAfricancountriesbyimportingnewsisalvarietiesfromZambia,neworangevarietiesandplantationtechniquesfromMorocco，andcottonplantationtechniquesfromEgyptandTogo．DuringhisvisittotenAfricannationsinlate1963andearly1964，theChinesepremierZhouEnlaistoppedatoilrefineriesinEgypt，Algeria,MoroccoandGhanatoobservetheiradvancedoilrefmingtechnology(China-AfricaTradeandEconomicRelationshipAnnualReport,2010)．TheexportsofAfricancountries‘naturalresourcestoChinahasgrowntremendously．Thespeedwimwhichtheseaccomplishmentshavetakenplace、析tllapositivesignificancefortheAfricangovernmentsandpopulationatthelowestlevel(Tembe，Xu,2013)．PovertyoccurrencetendedtobelowerwherethemanufacturingsectorWasrelativelylabourintensivewithacreationofjobsaroundthelocationofChinesecompanies．ExportingsectorplaysaroletoreducepovertyinthesecountrieswhereChinesecompaniesarelocatedbyabsorbingsurpluslabourfromruralareasmeynoted．China’SengagementinAfricaisneededinordertoenlightenthecomplexityandnatureofitsmassivepresenceintherichcontinent,Africa,Chinamostlytargetedcountriesthatproducedoilandthosethathavegrowingeconomies．Theinaugural7 meetingoftlleForumonChina-AfricaCo—operation(FOCAC)WaSconvened11"12000atBeijing(Dent,2011)．Duringthemiddleyearsofthetwentiethcentury，theMaoistChinafundedandeducatedsub．SaharanAfricananticolonialliberationmovementandleaders(Rotberg，2008)．TheyalsoprovidedmilitaryhardwareandtrainingaswellasChineselabourandcapitaltoconstructrailwaysandroadstosomeAfricancountries．Moreover，China’Srelations谢也AfricausedChinesepolicymakingandideologyastheyhavegivenwaytothepragmaticpursuitofeconomicadvancement(Ravalion，2009)．ZeynepErdal，(2014)wroteinanarticlethatfrom2005to2009thenumberofAfricanstudentspursuingtheirstudiesabroadincludingChinahasincreasedfrom284，762in2005to326，597in2009．ErdalfurtherstatedontheConsultancyAfricaIntelligencewebsitethatinthepastthemainstudydestinationsforAfricanstudentshavebeentheUnitedStates，theUnitedKingdom，FranceandotherEuropeancountriesthatcolonisedAfricancountries．However，、柝mtheemergingpresenceofChinainthecontinenLAfricanstudentsfoundanewdestinationasachoicetopursuetheirstudies．TIlisisencouragedmorebythegovernment’sscholarshipprogrammethattheChinesegovernmentoffersannually．Chinapurchased13，000tonsofcottonfromEgypt，helpingthecountryresisteconomicsanctionsimposedbywesterncountriesin1955．In1956，ChinaprovidedEgyptwitllagrantof20millionSwissfi'ancstohelpitreclaimtheSuezCanal．ThatactionmarkedChina'sfirstdirecteconomicassistancetoAfrica．Inl963．ChinasentamedicalteamtoAlgeria,thefirsttimeChinaprovidedsuchmedicalassistancetoAfrica．MoredevelopmentprojectswiUbediscussed．TheformationofForumonChina—A￡晤caCo—operation(FOCAC)WasconvenedinOctober2000inBeijing．(Li，Liuet．A1，2012)，wrotethatitisamultilateralplatformforexchangeandcooperationbetweenChinaandAfricancountriesthathaveformaldiplomaticrelationshipswithChina,andcoversvariousaspectsofpolitics，trade，economy，societyandculture．ChinaandAfricahaveenrichedeachotherintellectually，culturally，andcommercially．TradeandinvestmentflowsbetweenAfricaandChinasteadilybuiltduringthe1990s，aprocesslargelydrivenbyChina’Srapiddevelopment．Nevertheless，eversincethe1990sChinasoughttostrengthenitsrelationswithindividualAfricancountriesrangingfrompolitical，economic，tradeaswellaLsmilitaryandCO．operationonmultilateralissues．BeforegeRingtothepresentsituationhowever,Sino·Africaneconomicrelationpassedthroughvariousstagesofdevelopment．Focusingmoreontheeducationalaspectofthisrelation，Erdal，(2014)mentionedt11atsincetheestablishmentofFOCACtheSino-Africaneducationalcooperationhasdevelopedrapidly．Chinaoffersawiderangeofshort-termtrainingcoursesthrough8 FOCACtoA衔Callcountries．ByJuneof2010．theprovisionoftrainingprogrammesforover30，000AfrieaIlshadbeenseenandallincreasingnumberofAfricanstudentsareselectingChinaastheirpreferredstudydestination．乃eSino-Africaneducationalcooperationbeganin1956andincludedonlyafewcountrieswithwhichChinahadestablisheddiplomaticrelations，suchasKenya,Egypt，UgandaandCameroon．However，astimewentbymoreAfricancountriesstartedbmldingdiplomaticrelationswithChinaandmorecooperation’Sweremade．inthecaseofNamibiaasitstartedinthe1960’SandmadeofficialafterNamibia’Sindependenceinl990．BeforetheeruptionoftheCulturalRevolution(devil)thatisolatedChinafromtheoutsideworld．onlyahandfulofAfricanstudentswerepursuingtheirstudiesinChina(Erdal，2014)．However，intheearly1970sChinatriedtore—establishitsrelationswiththeoutsideworldandthenumberofexchangestudentsincreasedindicatingtheimportanceoffurtheringcooperation、析tlltherestoftheworldthrougheducation．iii)China-SADCRelationsSADCwasdeeplychangedin1994，whenSouthAfricajoinedtheorganizationaftertheendofApartheid．ThereWasmuchdiscussiononthecommunity’Sfunctionintheabsenceofitsnaturalrival．珊sWastomaintainSADCtohelpitsmembersinthecompetition诵tllotheremergingcountries，inagloballandscapecharacterizedbytheUnitedStates’supremacy，Europe’Sgrowingstrength，China’SandIndia’Srise．TheSADCgeographicarea,wheremostChineseinvestmentsareconcentratingtoday，includessomeoftheworld’Smostimportantoil，gold，anddiamondcredits．Chinesepresenceisstrongandwell—organizedhere；aroundthousandsofChineseresidinginAfricaownmorethantwomillionhectaresofland．InadditiontoBeijinggovernment’SanditsStateOwnedEnterprises’investmentsintheagricultural，mineral，andindustrialsector，moreandmoresmallandmedium—sizedChinesefirmsarespreadingintheA．f／Jeancontinent．SouthernAfl'icahasalwaysbeenoneofthemainfocusesforChina．Unfairmobaleconomic，politicalsystemandforChinatoregainitsrightfulplaceledthecountrytoconstructalinkagewiⅡlthedevelopingworld．T11iswastomarkitsownpositionintheinternationalS)，stemasamajorpowerininternationalaffairs．(Taylor,2006)．SouthernAfricawasthef．璐tareawhereChinaengagedwiththeanti—colonialmovementsandexpendedthemostenergy，italsoexpandeditseconomicfield．TaylorfurtherstatedthatthePRC’SpolicyfulfilmentinSouthemAfricahasexhibitedfaithfulnessthathassurvivedmomughdevelopmentsinthepost-Maoera．AftertheseriesofreformsintroducedbyChairmanMaoT踞一tung，thatinducedChinesepeopletoaninteuseandcomprehellsivedevelopmentfrom1966to1969．ChinaenteredtheAfricansceneby9 financingtheconstructionofTaZarain1976．nlerailwaylineconnectingTanzaniaandZambiaenabledcopperexportsfromZambia’SmineswithouthavingtopassthroughSouthAfricaintheyearsofApartheid．AfricaisacontinentthatmaypermitChinatorecycleitsmassiveforeignexchangereservesintoprofitableinvestmentsoverseas(Tembe&Xll-2013)．WhenChairmanMaodiedandDengXiaopingrose，Chinareconsidereditstacticsandbeganputtingmoreemphasisonitseconomicdevelopment(Tounkara,2010)．China’Semphasisesonsovereignty，oppositiontohegemonyandself-relianceinreturnforanewintemationaleconomicorder．AnewrelationshipwasestablishedbetweenChinaandAfrica．Theemphasiswereonfivepoint；reliablefriendship，sovereignequality，non—intervention,mutualbeneficialdevelopmentandlastlyinternationalcooperation．3Sub—SaharanAfricaisrepresentedbytheSouthernAfricanDevelopmentCommunity(SADC)-afreetradeeconomiccommunitysettledin1980tocontrastSouthAfrica’ssegregationistpower．DuringtheFOCACsummitthatwasheldin2006inChina,PresidentHuJintaooutlinedtheChinesefbrei印policytowardsAfricatothe46headsofstates(IncludingSADCMembers)thatwerepresentatthesummit(Dent,2011)．Someoftheseprincipleswere：·Sincerity,friendshipandequality。Mutualbenefi‘reciprocityandcommonprosperity：China’SpromotionofdevelopmentCO—operationwithAfricainitsvariousforms．totllemutualbenefitofbothparties．·MutualsupportandcloseCO—ordination：China’ScommitmenttostrengthenCO—operationwithAfricaatmultilaterallevels，drawingupontheintemationalcommunitytoplayamoreactivepartinAfrica’speaceanddevelopment．‘Mutuallearningandcommonpathsofdevelopment：Strengthenedexchangeandco-operationinvarioussocialfields，aswellasChina’SsupportforenhancingcapacitybuildingandsustainabledevelopmentinAfrica．ThesecomplementaritiesofneedsarethesupportoftheSino-Africandevice．Beijingofferstherealizationofinfrastructureandgreatworksinexchangefortheexclusiveexploitationofmineralandoilresources．Moreover，ChinawantsallinterventionstobeimplementedthroughChinesematerialsandlabourforce，reducinglocalparticipationandpreventinganycompetitiveadvancebynationaleconomies．Major3In1996．PresidentJiangZeminvisitedAfricaandpresentedfivepointproposalstatingthetermsofthenewrelationshipChinaestablishedwitIlAfrica．10 ChineseminingandoilsocietieslikeSinopec．ChinaMinmetalsandChinaNationalOffshoreOilCorporation(CNOOC)succeededingeaingcontrolofAfrica’Smineralresourcesofteninjointventures、Ⅳitlllocalgovernments，plunderingtheirterritoryandexploitingtheirlabourforcewithoutgeneratinganadequatedevelopmentforlocalpopulation．Inaddition，thelackofhealthprotectionandworkplacesafetystandardsincompaniesresultedmorethanonceinseriousaccidents，suchasthe2005ChambishiminedisasterthathadoccurredinZambia(Borzini，2010)．LookingintootherexamplesofhowChinahasbeeninvolvedintheeconomicdevelopmentofSADCcountries；accordingtoTembeandXu2013，ChinahasbecomethebiggestpartnerofAfricawithbillionUSDinvestments．In2012．AfricareceivedUSD40billionandfromtheChinese．Mozambiquewithin5yearsbenefitedwithanamountofUSD3billion．Theyfurtherwrotethattherearemorethan50companiesoperatinginMozambiquefromsmall，mediumtolargecompanies．Inthesameyear，MozambiquereceivedfromChinaUSD72millionfromatotalof500millionnecessarytobuildabridgethatwilllinkthecapitalMaputo晡thKatembebayalsolocatedinMaputo，agreementsignedin2010inShanghaionaprojectcalledMaputo—ShanghaiTwincities．WenJiabao，FormerPremierstatedduringhistourtosixAfricancountriesinJune2006that900projeetsofeconomicandsocialdevelopmentinAfricahadbeencompleted(Tembe&Xu20l31．ThenumberofgovernmentscholarshipshadbeentripledonlyforAfricanstudentsduetoseveralgovernmentagreementsandtheexportsofdiamondstoChinawereashJIghas80％in1996androsetonearlya100％in2005theyfurthernoted．BelowiSatableofexportsfromAfricatoChinafrom1995to2005takenfromNaidu,&Mbazima,D(2008)quotingWorldAtlasDatainTralacDataanalysis． CHAPTERTWO：2．LiteratureReview2．1ChinaandNamibiaForeignrelationsNamibia’SforeignpolicymirrorstheawarenessofdevelopingbilateralrelationsthathelpsthecountrywithitseconomicdevelopmentgoalsthereforemaintainstheimportanceofhavingrelationswithcountriesinSouthEastAsia(China)becauseofitsfastgrowingeconomyandhighpercentageoftheworld’Sbuyingpower．NamibiaestablishedstrongbilateralrelationswithChina,Indonesia,India,Japan，NorthandSouthKorea,Malaysia,SingaporeandThailandwithithavingdiplomaticmissionsinChina,IndiaandMalaysia(Amadhila,2012)．NamibiahadestablishedanembassyinChinawithparallelauthorisationforCambodia,theDemocraticPeople’SRepublicofKorea,theRepublicofKorea,Laos，Mongolia,PakistanandVietnam(Pisani，2014)．Namibia-Chinarelationsislookedindetailashistoryfocusingontheinitiationoffriendshipwi也the“dragon”inexile(1960—1976)．courtingfriendship、杭ththe“dragon'’inexile(1977—1989)，consolidatingfriendship诵廿1the“dragon'’afterindependence(1990—2000)．aswellaSthechangingfaceofthedragon(2000topresent)(／／Guoib，20131。UIlitystimulatedbetweentheCommunistPartyofChina(CPC)andSWAPO，arelationshipthatpersiststothepresentday(Pisani，2014)．PisaninotedthatPIⅪprovidedpoliticalsupporttoNamibiaduringtheliberationstruggleandtheformerpresidentofS洙心OalsovisitedChinaseventimesinthe1970sand1980s．withafurtherfiveO伍cialvisitsafterhewassworninasthefirstPresidentofanindependentNamibia．TheformerPrimeMinisterNahasAngdain20l0remarkedt11atNamibiaappreciatedthe“disinterestedassistanceChinahasgiventoNamibiaforitseconomicandsocialdevelopment”andhopedthatthetwocountrieswouldmakea“io血efforttopromotebilateralcooperationinallareasandelevatethelevelofmutuallybeneficialcooperation'’(ForumonChina-AfricaCooperation，2010；Amadhila,2012)．IklationsbetweenNamibiaandChinawereproducedwiththeformerliberationmovementduringthelong—drawn—outliberationstruggleinthemid-1960’S．ChinasupportedNamibiadiplomaticallyaswellaswithmilitarysupportduringthecountry’Sliberationstruggle．TheycontributedsomealTnsliketheChinesestickgrenadesthatwerediscoveredatt11eSWAPO锄nSdumpafterindependence．Inl976．theU血edNations(切町passedaresolution385callingforwithdrawalofSouthAfricantroopsandtheprogresstoademocraticelectionandindependenceforNamibia(Taylor,2006)．Chinathensupportedtheresolution,buthadreservationsabouttheelections郡S降名12 ⑧硕士学位论文MASTER、STHESISwasstillunderPretoria’ScontrolandaccordingtoBeringfreeelectionswereunlikelytobehonoured．nerelationshipthencontinuedafterNamibiagaineditsindependeneefromSouthAfricainMarch．21stl990．ChinathenestablisheditsO伍cialdiplomaticrelationswithNamibiaonthe22ndMarch1990iustthedayafterthenationgaineditsindependence(Odada&Kakujaha—Matundu,2008)．NamibiahasalsosupportedChinawiththeissueofTibet．TheyregardTibetasallessentialpartChinadoomsactivitiesandorchestratedactsofviolencewhichhavebeenmastermindedbytheSO．calledTibetangovernmentinexile．NamibiahaspledgeditssupporttoChinatoensureapeacefulresolution．SovereigntyiSaveryimportantpartofbothNamibiaandChina’SinterestsanditformsacommonbasisforitsbilateralrelationsthatiswhyNamibiaalSOsupportsthe“OneChinaPolicy”．China-NamibiaFriendshiphassolidpublicandsocialfound撕on．despiteof廿1egeographicaldistancebetweenandthedifferencesinlandarea,population，politicalsystemanddevelopmentmode4．Therelationshipbetweenthetwonationshasdevelopedcontinuously,thisisbydeepeningcooperationinpolitical，economicandculturalareas．Theycreatedastrategicpartnershipbasedonpoliticalequalityandmutualtrust，economicwin—wincooperationandculturalexchanges．Asmentionedbefore．theO伍cialrelationsbetweenNamibiaandChinabeganintheearly1960’SwiththeNamibianindependencemovements．111epoliticalrelationswhichisthemostimportantaspectofthisrelationsalegeeingincreasinglyclosewitllfrequentexchangesofhigh-levelvisitsandtheextendingofmutualsupportonissuesconcerningeachother'scoreinterests(Jia,2009；Utesch,2013)．VisitsbyseniorNamibianpoliticiansandO伍cialstoChinaandbyChineserepresentativestoNamibiahavetakenplaceonaregularbasissince1990．ThefoundingPresidentDrNtljomavisitedChinaonseveraloccasionsafterindependencein1992．1996，1999，2000，2004．InMarch2005，whenthecurrentPresidentHifikepunyePohambatookovertheoffice．TheformerChinesePresidentJiangZeminvisitedNamibiain1996，whileChineseForeignMinisterTangJiaxuanvisitedin2000andformerpresidentHuJintaoalSOvisitedin2007duringhistouraroundAfrica(Pisani，2014)．InApril，2014，thePrimeMinisterofNamibia,Hon．Dr．HageGeingob，arrivedinBeijingforhisoneweek0伍cialvisit．ThePrimeMinistermetwithnationalleadersofthePeople。SRepublicofChina,signingaseriesofcooperationagreementsandattendedtheBoaoForumforAsiaAnnualConference2014astheonlyrepresentativefromAfrica．111iswashissecondvisitasthePrimeMinisterafteralapseof23years．andheled4Source：TheEmbassyofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaintheRepublicofNamibiahttp：／／n&chineseembassy．org／eng／sgxw／t1144716．hlm．13 actuallythebiggestdelegationsinceindependence．nepurposeofthisvisitwastodeepenpoliticalmutualtrustbetweenthetwonationsandtopromotepracticalcooperationofeconomyandtradeandlcadaneweraofChina-NamibiaFriendship．Eversincetradevolumebetweenthetwocountriesincreasedrapidlyandbilateralcooperationinareassuchaseconomy，trade，jurisdiction，education，health，andSOonhasbeenontherise(Utesch，2013)．Withitseconomicmuscle，ChinaiScapableofbackingitstraderelationswithNamibiaandAfricaasawholewithaid，developmentassistance，debtrelief,scholarshipsforstudentsandgovernmentofficials，trainingforcivilservantsandthesecuritysector，construction，andtechnicalsupport(Pisani，2014)．CitiesinthetwocountriesgotlinkedwithmorecommercialandculturalexchangesbetweenpeopleassomeChinesebusinessmengoestoNamibiatoinvestmakingcontributionstoenrichinglocalmarkets，improvingthelivingstandardsofthelocalsandarrestingunemploymentandpoverty(Liang，2007)．111eUnitedStatesofAmerica’SembassyinNamibiareleasednotedonWil江eaksthatAmericaiScloselymonitoringtherelationshipbetweenNamibiaandChinasaidtheformerUSambassadortoNamibia．Namibia’SlawmaterialssuchaSuraniuln．zincandliquidgasthatcouldbeproducedinthefuturearethetiesofChina’Slong-termrelationship晰tllNamibia(Mathieu,2011)．ThenumberofChinesenationalsacrossNamibiahast覃'ovcnestimatedin2008atbetween3000to4000whileNamibia’StradewithChinaiSsteadilyincreasing．MathieualSOnotedthatitwasrecordedin2008ChineseconstructioninwhichChinesecompaniescontrolledasmuchas70percentofthemarketshareandretailcompaniesplayanincreasingroleinthelocalsector诵mgrowinglocaldislike．Moreover，militarycooperationiSimportantbetweenthetwonationsasthebilateralcooperationincludesNamibia-basedpilottraining．donationsofChinesemilitaryhardwareandChina-hasedmilitarytrainingforNamibiaDefenceForce(NDF)personnel．“TheChineseareheretostay，asevidencedbythenewChineseembassycompoundbeingbuiltinWindhoek’’saidMathieuin2008．ShefurthernotedthattherewereconcernsthattheChineseembassyhadinstalledaradiorepeateratofthehighestpointsinWindhoekallowingthemtointermptAmericanembassy’Sradiosignals．However,sheaddedthatt11eUSEmbassycouldnotconfirmwhethertherehavebeenanyattemptstodoSO．Mso，ChinagaveNamibiaaN$30milliongrantforspecificprojectssetoutintheThirdNationalDevelopmentPlan(NDP3)，whilethetwostatesalsoagreedtoaninterest—freeloanofaflLrtherN$30millionforunspecifiedpurposes(Weidlich．2007；Pisani，2014)．Utesch,2013alsowrotethatChinaandNamibiaareall·weatherfriendsbecausethetwocountrieshavesimilarhistoricalexperiencesandcommoninterestsboth14 beingdevelopingcountriesthusleadingtothebilateralrelationsbetweenthetwonationsoutstandinginforeignrelations．Chinaisoccupied、ⅣitlltheNamibiangovernmentbecauseofitstradediplomacyandstatevisitinvitationstoChinaforNamibiangovernmentofficials(Dobler，2008)．ThebondisalsomadestrongerbygenerouscreditstofinanceChineseexpor【stoNamibiaandcontributionstopubliccharities．ThereishoweveraneedtointroduceandpromoteChinesecultureinNamibiatopromoteculturalcooperationbetweenthetwocountries(／／Guiob，2013)．Namibiahasbeendiscoveringdevelopmentpathsthatsuitsthenationsnationalconditionsandhasmaintaineditspoliticalstability，robusteconomyandcontinuousimprovementofpeople’Slivelihood．Chinaisworld。Ssecondlargesteconomyandclaimssufficientcapital，talentandtechnologyinthefieldsofmining，infrastructureconstruction，andequipmentmanufacturingandthisenablesthetwocountriestocan'youthighlycomplementaryandpotentialrealisticcooperation(TheEmbassyofthePeople’SRepublicofChinaintheRepublicofNamibia,2014)．Itfurtherwrotethatthe‘‘ChinaDream”ofachievingnationalprosperityandrejuvenafion,aswellasthepeople’Shappinessand”NamibiaDream”ofachievingstableeconomicgrowthandnationalindustrialization,undertheguidanceofNDP4andVision2030sharethesimilaressenceandgoalswithprinciplesofsincerity，empathyandgoodfaith．ChinaregardsNamibiaasoneofthemostreliablefriendsinAfricaandcareforeachother‘Smajorconcernsandcoreinterestsandpromotethemutualbeneficialcooperationtoahigherlevel．2．2AspectsofChineseforeignpolicytowardsNamibia：Namibia’Sforeignpolicysince1990Namibia’SForeignPolicysince1990ForeignpolicyremainsaworkingexerciseinNamibiawhichstillneedstimetomatureintospecificpolicy．TmshashadtheeffectofmakingforeignpolicyinNamibiasomewhatflexible．AtthebeginningofindependenceNamibiawasfaced、Ⅳithvariousforeignpolicyissueswhichmayhavepossiblydelayedofficialpolicyformationasitsplanwasmoretodealwithissuesandpoliticalchallengesastheyarose．Namibia’SownforeignpolicyobjectiveshavealsobeeninstrumentalinthestrengtheningofChina-NamibiarelafiOIlSsince1990．China’SrelationswithNamibiaarebasedonChina’Sforeignpolicyobjectivestoexpanditsglobalmarket,securerawmaterialsandgaindiplomaticsupportininternationalorganisationsforits‘OneChina’Policy．AsstatedbyFormerPresidentSamNujoma,thepurposeofNamibia’SforeignpolicyiSfirstly,topreserveNamibia’Snationalsecurityinterestinandarounditsnational territoryandsecondly，topromoteeconomicandsocialprogressthroughinteractionwithothernations(Amadhila,2012；RepublicofNamibia,2004)．nemainkeyobjectives．asstatedinNamibia’SForeignPolicyandDiplomacyManagementⅥ，llitePaperareasfollows：1．SafeguardNamibia’Ssovereignty．territorialintegrityandnationalunity．nlisisthefirstprincipleandcentralobjectiveofthepolicyandiIldeedofitsdiplomacy。2．PromoteNamibia’Seconomicgrowthanddevelopment．7nleexternalchallengeliesinthecreationofconditionsthatfacilitatethefulfilmentofthesegoals．3．Fosterinternationalpeaceandsecurityandregionalharmony，throughactivesupportforcollectiveinitiativesandeffectivemultilateralism，4．BuildapositiveimageofNamibiaabroad，throughconcertedactionswithotheragenciesofthegovernmentSO嬲torc-af五llTllthegoodreputationofthecountryandattracttoiteconomicpartnersaswellastouristsandothervisitors．5．ProtectandassistNamibiancitizensabroad，includingstudentsandothernationalslivingorvisitingothercountriesforbusiness，leisureorforanyotherpurpose．6．OptimiseamodemandflexiblediplomaticapparatusthathasthecapacitytoimplementNamibia’sforeignpolicy．nlisWaStakenfromtheRepublicofNamibia,2004．AnofficialwhitepaperforforeignpolicyWasonlydrawnupsixteenyearsafterNamibiagainedindependence．111eterritorialintegrity，historicalties，ideologyandeconomicdevelopmentarethekeydriversofforeignpolicyinNamibia．Sinceindependence，twomajorpoliticalchallengeswerethere—integrationofWaJVisBayfrom1990．1994andtheSedudu／KasiskiliconflictwithBotswanain1996．Forthefirstfiveyearsofindependence，thenewlyformedNamibiangovernmentWasfaced诵ⅡlthepoliticalandterritorialchallengeofclaimingbackWaJVisBayandthePenguinIslandsfromSouthAflioa．TheNamibiangovernmentWillsdeterminedtore—claimW宙visBay．ItstatedinitsconstitutionthatWalvisBayandthePenguinIslandsformedallintegralpartofNamibiaandthattheSWAPOgovernmentWaSdeterminedtoreclaimit．Afternegotiations、析廿lSouthAfricawereconcluded．WalvisBaywasfinallyre—integratedintoNamibiaon28February1994(Simon，1994)．Followingthere—integrationofWalvisBay，Namibiawasfaced埘Ⅱ1theterritorialchallengeoftryingtoclaimsovereigntyOVertheSedudu／KasikiliIslandsintheChobeRiver．TheseislandshadpreviouslybeeninformallydisputedbetweenlocalresidentssincetheBerlinTreatyof1July1890，buttookallofficialturnwhenadisputeoccurredbetweenNamibiaandBotswanain1992．111eInternationalCourtofJustice(itJ)concludedthattheperiodicoccupationofCaprivilocalscouldnotbeseenasafunctional16 orlegitimateclaimofstateauthorityovertheislandsandruledinfavourofBotswanain1999(Ashton，2000)．Namibiawaspreoccupiedwithresolvingthese№oficfllybasedconflictsandthismayhavebeenareasonwhytheformalisationofanofficialdocumentedforeignpolicytookSOlongtomaterialise．WhenthepolicypaperWas，however，introducedin2004，theprincipleofterritorialintegrityWasstressedasanimportantpartofNamibia’Sforeignpolicy．OnecanthereforearguethatthesetwoterritorialdisputesplayedallimportantpartinshapingNamibia’Sofficialforeignpolicy．2．3TheeconomyofNamibiaTheNamibianeconomyhasamodemmarketsecmrthatproducesmostofthecountry’Swealth．Namibiaisconsideredaresource—basedeconomybecauseprimaryindustriescontributemoretoGDPthansecondaryindustries．AccordingtothelatestreportsfromoIlline．NamibiaisahighermiddleincomecountrywithanestimatedannualGDPpercapitaofUS$5，828．TheNamibianeconomyreliesonrawmaterials，theexportsandproductionofthisrawmaterialsnamely；copper,uranium，zinc，diamonds，gold，silverandleadandChinamainlyimportsuEa／lim，marble，leadfromNamibiaanditsinvolvementinNamibia’SraWmaterialmarketWasfocusedontraderOdada&Kakujaha-Maunda,2008，8)．ItiShoweverunfortunatethattllecountryhasthrillinginequalitiesinincomedistribmionandstandardofliviIlg．ThequarterlybulletinoftheBankofNamibiain2013reportedthatNamibiaWasnamedthetopemergingmarketeconomyinAfrica．Itfurtherstatedthatthecountryisthe13thbestintheworldbyglobalbusinessandfinancialnewsprovider，Bloomberg．OnlyfourAfTicancountriesmadethetop20emergingmarketslistsintheMarchissueofBloombergMarketsMagazine．3Namibia’SeconomyiSdominatedbymininganditprovidesoverhalfofthecountry’Sexports．Apartfrommining,agricultureandfisheriesremainstheprimarydriversofNamibianexports．Furthermore，diamondsareknowntobethecountry’Smostsignificantmineralresources．ThereareclearindicationsthattheNamibianeconomyiSdominatedbySouthAfricaasitWascolonisedbythemandit’Stheneighbouringcountry．HistoricalreasonsiStheoriginofthiswhichabout80％ofitstradeisconducted．Namibia’Stotalexportsfor2012amountedtoN$44billion．anincreaseofabout13％comparedtothepreviousyearreportsstated．Also，totaJimportsstoodatN$59billion,up21，6％from2011(BankofNamibia,2013)。nlisleftNamibia诵tllawideningtradedeficitofN$14billioncomparedtoN$9．1billionin2011．SouthAfricawasandiSstill5TakenfromtheBloombergMarketsMagazinehttp：／／www．bloomberg．com／slideshow／2013-01-30／the-top-20-emerging-markets．html#slide9．17 Chart1NamibiaTradeFlowbyquarter—firstquarterof2009tofirstquarterof2013Thereportexplainsthattherewassharpdeclineinexportsduringthefirstquartersof2010and2011，followedbyanincreaseinthefirstquartersof2012and2013respectively．Importscontinuedtoincreaseinallfirstquartersoftheyearsfrom2009to2013．TheincreaseintotalimportsduringQ1of2013wasduetosignificantimportsfromBotswana(DiamondsandVehicles)，Denmark(Tugandpushercrafts；Chicken；Malt)，MarshalIsland(Floatingorsubmersibledrilling01"productionplatforms)，Taiwan(Lightoilsandpreparations；Tentsofsyntheticfibres；Photosensitivesemiconductordevices)andZambia(Cathodesandsectionsofcathodesofrefinedcopper；Cottonseeds；Maize)10．ThereportfurtherillustratesNamibia’smajortradingpartnersintermsofexportsduringthefirstquarterof2013were．TheyareSouthAfricafN$1．9billion)．Botswana(N$1．5billion)，Switzerland(N$1．5billion)，AngolaandCanada(N$0．8billion)．Theksharesrepresented16．4percent，13．4percent，13．1percent．oTheNamibiaStatisticsAgencyFirstQuarterreport201320 Chart2ExportsbykeymarketsforQ1of2013andQ1of2012Namibiasourcedmostoftheproductsduringthefirstquarterof20l3fromSouthAfricaN$9．3billionwhichrepresentsaslightdecreasefromtheN$9．5billionrecordedinthecorrespondingquarterof20l2．ThreeothercountriesthatfollowareZambiaN$0．8billion．DenmarkN$0．5billionandBotswanaN$0．5billionfcIllowedinthatorder．Theimportvaluesofthesefourcountriesrepresented74．5percentoftotalimports．ThePeople’SRepublicofChinaN$0．4billion，ExportProcessingZone(EPZ)N$0．3billionandGermany(N$0．2billion)，followedthefirstfourcountriesmentionedaboveandrepresents2．9．2．2and0．1percentoftotalimportsrespectively．EuropehasbecomealeadingmarketforNamibianfishandmeatproducts．AccordingtoanonlineWebsiteontheNamibianeconomy，NamibiahavepurchasedheavyequipmentandmachineryfromGermany，theUnitedKingdom，theUnitedStates，andCanada．TheGovernmentofNamibiaiSactivelytakingadvantageoftheUSactAfricanGrowthandOpportunityAct(AGOA)，whichwillprovidepreferentialaccesstoU．S．marketsforalonglistofproducts(NationbyNation，2008)．ThestructureoftheNamibianeconomyhaschangedsinceindependencethoughataslowpacewiththesharesoftheprimaryandtertiarysectorsinGDPdecliningfrom26．3％to23．4％and49．0％to48．5％respectivelyduringtheperiod1990—2007whilethat2l ofthesecondarysectorincreasedfrom15．8％to20．4％duringthesanleperiod．’IKSstructuralchangereflectstheincreasingimportancemanufacturing(whoseshareinGDPincreasedfrom11．5％in1990to14．3％in20071andthevariousincentivepackagesbeingofferedinthesector(Namibiacountrystrategy，2009)．WhenlookingatNamibia’Sdevelopmentsagenda,TheNationalDevelopmentPlans(NDPs)arethemaininstrumentsforimplementingthepoliciesandprogrammestoachieveVision2030．nleplansaredesignedtoreversetheinheritedcoloniallegacylli曲incomeinequalityandpovertythroughpro·activepoliciessuchastheGreenSchemesandlandrefornlll．AthirdNationalDevelopmentPlan(NDP3)Wasadoptedbytheparliamentin2008州n1intentionstoaccomplishthevision2030objectives，埘ththemainthemeof‘‘AcceleratingEconomicGrowthandDeepeningRuralDevelopmentinthecountry．NDP3iSpovertyfocusedcontainingmacroeconomicandstructuralbenchmarksconsistentwinlthecountry’SPovertyReductionStrategy(PRSl一NationalPovertyReductionActionProgramme(r帅RAPlwhichWasformulatedin1998．111ePRSfocusesOnincreasingagriculturalproductionandproductivity；promotingcommunitybasedtourism；promotingthedevelopmentsmallandmediumscaleenterprises；strengtheningsocialsafetynets；andlabourintensivepublicworks(AfricanDevelopmentBank，2009)．nestrategicpaperfurtherstatedthatNamibiais舀fledwithnaturalresources，includingdiamondsuranium,lead，gol也copper,zinc，fishandfishproducts，livestocknaRlralgas，andsomethemostspectacularandvariedsceneryandwildlifeintheworld．Availabili“ofnaturalresourcesconstitutesanassetforthecountrywhichoffersauniqueopportunityforthegovernmenttolaythefoundationsforsustainableeconomicgrowthanddevelopment．AccordingtoRotberg，in1982PremierZhaoZiyangannouncedtheFourPrinciplesonSino-AfricanEconomicandTechnicalCooperationduringhisvisittoAfrica；thesewereequality，bilateralism，effectiveness，andCO—development．111efourprincipleswereknowntobesupplementsZhouEnlai’SeightprinciplesEightPrinciplesEconomicandTechnicalAidputforwardduringhisvisittOAfricaduringDecember1963-January1964．neeightprincipleswere：·Aidshouldnotbeconsideredasaunilateralgrant,butasmutualhelp．·Neitherconditionsnorprivilegesshouldbeattachedtotheaid。·Toreducetheburdentherecipientcountries，therepaymentperiodcouldbeextendedforno—interestorlow-interest10ans．11AfricanDevelopmentBankreport2009 ·Thepurposeofaidistohelprecipientcountriesdevelopindependently．·Toincreasetheincomeofrecipientcountries，Chineseprogramsshouldproducefasterresultswithlessinvestment．·Chinawillprovidethebestequipmentandmaterialsfortherecipientcountries，andpromisestoreplacethemifthequalityisnotwhatWasstipulatedintheagreement．·Guaranteethattechniciansinrecipientcountrieswillmasterrelevanttechnologywhentechnicalassistanceisprovided．·ExpertsfromChinashouldneverenjoyanyprivilegesandshouldreceivethesametreatmentasthelocalexpertsinrecipIientcountries．CllinaandNamibia'seconomicandtradecooperationhasgrownrigorously，andeventhedevastatingglobalfinancialcrisiscouldnotstopitsgrowth．Chinahasbecomethelargestnewinvestor，trader,buyer，andaiddonorinaselectnumberofimportantAfricancountries．andamajorneweconomicforceinsub-SaharanAfricaasawhole．AccordingtostatisticsfromtheChineseembassy，bytheendof2010，theamountofdirectinvestmentfromChinatoNamibiawasincreasinglyN$349million．Moreover．therearemoreorless27Chinesestate-ownedcompaniesoperatinginNamibiainthefieldsofconstruction；mining；engineering；informationandtechnology；andfinancialservice，amongothers．China’Sengagement、】~，itllNamibiaisnotonly1imitedtostate．to—staterelations．ThereiSanincreasingnumberofChinesebusinessesandimmigrantsiIlthecountrythathasproducednon-stateactorperceptionsabouttheChinesestate，businesses，non．stateactorsandSino—Namibiarelations(Amadhila,2012)．Chinesetradewithsub—SaharanAfi'icaisgrowingat50percentayear(Rotberg，2008)．Asamajorworldpowerandaglobaleconomicsource，Chinaneedsrawmaterialslikecopper，cobMt，cadmium，manganese，platinum，mckel，zinc，tantalum，titanium，uraniulnofwhichAfricaandNamibiatobespecificCansupply．AccordingtotheNamibiaStatisticsAgency(NSA)iIl2012NamibiaimportedgoodsworthaboutN$2，4billionfromChina．nearly63％morethanitdid洫2011．mSmadeChinaNamibia’Sthirdbiggestimportpartner．withimportsfromtheAsiangiantrepresenting4％ofNamibia’Stotalimportsfor2012．In2011，importsfromChinaconstituted3％oftotalexports．Thetraderelationship，however，isnotmutualasChinadoesn’tfeatureasoneofNamibia’Skeyexportmarkets．However,theNamibianeconomyisfacingcertainchallengesthathindersthegrowthofthecountry’Seconomy．Thechallengesthatthenationisfacingonthenationalfrontaleoftenlinkedtoandworsenedbytheincreasingtrendofglobalization．Hon．Schlettweinmentionedduringthebusinessforumhowtheeconomicgrowth， ⑩硕士学位论交MASTER、S丁HESlSindustrialisationandglobalcompetitivenessofthecountryisaffectedbyfactorssuchas；theexports，especiallyinagricultureandfisheriesgoodsareconstrainedbytheburdenofsubsidiesandsanitaryandphyto-sanitaryrestrictionsaswellasunilateraldecisionsbysomeofthetradingpartners，whilemineralsarealsopronetomarketpricefluctuations．2．4China’sgeneralcontributiontotheeconomicdevelopmentofNamibiaAsmentionedbeforeChinaiSnotNamibia’Smainexportmarketandascomparedtothepast，Namibia’SprimarysectorcommoditiesareonlynowbecomingmoreandmoresignificanttoChina(fishingandagricultureindustryandothers)comparedtotherestoftheotherAft'leancountries．China’SextensiveengagementwiththeAfricancontinenthasbeenwidelyacknowledgedandemphasisedbyscholarsandpoliticiansglobally(Erdal，2014)．msengagementandrelationship谢也Africaalsoaneducationaldimensionthatwillplayavitalroleinnurturinglong-termSino—Africanrelations．i)TradeAJointCommissiononEconomicCooperationandTradeWasestablishedbetweenthetwocountriesandtwosessionswereorganised．ThjsresultedinanincreasingnumberofChineseenterprisesinvestinginNamibiainrecentyears(Jauch&Sakaria,2009)．JauchandSakariafHrthernotedthatAccordingtotheformerAmbassadorLiangYinzhuthattradevolumesbetweenthetwocountriesincreasedrapidlyaswellasbilateralcooperationinareassuchastrade，education,healthandSOonhavebeenonariseeversince．Namibia’SimportsfromChinain2012grewbynearly63％incomparisonto2011，thusmakingChinathethirdlargestsourceofimportsforNamibiainthatyear(Schlettwein，2013)．HoweverhefurthermentionedthatwhilebilateraltradebetweenChinaandNamibiahasgrown，thetradebalanceishighlytwistedinfavourofChinaandNamibiawouldliketoseeagradualmovetowardsamorebalancedtradelevel．InDecember2005，theChinesegovernmentgrantedNamibiaatourismdestinationstatusduringthestatevisittoChinabythePresidentoftheRepublicofNamibia,allarrangementwhichWasformalizedinFebruary2007，duringthestatevisittoNamibiabythePresidentofthePeople’SRepublicofChina(Odada&Kakujaha-Matundu,2008)．OdadaandKakujaha—Matundufurtherexplainedthatthediplomaticrelationsbetweenthetwonationswerealsotoshareideasonpoliticalandeconomicmanagementissues，谢ⅡlMinistersfromthetwOcountriescomingtogethertodiscussissuesofcommoninterest．Bilateraltieshavebeenestablishedbetweenthetwocountriesinpolitical，economic，trade，cultural，educational，publichealthandmediafieldsandmany ⑧硕士学位论炙MASTER‘SrIHESlSothers．Furthermore，ChinasuppliedreliablebutcompetitivelypricedagriculturalequipmentandtechnologyforNamibia’SGreenSchemeProjectandotheragriculturalprojects．AsignificantachievementinthetraderelationshipbetweenNamibiaandChinatookplaceinearly2014whentheChineseauthoritiesacceptedthefirstevershipmentofNamibianbrewedbeer．ThiswasthesecondonlytothefirsteverconclusiveagreementonAnimalHealthandQuarantinethetwocountriessignedin2010／11(NewEraNewspaper，2014)．In2010／11，thetwocountriessignedanagreementonanimalhealthandquarantineenabliIlgNamibianproductssuchasbeefandfiShtoenterthelucrativeChinesemarketformerAmb．WeiRuixingsaidduringtheofficialopeningoftheone-dayNamibia-ChinaBusinessForum．ThelocalnewspaperfurtherstatedthattheNamibiaBreweriesLimitedexposedtheWindhoekLagerbeerbrandinearlyDecember2013fromtheportofWalvisBayandtheconsignmentarrivedinChinaonJanuary72014．ThemanagerforGlobflSalesatNamibiaBreweriesLimitedft惦L)GooseGoosenstatedthat‘‘WindhoekLagerWasexportedandreceivedwithopenalmsasthedemandforWindhoekLagerincreaseswithChineselocalstravellingtoNamibiaandSouthAfrica，”．TheOhlthaver&List(O&L)subsidiarysetoffonamissiontogaugetheChinesemarket’SresponsetoitsrangeofbeersinDecember,、析也thecompanysayingitisreadytostarta础lcommercialroll-out(NamibianSunNewspaper，2014)．Alarge．scaletobaccofarmsituatedintheNorthemEasternpartofNamibiainKatimaMuliloiseyeingChinaasitsmainexportdestination．(TheNamibian．2014)．111eprojecthasalreadybeengrantedExportProcessingZonestatus．neprojectownedbyChineseinvestorsthroughtheNamibiaOrientalTobaccol2wentthroughanEnvironmentImpactAssessment①IA)todeterminethefeasibilityoftheprojectbyWindhoek·basedGeoPollutionTechnologies．TheNamibiaOrientalTobaccoiSsoleagencyofHongyunhongheTobacco(Group)Co13．Thelocalpaperf-ul'therwrotethatthescaleoftobaccoproductionisexpectedtoprovidejobstoa11estimated3000workers(25％permanentand75％seasonal)andthewaterforirrigatingthefarmwillbesourcedfromtheZambeziRJver．ii)CulturalexchangeAccordingtoAmb．Ruixing，(2011)NamibiaandChinain1991rightafterNamibia’sindependence，signedaculturalexchangeagreementandChinafulfilledits12NamibiaOrientalTobaccoisaclosedcorporationregisteredin2005．http：／／www．namibian．com．na／indexx．php?id=8370&pagetype=storydetail#sthash．FnMwoa26．dpuf．13HongyunhongheTobaccoisaChinesestate—ownedenterpriseandiscurrentlyChina’slargestandAsia’Stopcigaretteproducer鹊wellastheworld’sfifthlargesttobaccocompany．25 ⑩硕士学位论文MASTER’STHESlScommitmentsbydonatingsportinggoods，buildingyoutheducationcentres．Hefurtheraddedduringtheinterviewthatfocusingontechnology，thetwocountriessignedanotheragreementinOctober2000，whichallowedChinatobuildatracking，telemetryandcommandstationinNamibia．ThestationcontributedmuchtothesuccessfullaunchofseveralShenzhouspacecraft．In2007，Chineseentrepreneurssigned13businesscontractswiththeirNamibiancounterpartsafteronlyoneday‘Sconsultation(Utesch，2013)．Furthermore，China’Seconomiccounsellorpredictsanincreaseinmineralexports，includingcopperandurarlium，fromNamibiadirectlytoChinaintheyearstocometheywrotewhenmeyinterviewedLiuKaungyuaninApril2008．iii)PromotingeconomicgrowthandsocialprogressChinafurtherconffn'meditsreadinesstoassistNamibiaandtosupportNamibia’Seffortsin(GovernmentInformationBulletin．February2007；Jauch&Sakaria,2009)．Lookingmoreattheeducationsideasitwillbediscussedmoreindetail．in201theChineseStateCouncilorLiuYandongvisitedNamibia．LiusaidthatChinahaddecidedtogiveagrantofRMB30milliontoNamibiatosupportprogramsthathavebeenmutuallyagreeduponandaddedthatfrom2012to2016Chinawillsponsor200scholarshipstoNamibians．ThefwsteverChinesebusinessWasestablishedinOshikango，atowninthenorthernpartofNamibiainI999(Dobler，2005)．ItsownereagletoNamibiain1993asoneofthefirstChineseWaders．Sincethen,allevergrowingnumberofChineseshopshasbeenestablishedinOshikango．Dobler,2005furtherwrotetllatduringthetimeofhisresearchthereweretwentytwoChinesetradersinthatareaandanewwarehousecomplexwithfifteennewshopfacilitiestoberentedouttoChinesetradersisunderconstruction．Asyearhavegonebytherearewhatislocallyknownas“Chinatown"’almostineverytowninthecountry．ThefirstgroupofChinesepeopleinNamibiawerepartoftheentrepreneurialmigrationfollowingChinesereformsafter1978，especiallyemigrationliberalisationin1985．WKletheirpresenceisperceivedasalocalphenomenoninOshikango，ChineseentrepreneurslikethemhavebeensettlingintownsallovertheAfricancontinent,andindeedallovertheworld．Furthermore．sincethe1990s’，ChinaprovidedeconomicaidtoNamibiafortheexecutionofprojectssuchaslowcosthousing，schools，clinics，boreholedrilling，irrigation,anaquacultureresearchcentre，buildingofachildren’Scentre，regionalcouncilbuildingsandthenewStateHousethatwillbediscussedmoreinChapterthreeofthispaper(Jauch&Sakaria,2009)．26 ⑨硕士学位论丈MASTER’STHESlSTablel：ChinesegrantsandloanstoNamibiasince1990Grant130millionYuan(aboutN$39million／US$3,9million)Grant250millionYuan(aboutN$65million／US$6,5million)Interestfreeloan30millionYuan(aboutN$39million／US$3,9million)Concessionalloan1billionYuan(aboutN$1,3billion／US$130million)Creditline(signedinN$1billion(US$100million)February2007butnotyetutilised)Source：Jaueh&Sakaria,2007．(TheNamibian，10February2009)FiveagreementsthatweresignedbetweenNamibiaandtheChinesedelegationduringthestatevisitofChinesePresidentHuJintaotoNamibiain2007duringhishistorictourofseveralAfricancountries(111eVillagerNewspaper．2013)．DuringhistimeinNamibia,ChinaofferedNamibiaconcessionallOanSamountingtoRMB1billionaswellasextendedaspeciallineofcredit也atiSinterest-freeofUS$100million．PartofthosefundswereusedfortheprocurementofsoftwRreandfortheimplementationofthee．governanceprojectforNamibia,whileI她300millionWasusedfortheprocurementofX．rayequipmentfromChinaandalsorenovatingandexpandingtheNamibianBroadcastingCorporationfr惦c)，whosefacilitieswerebuiItduringthecolonialera．iv)PolitiealexchangeforeconomicgrowthChina'sfocusinNamibiaiSmainlyeconomicandcommercial．withallfundamentalpoliticalobjectiveofmaintainingNamibiansupportforChinesepositionsoncertainissueslikethatoftheUnitedNations．Taiwan,oneChinapolicyandSOon．ChinahascontributedtoNamibia'svariouslocalsectorssuchaseducationandhealth,andprovidedmonetaryaidto30projectsfortheconstructionofschools，roadsandhospitals(Nampa,2014)．Wewilllookintotheaspectsofeachandsub—sectionsofthesesectorsinChapterthreeofthispaper．Furthermore，in201duringastatevisittoNamibia,fouragreementsweresignedbetweenthetwocountriesatameetingheldduringtheopeningofAfrica·ChinaYoungLeader’SForumheldinWindhoek．Theagreementsrelatetoeconomicandtechnicalcooperation，theprovisionofmedicalequipmentandmatedaisfromChina,27 ⑩硕士学位论丈MASTER’STHESISconstruction，aswellascashaidofN$3．4millionforfloodreliefinthenorthandnorth．easternpartsofNamibia．14TheBankofNamibiainJune2013reportedthatAccordingtotheChineseAmbassadortoNamibia,Hon．ShukangXin,NamibianfishproductsweretoentertheChinesemarketduringthatsameyear2013．HoweverplanstoexportbeeftoChinawereputonholdasdiscussionsinthatregardwerestillcontinuing．Furthermore，headdedthatthetradevolumesbetweenNamibiaandChinaincreasedtoUS$679millionfN$6．2billion)in2012，thisWascomparedto201whichWasUS$50million．1’Ilisisaclearsignofanemergingeconomy．ChineseinvestmentsinNamibiagrewbyUS$179millionwhichisapproximatelyN$1．432billionbetween2011and2012(TheVillagernewspaper，2013)．NamibiasUengthenedcooperation诵mChinaintrade，investment，energy，mining，fishery，agriculture，infrastructure，communicationandtelecommunication．Duringandwithintheperiodunderreviewwhichwas2011／2012，thetraderelationsbetweenthetwonatiOIlSiS35％increaseinvolumeswhichWasconsideredallimprovementalthoughthebalanceoftradeisstillheavilyskewedtowardsChina．nleprimeministerofNamibia,Hon．HageGeingobstatedduringaninterviewinlocalnewspaperthatthereisneedtoengage、肮tlltheAsiansindevelopingtheeconomygoingforwardbecausetheyalsocontributedtoNamibia’Sindependence(TheVillager,2013)．DuringhisvisittoNamibiain2007，formerpresidentHuJintaomadeafourpointproposalonpromotingthebilateraltiesbetweenNamibiaandChinaCkinhuanewsagency，2007)．Thepointswereto；·Enhancepoliticalexchangesandamelioratepoliticalmutualtrust．Theleadersofbothcountrieswillmaintainthefrequentmomentumofvisitsaidinginthefreeflowofideasonbilateraltiesandmajorissuesofcommonconcern．·Expandeconomicandtradetiestowardamutuallybeneficialoutcome．ChinawillfostercompetentdomesticinvestmentinNamibiawhilstexploringfurthercooperation州tllNamibiancounterpartsininfrastructure，agricultureandothersectors．ChinawillalsoadjustitsforeigntradestructuretoeventuallyfindabalanceintradewithNamibia．·Increasepersonnelcontactsandpromotebilateralcooperationineducation．publichealth，cultureandtourism．ChinahasdecidedtoprovideassistancetoNamibiainbuildingschoolsandhospitalsinruralareas．Itwillalsoincreasegovernment—fundedscholarshipsforNamibianstudentsandtrainmoreprofessionalsfortheSouthernAfricancountry．“Source：http：／／na2．mofcom．gov．crgarticle／chinanews／201105／20110507566925．shtml．28 ·Continuetosupporteachotherininternationalaffairsthroughclosecooperationandcoordination．ThetwosidescontinuetomaintainclosecooperationintheUNandothermultilateralorganizationsinordertosafeguardthecoirlinoninterestsofthedevelopingcountries．Chinahaskeptitspromiseandhasbeendeliveringeversince．In2010thetwonationsmarked20yearsofdiplomaticrelations．ThecelebrationstookplaceinthecapitalcityofNamibia,彬面dhoekwhereJiaQinglinj纺eformerchairmanoftheNationalCommitteeoftheChinesePeople’SPoliticalConsultativeConference(CPPCC)，addressedthatin2009tradetwo—waybetweenthePeople’SRepublicofChinaandtheRepublicofNamibiaincreasedsignificantlyto577millionU．S．dollarsfforumOilChina-AfricaCooperation。2010)．ThePaperwilllookindetailontheeconomicdevelopmentofNamibiaandtheroleChinaplaysinChapterthree． ⑩硕士学位论丈MASTER、S，』HESlSCHAPTERTHREE：China’SPresenceinNamibiaforeconomicgrowth(2007—2013)。111iSchapteroftheresearchstudywillbelookingatanalysisofdifferentsectorsNamibiaandChinahavebeendealingin,focusinghowandwhatChinahasdoneinthepastyearsthatcontributedtotheeconomicdevelopmentofNamibia．ChinaistheamazingexampleofhowanationCanrisefrompovertywithinagenerationandbecomesadominantplayerintheglobalscene(Tembe&Xu,2013)．Chinaistheonlycountryintheworldthatbetsonspreadingitspresenceintermsofinvestmentsinmfhca．(Christian&Demery．2007)statedthatthedevelopmentstrategyforthecontinentiffirmlygroundedinagricultural，miningandconstructionaswellaSruraldevelopmentcanbringalargerandmoresustainedimpactonpovertyandNamibiainparticularasitisthefocusforthisstudy．Moreover，Namibia’SgovernmentaswellasthegoverningSWAPOPartyregardChinaasanaturalallyandasapartnerinthestruggleforeconomicindependencefromneo-eolonialism(Dobler2007)．In2013，itWasreportedthattheChineseEmbassyhad30GovernmentownedcompaniesdoingbusinessinNamibiainsectorssuchasconstruction,roadandraildevelopmentandretail(nleVillagerNewspaper，2013)．nleChineseembassyfurthershowedthatin2011ChineseinvestmentswereworthUS$500millionnonethelessgrewtoUS$679millionbytheendof2012．nlenewspaperfurtherhighlightedthat3200localswereemployedin2013byChineseoperationsthatcoversmining，construction，softwareandfinance．AccordingtotheformerChineseAmbassadortoNamibia,LiangYinzhu，ChinaandNamibiahavehadveryclosecooperationininternationalaffairsbymakingjointeffortstosafeguardtheinterestsofdevelopingcountries．HefurthersaidthatatthattimeChinesebusinessmenmaderepeateddonationstovictimsoffloodsintheCapriviRegionandSanstudents(Jauch&Sakaria,2009)．NamibiawouldliketogainChineseexpertise，capitalandtechnologytotransformitsnaturalresourcessuchaSuranium，copper，goldanddiamondsintovalue—addedproducts．3．1Namibia’sExportsandImportswithChinaChineseexportstoNamibiaaremostlymanufacturedgoodssuchasappliances，clothingandotherlightmanufacturing．Exports劬mNamibiatoChinaarenowcovetingmostareaS．Theyare；copperandcopperproducts，urf．niuln，manganeseores，slagandash,residuesandwastefromfoodindustries，fishandfishproducts；paper,paperboard30 andarticlesofpaper；liveanimals，salt，sulphur,earth,stonelinecement；theyalsoexportrawhides，skinsleather，animalfats，vegetablefatsoils；andleadproducts．Theseproductsaccountedforanaverageof98％ofNamibia’SexportstoChinaeachyearbetween1998—2006(Odada,JE．&Kakujaha—Matundu．O．2008)．nemostimportantfieldofprirnarysectorexportsinthepastwasknowntOthefisMngindustry．However，thishaschanged，mineralresourcesfromNamibiaarenowbeingexportedtoChinaasthebilateralrelationsisgrowingstrongerChinaisnowalsoinvestingintheminingconstructionsectorsmorethanbefore．Sinceindependencearound2003about80％ofNamibianexportstoChinaconsistedoffishproducts(Dobler2007)．GaoHucheng，China’SformerVieeMinisterofCommerce，ChinasignedcontractstopurchaseNamibianproductsworthus$34．7million，includingmarble，fishmeal，copper,manganeseore，tuna,etc(Jauch&Sakaria"2009；NewEra,5October2007)．ChineseexportstoNamibiain2007wereamountedapproximatelyUS$88millionNamibianexportstoChinatotalledapproximatelyUS$114millionin2007．ThiSisaccordhagtothegovernmentstatisties．Also．thebalanceoftradebetweenthetwocountriesfavouredNamibianexporterswhosoldmoregoodsmostlysemi—processedmineralstoChinathatinturnexportedvehicles，trucksequipmenttoNamibia,thisWasrecordedin2010duringaninterviewwiththeformerAmbassador，RenXiaoping．15Further，XiaopingmentionedthatfromJanuarytoSeptember2009ChineseexportstoNamibiastoodatus$181millionwhichwasanincreaseof27．1percentcomparedto2008whileitsimportsfromNamibiawereUS$240million．MineralsothergoodsexportedbyNamibiatoChinavaluedatUS$240million，representanincreaseof45．7percentinthatsameperiod．LookingatimportsfromChinatoNamibia；therearevariOIlSproductslikeaircraft,spacecraftparts，electricalmachineryequipment．Furthermorewouldbeclothes，nuclearreactors．boilersmechanicalappliances；madeuptextilearticles；撇sammunition；furniture，mattressescushions；vehiclesotherthanrailwayortramwayparts；apparelclothing，konsteel；andrailwayortramwayengines．Inpreviousyears，maingoodsthatNamibiaimportsfromChinaarevehicles，trucks，machineryotherdailynecessities(Xiaoping，2010)．舢l黟印llsbelowarerecordedin(N$)，15Source：htt-p：／／na2．mofcom,gov．cn／article／chinanews／201001／20100106766834．shtml一31 3，OOq000，OOO2，500，OOo，(3002，000,000，0001，500，000,0001，OOo，(300，OOO500．OOO，OOO02007200820092010201120122013-totalimports-totalexportsSource：TheNamibianStatisticsAgency，2013OverallimportsandexportsindicateonthisgraphthatNamibiahasbeenexportingmoretoChinain2009withN$2，628，850，173rightaftertheeconomiccrisis，thiswastheovercomethedamagecausedbythecrisis，andpricesofexportsweredroppedaswell．However．itdroppedheavilyfrom2010withN$1,284，076，952astheeconomystartedtostabiliseandimportsstartedgrowing．120，003，003100，003，00380，030，03060，030，00040，030，03020．030．000O-一2007FOODANDFOODPRODUCTSFIGURE1--2008丁2009●Exports●imports32呵]20122013Source：TheNamibianStatisticsAgency，2013■■■￡—■1几由 ⑥酣MAST⋯ER'STH丈E娜TheaboveshownFoodandFoodproductsgraphindicatesariseinexportsbetween2007fromN$34，918,425，2008N$57，462，461andN$73，126，055in2009，howeveritdroppedin2010withN$71，250，948SOdidtheimportsinthefollowingyear201withN$3l，138，756verylowcomparedto2010inimportsduetotheaftermathsofthefinancialcrisis．MostoffoodproductscomefromSouthAfricaSOSince2012bothimportsandexportshavebeenrecoveringwellwithinthissector．BODYArqDHoUsEi-toLDPRoDUcTSFIG【JRF7_I一■■?00,8，(1['qSource：TheNamibianStatisticsAgency，2013Eversincetheeconomiccrisisbrokeout，importsandexportshavebeenverylowwithinthoseyears，butNamibiawasstillimportingmorefromChinaandimportshasforeverbeenontheincrease．Therewasamassiveincreaseinimportsbetween2010fromN$2，899，478and2011toN$8，193，502aswellasfrom2012fromN$15，208，518toN$27，092，620in2013duetorecoveriesfromthefinancialcrisisandimportpricesstartedtodrop．TE×TILESANDHARDWARESFIGURE32500OOO．OOO__-__-___一_33Source：TheNamibianStatisticsAgency，2013 ⑧硕士学位论丈MASTER’STHESISNamibiahasbeenimportedmassiveamountsofhardware’SandtextilesfromChina，eventhoughthegraphshowsthatitwasquitelowbetween2007and2008butrosein2009．ItdroppedfromN$1，987，382，038in2009toN$762，826，307in2010asneighbouringSouthernAfricanimportcostmighthavedroppedandduetothecrisisrecoveryperiod．Howeverithasbeenslightlyimprovingafterthatyear，lookingat2011，2012and2013．1，800，000，0001，600，000，OOO1，400，000，0001，200，0(30，0001，0(30，OOO，000800，OOO，0130600，000，000400．000．000200，000，000O2007-_2008MlNERALSANDRAWMATERlALSFlGURE4Source：TheNamibianStatisticsAgency，2013ChinaandNamibia’Simportsandexportsonrawmaterialsandmineralshavebeennotbeenaffectedmuchbythe2007／2008crisis，asthetraderelationsbetweenthetwohavealwaysbeensteady．However，in2009itwasthehighestasNamibiaexportedmorerightafterthecrisisfordevelopingpurposesandmoremineralswereaccessible．However，itdroppedin2010andimportsincreasedinthatyearasdemandformanufacturedgoodcametoarise．Bothdroppedagainin2011butupagainfrom2012and2013asexportsaregrowingrapidlybecauseofmoredealssealedandinvestmentsmade．Chinaisnowalsoenteringtheminingsectorofthecountryandthisisaclearindicationoftheresultsthereof．3．2Education／TrainingEducationalcooperationisclearlyaveryimportantentitytoChina．Thegovernment’Sscholarshipprogramme，whichprovidesmoreacademicscholarshipstoAfricathananyothernationwasincorporatedintoFOCAC(Erdal，2014)．ThenumberofAfricanscholarshipstudentsincreasedfrom2，757in2005toapproximately12，000in■■■■厂●蛔■■■[l—EI_由 2013．In2007，threeagreementsweresignedtothebuildingoftworuralschools，andafeasibilitystudywasconductedonayouthtrainingcentreatBergAukhasandaplantofacilitatethevisitsoforganisedChinesetourgroupstoNamibia(GovernmentInformationBulletin，February2007)．DuringaIlinterviewin2011，formerChineseAmbassadortoNamibiamentionedthat150NamibianstudentshadreceivedhighereducationinChinaandthatChinahadsentatotalofover20professorsandinstructorsaswellaseightbatchesofacupuncturespecialiststoNamibiasince1996．Erdal(2014)，furthernotedthatin2006，Chinadoubleditsgovernmentscholarshipsfrom2，000to4，000promisingin2009toreach5，500bytheyear2012toAfricannationsincludingNamibia．TheLookingfurtherintotheChina-Namibiarelationsforeconomicdevelopment,ChinaissupportingNamibia’Seffortstoimproveitseducationsystemthroughcontributingtotheimprovementinthequalityandrelevanceoftheeducationsystem：vocationaleducationandtraining．In2009，thetwogovernmentssignedanagreementthatChinawillprovideawholesetoflabequipmentto也eUniversityofNamibia0_rNJkM)OngwedivaCampus．Around2011，ChinahelpedbuildthreeelementaryschoolsintheNamibiancountrysidewhichimprovedlocaleducationconditions(Ruixing，2011)．Inaddition，morethan300NamibianshavebeeninvitedtoChinatoreceiveavariouskindsofadvancedtraining，anddozensofChinesetechnicalexpertshavebeensenttoNamibia．Stillin201lChineseEmbassyOfficialsinNarnibiadonatedfundstoconstructaSchoolHallattheHavanaPrimaryschoolsituatedintheinformalsettlementsofWindhoek．O伍cialsfromtheChineseEmbassygenerouslydonatedN$l3，000whiletheChineseChamberofCommerceandIndustryalsocontributedN$2。000．16Also，in2009，the‘ElectronicDocumentsandRecordsManagementSystem’(EDRMS)，recordkeepingofficesoftwareproductSWasreceivedbytheNamibiangovernmentfxomtheChinesegovernment．ItcostthetwogovernmentsU$5．3millionandWasspecificallydesignedbyarespectableandreputableChineseofficesoftwaremanufacturingcompanyinBeijing．Namibiawillensurearisk—freerecords’andarchivalsystemfortheofficeoftheprimeministerandthecountry’Spublicservice．TheChineseembassywasapproachin2005bytheofficeoftheprimeministertoassessthecountry’Ssoftwaredevelopmentonanelectronicrecordsanddocumentationmanagementsystem(EconomicandCommercialCounsellor’SofficeoftlleEmbassyofthePeople’SRepublicofChinaintheRepublicofNamibia,2009)．Additionally，thefourofficesrunningthepilotprojects，attendedtwoweeke-officetraininginBeijing／China．16Source：http：／／na．china-embassy．org／cng／zngx／kjjywh／t$73952．htm．35 TheChinesegovernmentalsoassistedinimprovingmanagementaccountabilityandsystemsefficiencyimprovementinthequalityoftertiaryeducationthustheintroductionofICTinthecountry’Seducationsystem；andimprovementoftheinnovationsystem(Odada,JE．&Kakujaba-Matundu,O．2008)．Juach&SakariafurtherwrotethattheformerChineseAmbassadortoNamibia,LiangYinzhunotedtheimportanceoftocooperate诵mNamibiainthefieldofhumanresourcesandcapacitybuilding．Inthepast，ChinahashelpedNamibiainhumanresourcestrainingcoursesandacademicscholarshipsinChinaaswellassendChineseteacherstoNamibiaasmentionedabove．MinistryofCommerceofChinain1998startedtrainingprogmmmeseachyearforgovernmentofficialsandtechnicalpersonnelfiomNamibiaandotherAfricancountriesinareaslikepublicadministration,macro-economics，agriculture，aquaculture，miningandhealth．Moreover，Since2000，Chinaofferedscholarships(backthenfivescholarships)everyyearforNamibianstudentstostudyatChineseuniversitiesbutasyearswentbythenumbersincreasedandin2006，therewere62NamibianofficialsandtechnicalpersonnelgoingtoChinaforsuchCOurSeSIn2007，thenumberofNamibianstudentsawardedscholarshipsfromChinaincreasedto21(Juach&Sakaria,2009；NewEra,5October2007)．AccordingtotheEmbassyofthepeople’SRepublicofChinaintheRepublicofNamibia,Shanghai，Chinadonatedlaptopstoalocallibrary(GreenwellMatongo)inKatuturaWindhoekin2011．TwolaptopsweredonatedSOthattherecallbeaccessfromtheShanghaiOnlineLibrarytotheGreenwellMatongoLibraryinKatutural7．IntheSalTICyear,theNamibian-ChineseLovingHeartOrganization(NCLHO)18ScholarshipProgramsentnineNamibianstudentstostudymedicineinNantongUniversity，China．ArecentexampleofChinesesupportwithintheeducationsystemofNamibiaistheestablishmentofaFacultyofEngineeringattheUniversityofNamibia,trainingandexchangeofexpertiseinthefieldofhumanresourcedevelopmentinaqua-culture，agriculture，manufacturing，processingofagriculturalproducts，movieandvideoproductiontechnologyandlaboratoryequipmentforthetestingofaqua-cultureproducts．Also，asmallgroupofChinesescienceteachersandmedicalstaffwergdispatchedtoworkinNamibia(Jauch&Sakaria,2009；NewEra,20April2007；Namibian,10February2009)．FurtherChinesesupportwasimaginedfortheupgradingofthemilitary”Source：EmbassyofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaintheRepublicofNamibiahttp：／／na．china-embassy．org,／eng／zneydkiiywh／t854442．hUn“NCLHOwasestablishedbytheChinesecommunityinNamibiain2007．ItaimstoassisttheruinerablegroupsinNamibiathroughfinancialandmaterialsupport,improvingtheirlivingstandards，makingcontributionstoeconomicandsocialdevelopmentof10calsociety．Source：htto：／／na．china-embassY．org，eng，功gx瓜ji、巡ll／t868575．hnn36 硕士学位论文MASTER’STHESISschooloftheNamibiaDefenceForce(NDF)intoafully—fledgedDefenceAcademy(N$65million／US$6,5million)andtheconstructionofayouthtrainingcentreforaboutN$130millionmS$13million)．193．3Mining／ConstructiOilChina’SeconomicengagementiSaccompaniedbyfinancialaidthathascontributedtothecreationofamarketforChineseindustriesthatareclearlynotableintheconstructionsector，wherethemarketshareofChinesecompanieshasbeenrapidlygrowingthroughoutsouthernAfrica(Dobler,2007)．HementionedthreeelementsthatindicatesChina’SroleintheNamibianeconomy．Theyare；commodityexport，competitionintheconstructionindustryandtheimportofmanufacturedgoodsbyChinesemigrantentrepreneurs．China’SaidtoNamibiahasplayedamajorroleinthedevelopmentofthenation’Seconomysincetheestablishmentofdiplomaticrelations．ItWasrecordedin2009thattherearemorethan3000ChinesenationalslivinginNamibiaandthatconstructionWaSdominatingastheChinesegetnearly70percentofNamibia’Slargestconstructionprojects(NewEra,2009)．ChinahashelpedNamibia谢mmanyconstructionprojects，suchaslow-costhousing,buildingsforlocalassemblies，thepresident’Sresidence，elementaryschools，theNationalDefenceCollegeofNamibiaandyouthtrainingcentres(People’Sdailyonline，2011)．ConstructioniSoneofthemostprominentareasoftheChineseinvestmentsinNamibia．LookingintothepastconstructiondealsthatChinaconductedinNamibia．TheJiangsuInternationalWasresponsiblefortheconstructionoftheSupremecourtinWindhoek，thecapitalcity，thisWasfrom1994—1997(Dobler，2007)．Also，thethennewpoliceandprisontrainingcollegeinthesal／lecitywasconstructedin199．1997aswellasthemagistratecourtsituatedinasuburbcalledKatuturainWindhoek．TlliSWaSbuiltfrombetween1997-1999Doblerfurthermentioned．Furthermore，in1999，theChinaBeijingCorporationforinternationaleconomicco-operationbuilt102housesintheNorth-easterntownofKatimaMufilo，thisWasfundedthroughtheimerest-freeChinesegovernmentloan．Moreover,Juach&Sakaria,(NewEra,21November2007)wrotethatin2007aChineseroad-buildingfirmlandedalargecontracttobuildatarredroadconnectingRundutotherecentlyproclaimedtownofNkurenkuruintheKavangoRegion．ThecontractWassaidtobeworthN$309million(US$30，9million)andanticipatetoemploy250peoplefrom19Thisdatawasretrievedfrom锄articlewrittenbyJuaehH．&lpurnbuSakaria,2007inajournal；ChineseInvestmentsinAfrica：ALaboul"Perspective．EditedbyAnthonyYawBaahandHerbertJauch．http：／／www．cebri．org／midia／documentos／315．pdf37 unskiliedmarketwhileskilledpersonalweretobeimported．TheconcessionallOallof2007alSOincludedtheimplementationofoneofthephasesoftheNorthernRailwayLine．ANorthernTannerythatiSsituatedinthenortherntownofOndangwawasbuiltin2000．02butshutdownin2006．ItwasfundedbytheChinesegovernmentandconstructedbyChinaNanjinginternationalNamibiaconstruction(Dobler，2007)．Furthermore，apfivateChinesefro'n；NewerainvestmentwasresponsibleforthenewtowncouncilbuildinginHelaoNa丘diTowninauguratedinApril2006bypresidentPohamba．ThemostnoticeableillustrationofChineseinvolvementinpublicconstructionproiectsWaSthenewstateHousebuiltinontheoutskirtsofWindhoekaswellastheHeroes‘acre．However，themaincontractorswereKoreanfirms．AftertheChinesegovernmentdonatedN$55millionfortheconstructionofstateHousein2002．DoblerfurthernotedthataChinesecompanyWasgivenashareintheprojectwithoutpublictender．TheChinesegovernmentinM”2005gaveagenerousgrantforthebuildingofthenewstateHouse．butitsamountwasnotrevealed．ThefollowingyearitwasannouncedthatthepresidentialhomeattachedtostateHousewouldbewhollydonmedbytheChinesegovemmentandbuiltbyChinesecompanies．itwasannouncedthattheChinesegovernmentwouldtenderfortheconstructioninChina,thusintroducingnewplayerstotheNamibianmarket．TherearealargenumberofChinesecompaniesthatdobusinessinvariousindustriesinNamibiafocusingondifferentsectorsconstructionandminingjusttomentionafew．TlliSiSwithintentionstocontributetotheeconomicdevelopmentofboththisnationsespeciallyNamibia．”BothcountrieshavemuchtosharewitheachotherandweareconfidentthatwithjointeffortsChinaandNamibiaCanbuildabetterfuture，”saidChina’SambassadortoNamibiaXinShunkangduringamediaconferencethatWasheldinWindhoek；thecapitalcityofNamibiaonJanuary，1lth2014．Accordingtorecentstatisticsthereareabout34Chinesestate．ownedenterprisesthatarecurrentlyoperatinginNamibiainsectorsincludingmimng,constructionandfinanceandthisenterprisesemploysome4，000localworkers(Nampa,2014)．In2011．China’SSichuanHanlonggroupwereinnegotiationswithAustralianUraniumdeveloperBannermanResourcesLimitedtobuyshares．111eymadeanofferofUS$153million，thiswouldmakethemhavemoreaccesstoRraIliulnresourcesinNamibia(Shanghaidaily，2011；Amadhila,2012：49)．More，inthesarfleyear，aChinesecompanyJiangsuEasternChinaNonferrousMetalsInvestmentalSOsignedcontractswith38 硕士学位论丈MASTER’STHESlSWeatherlyInternationalforminingofzincinNamibia．。11liSwould’veleadtothere-openingofBerg—Aukaslead—zincmineinNamibia．111eChinesecompaniesareinvolvedinbothpublicandprivatesectors．In2013theNamibianandChinesegovernmentofficialsannouncedtheconstructionofanewuraniunlmilleinthecountryduringaground—breakingceremonyApril19．AccordingtotheMining．comwebsite，Namibianstateminingcompany，EpangeloMining，owns10％oftheHusabprojectwhileChinesestate—ownedChinaGuangdongNuclearPowerHoldingCorp．iSamajorownerwith90％interest．TheconstructionoftheHusabmineinthewesternErongoregionwillcostofabout$129millionandwillbefinishedsometimein2014．DuringthatmediaconferenceXiIlfurthersaidthatrelationsbetweenChinaandNamibiahavegrownrapidlyinareasrangingfrompolitics，economicsandeducationtoscience，cultureandhealth(Nampa,2014)．111eChinesehadnegotiatedahuge’investmentinHusabMineforaboutN$3billionthroughaiointventurewithstateownedEpangeloMiningCompany，thiswasanongoingnegotiationinthepastfouryearsandisarguablyoneofthelargestinvestmentsinanysectorbyaforeigncompany(TheVillagerNewspaper，2013)．111iSiSaclearindicationofhowthecountry’SeconomywillraiseastherewiⅡbejobopportunitiesforthelocals．However,insomecasesChinesecompaniesbringintheirownworkersfromChinaandthatleadstocontroversyassuchcasesarecurrentlybeingpracticedinNamibia．肠efirstproductionbatchofuraniumoreisexpectedby2015．3．4AgricultureIn2010．ChineseMinistryofFisheriesandtheNamibianMinistryofFisheriesandMarineResourcesheldbilateraltalkstofurtherstrengthencooperationinmefieldsofagricultureandfisheries．TheformerNamibianMinisterofFisheriesandMarineResourcesnotedthattheNamibianfisheriessectorisgraduallygrowingabout20percentofNamibiant5sheriescontributetoworldexportsduringthatperiodhefurtherstatedthatNamibiansneededtobetrainedinmonitoringandtestingequipmentSOthat、衍也everythingdonethereisnotoxininthewater．ChinathenofferedN$15milliontoNamibiatoassistwithaquaculturedevelopmentaswellas10NamibiansweresenttostudyinChinain2009toensurecapacitytraininginaquaculture(EconomicandCommercialCounsellor’SO伍ceoftheEmbassyofthePeople’SRepublicofChinaintheRepublicofNamibia,2010)．Moreover,aresearchinstitutelaboratoryWasbuiltintheKavangoregionandtheChineseassistedwithequipment．Furthermore，lastyear200copiesof“AgriculturalTechnologiesofNamibia'’CO-publishedbythetwosidesweredonatedtotheministryofAgriculture．T11iSWasdoneduringaceremonywhentheVice．39 硕士学位论丈MASTER’STHESISGovernorHuangXumingofZhejiangProvincevisitedNamibiatoformeetingswiththeHealthMinisterKamwiofNamibia,DeputyAgricultureMinisterLukasaSwellastheNamibianFirstLadyPenehupifoPohamba．In2013，visitsweremadebythetwosidestodiscusstheSouth-Southcooperation”projectundertheframeworkoftheUNFoodProgrammeandsignedMOUofthecooperationproject20．Thatsameyear，theDeputyMinisterofAgriculture，WaterandForestry，LempyLucas，andtheVice—MinisteroftheGeneralAdminis仃afionQualitySupervision，InspectionandQuarantine(AQSIQ)oftheRepublicofChinainWindhoek，YangGangsignedaMemorandumofUnderstanding(MoU)regardingvariousfishexportsandfishoiltoChina(NewEraNewspaper，2013)．3．5Trade／ForeignDirectInvestmentAfl-icaseesFDIasameanstodevelopmentandpromoteeconomicgrowthintheregion．AsforAfrica,generatingsustainablegrowthanddevelopmentisthemostpressingchallengebutinChina,continuingtosearchformineralsandnaturalresourcest0f-eeditsindustryisamusttoaccommodatethehugedemandforcommodities(Tembe&Xu,2013)．111eindirecteffectsofChina’SemergenceontheNamibianprimaryeconomicsector，however，arelarge．CommoditypriceshaverisensharplyoverthelastfewyearsmainlyduetotheincreasingChineseandIndiandemand(Jauch&Sakafia,2009)．Furthermore，in1992thetraderelationsbetweenNamibiaandChinawereworthUS$1200000(approximatelyN$900000)(TheVillagerNewspaper，2013)．However，heavyinfrastructureandaboomingminingindustrywhichstimulatedChineseinteresthasincreasedtheChinesedominance．AccordingtoNamibia’SformerministerofTradeandIndustry，Im／nanuelNgatjizeko，ChineseinvestmentinNamibia’SminingindustrywouldcreatemanyiobsinNamibiaandcontributetosocialstabilityandeconomicgrowth，andaddedthatChineseinvestorswouldderivehi曲profitsfromsuchinvestments．andaccessresourcesessentialforfuellingtheChineseeconomicgrowth．InaninterviewconductedbyPeople’Sdailyonlinein201l，WeiRuixing，FormerChineseambassadortotheRepublicofNamibiastatedthatin2010．metradevolumebetweenNamibiaandChinastoodat713millionU．Sdollars，anincreaseofmorethan31percentfrom2009．SuchexpansionsallowedChinaandNamibiatosuccessfullysurvivetheinternationalf'mancialcrisis．HefurthermentionedthatChinaexportedUS$229milliontoNamibiaandimportedUS$484million五的mNamibiainthesameyear．ChinesedirectinvestmentsintoNamibiaarealsoincreasingyearbyyear．Bytheendof20ThistookplacewhentheDeputyAgricultureMinisterChenXianhuaVisitedNamibiainOctober，2013accompaniedbyAmb．Xin．ThedelegationalsovisitedameatprocessingplanttoleamaboutbeefandmuttonprocessinginNamibiaandrelevantstandardsofthesector．Source：http：／／www．focac．org／eng／zfgrdimhz／t1089107．htm．40 ⑧硕士学位论丈MASTER’STHESlSmatyear(2010)．Chinahadinvestedatotalofmorethan50millionU．S．dollarsinNamibia21．Chinaisreportedtobetheworld’Slargestconsumerofcopper,thepriceofwhichrosefxom$1，319pertonnein2001to$8，800in2006(TheEconomist，2006)．AlthoughChinahasbecomeamajorplayerintermsofForeignDirectInvestment(FDI)inAfrica,theregionisbynotthemajordestinationofmajorChineseglobalinvestment。In2004itwasreportedthatinLatinAmerica,AsiaandEuropeaccountedfor94percentofChineseFDIflows．In2003，77percentofallChineseforeigninvestmentoutsideAsiawenttoLatinAmerica(Ellis，2005)．HoweverbecauseoftherelativelysmallamountAfricareceivesofglobalFDI，Chineseinvestmenthasamuchbigger“footptint”thanthesuggestedbytheproportions．CarrnodyandOwusuwroteelementsofChina’Sgeo—economicstrategyinAfricaasfollows：1)Toensureaccesstocriticalnaturalresources，particularlyoilandnaturalgas，tomaintainthecountry’Seconomicgrowth，21Torecycleitsmassiveforeignexchange(forex)reservesintoprofitableinvestmentsoverseas，3)Associated谢mbothofthese；tofacilitatethedevelopmentofChinesemultinationalcorporations，4)TofindmarketsfortheproductsofChineseindustry，5)TodevelopmfTicanagriculturetoprovidenon-foodagriculturaltosupplyChineseindustryandconsumers，andalsofoodproductsforChina’Sburgeoningcities61TosourceknowledgeworkersinAfricatosupportChineseeconomictransformation．CurrentlyRetail，propertydevelopmentaswellasconstructionthemainpurposesofChineseinvestmentsinNamibia,whileminingisstartingtogrowgradually．Namibia’SresourcesareusedasguaranteeforbusinessloansprovidedbyChinatofinanceNamibianprojects．AccordingtoJuach&Sakaria,theformerNamibianPresidentandfoundingfatherofthenationDr．SamNujomaencouragedChinesecompaniestoexploreanddevelopco-operativeprojectspromotingvalueadditioninfieldssuchasfoodprocessing，nlinerefining，cementproduction,medicine，furnitureandgarmentmanufacturing．JuachandSakaria,2009statedthatChinaofferedtheNamibianGovernmentonebillionNamibianDollars∞S$100million)嬲abusinessloanoverathree-yearperiod21Source：http：／／english．people．com．cn／90001／90776／90883／7387023．html—AninterviewbytheChineSeambassadorWeiRulingtoNamibiain2011．41 until2010plusanotherN$720millionfUS$72million)asacreditline．TheformerpresidentofChinaHuJintaomadethisofferduringhisvisittoNamibiain2007．InSeptember2013，theNamibiangovemmentwouldreceiveapproximatelyN$240million(150MillionYuan，theVice．PrimeMinisterofthePeople’SRepublicofChinaMaKaiannounced．T11iSWassaidbyhimduringameetingwiththeNamibianDeputyPrimeMinisterMarcoHausikuattheofficialopeningofthel7tlIChinaInternationalFaitforinvestmentand删e(CIFIT)thattookplaceinXiamen,China烈AⅣ口A，2013)．The2013CIFITWasunderthetheme’IntroducingForeignDirectInvestmentandGoingGlobal’，andisaimedatfacilitatingbilateralinvestmentandthepromotionofinter-nationinvestments．MastatedthatthegrantwouldbeusedfordevelopmentproiectsinNamibiaonceitwouldbeO壬五ciMlyhandedovertotheNamibiangovernmentoncethetwonationsworkoutallmodalitiesincludingtheindicationandidentificationoftheprojectstobefunded．HausikuthenmentionedthatChinaisanimportanttradingpartneraswellasasourceofforeigndirectinvestmenttoNamibia,especiallyintheareasofinfrastructuraldevelopment,miningandtheenergyindustry．Hestated：“Globallyandespeciallyinthefaceofthefinancialmeltdown,Chinahasemergedasasignificantexposerofcapital，’’‘'NamibiaislookingtoitsfriendslikeChinaforsupportandinvestmenttoenablehertorealisehersetlong—terminvestmentandeconomicandindustrialisationambitions．”meDeputyPremierMastated．3．6TransportLookingintotransportinvestments，Namibia’StransportparastatalTransNamibpurchasedpassengertrainsfromChinain2004．Thiswasbasedonthegoodrelationsthatthetwocountriesshare．NamibContractHaulage(NCH)，aSWAPOownedbusinessunderKalahariholdingslimitedin2007signedadealwitllaChinesecarcompany、丽ⅡlintentionstopavethewayfortheassemblingofbusesandtrucksinNamibia(Jauch&Sakaria,2009)．111eyfurtherwrotethatNCHtookatriptoChinaandbought22busesandtippertrucks．TheyalsoinvitedtheChinesecounterpartstoenterjointventuresbynotonlytargetingNamibiabutalsotheSADCregion．NCHandChinaFAWBusandCoach(Wuxi)signedamemorandumofunderstandinginWindhoekinFebruary2007．3．7RetailandconstructionasthemostprominentinvestmentareasforChineseandChineseretailshopsoperateindependently、析thnoformalsupportfromtheChineseEmbassyinNamibia．Thereareover500smallChineseshopsregistered、ⅣitlltheMinistryofTradeandIndustry(NewEra,2009)．ChinesebusinessesofwholesaleandretailalereferredtoasChinashopsandbiggercomplexesoccupiedbytheseChinashops42 areknownasChinaTown．AlmostalltownsinNamibiahasfiveChinashops．However，thedominatingretailshopsinthecountryalestillfromSouthAfricasomewithNamibianshareholdersbutnotasmuchasbeforebecauseofthemushroomingChineseretailbusinessinNamibia’Sretailindustrythatbroughtanoticeableparadigmchange．TheretwoimportantretailtheoriesrelevanttotheinterpretationofretailchangesinNamibia．Thesetheoriesare：a)Thewheelofretailingwhereretailersenterabusinessatalowstatus，lowpriceandlowcostoperations，helping埘t11competition诵Ⅱlthealreadyexistingretailersandmatureashighcostretailersaftersucceeding．(Niikondo&Coetzee，2008)．Theothertheoryisb)Theaccordiontheorywhichisbasedontheretaildevelopmenttohumanhabitation．expands诵mageographicalexpansionofasociety．Thisisdonebystartingupwitllgeneralstoresexpandingtospecialiststores．Tllismightbethecase、析mChineseretailshopsinNamibiainthenearfuture．ThebiggestChinatownssituatedinallindustrialareaofnorthernWindhoekthecapitalcity．almostintheoutskirtsofthecity．nleotherbigmarketsintheNorthemRegionsofthecountry，inatowncalledOshikangothatisborderingAngola．ReportsclaimthatthefirstChineseretailandwholesaleWasopenedin1998byaTaiwanesebusiness．Asyearswentby，moreandmoremerchantswereimportedtothecountryforretailbusinessthatisastrongcompetition谢tllthelocalSmallMediumEnterprises(SME’s1．11hishasdrawnprotestsfromlocaltradersandbusinesspeopleaboutunfaircompetitionandconcemaboutqualityandsafetyforconsumers．Thiswillbediscussedmoreindetailunderthenegativeperceptionschapterinthisstudy．ManyChinesemigrantsestablishsmallretailbusinessesforclothes，accessoriesandnowexpandedtOotherhouseholditemslikefurniture，homeelectronics,motorcycles，artificialflowers，andvariousothertypesofgoodssellingthemtoaverylowpriceaffordableforthelow-incomepeopleinthecountry；however，thequalityistheproductsoftenquestionedbytheconsumers．However,someNamibianswelcomedtheadditionofChineseintheretailsectorcitingthebenefitofemploymentcreationandlowercostsofgoods．ChinesetradersimporttheirgoodsthroughtheportsatWalvisBayorDurbaninSouthAfrica,andbringtheminbyrailforstorageinbondedwarehouses．TheysellgoodstotheAngolantradersforexporttoAngolainsmallquantities．TherenowalsoChinesefactoriesinOshikan9022。22Source：http：／／en．wikipedia．org／wiki／ChinesepeopleinNamibia．43 3．8EmploymentCreationEmploymentismostlyprovidedintheretailandconstruction，whicharecurrentlythemainareasofChineseinvestmentsinNamibiafollowedbymining．In2011，ChinesecompaniesconstructedtheRundusectionhighwayinthenorthernpartofNamibia(People’Sdailyonline，2011)．Chineseenterprisesandbusinesspeoplecreatednearly10，000jobsforthelocalcitizensandhaveprovidedprofessionaltrainingforalargenumberofskilledlocalworkers．Itwasconsideredasoneofthebestqualityroadsbuiltsinceindependence．ChineseretailshopsalloverthecountryalsocontributehighlyincreatingjobopportunitiestoNamibiansandhasbroughtaverypositiveoutcomeinthegrowthoftheeconomy．TheChinesecurrentlyemploymostofthepooranduneducatedpeopleandthustheyCanspendthatmoneyintheNamibianeconomy(Niikondo&Coetzee，2008)．Theyfurtherwrotethatin2008，theHongKongParkandtheChinaTownManufacture&WholesaleCentreinWindhoek’Snorthernindustrialareaemploymorethan170localpeople．However，thelabourlawstendtobeignoredbyChineseemployersbringanumberofproblemswithintheindustry．3．9HealthSectorLookingintohealthissuesinNamibia,thePeople’SRepublicofChinadonatedUS$100，000in2009toassistfloodvictimsinthenorthandnortheasternpartsofNamibia．ThedonationwasinresponsetoPresidentHifikepunyePohamba’Sappealforaidfromtheintemationalcommunitytohelpthevictims．Also．aChineseconstructioncompanyinNamibia,theChinaHenanInternationalCooperationGroupCo．Ltddonated1000bedquiltsworthN$100．000tothefloodvictims．Anotllel"donationfromaChineseminingcompanyZhongheResourcesDevelopment(Pry)LtdWaSmade．TheydonatedN$50000totheNationalDisasterFundofNamibia．23FOCAC．2013reportedthatduringⅡlesamevisitoftheVice—GovernorHuangXumingofZhejiangProvinceZhejiangprovincialgovernmentdonatedthreeambulancestotheMinistryofHealthandSocialServicesofNamibia．TheyalSOdonatedthreecompositetractorstothefarmafnliatedtoanAIDStreatmentinstituteforthewidowedandorphansheadedbytheFirstLadyofNamibia．ItwasfurtherreportedthattheChinesegovernmentalSOofferedtotrain12Namibianstosupportinpostreconstructionprogramsaswellasinmalariacontrol，?9斟|的DSpreventionandemergencymedicaltreatment．Moreover．fromtheconcessionalloanthatwasgiventoNamibiaduringthe2007visitbyHuJintaotoseveralAfl'icancountries．I岫645millionfundedthreedevelopmentalprojectsonofthembeingtheupgradingoftheOshakatiStateHospitalinnorthernNamibia．(Economicand23Source：http：／／na2．mofcom．gov．cn／article／chinanews／200904／200—90406207—172．shtml44 CommercialCounsellor’SofficeoftheEmbassyofthePeople’SRepublicofChinaintheRepublicofNamibia,2010)．45 CHAPTER4ReasonforthegrowthofforeignrelationsbetweenNamibiaandChina：PoliticsInrecentandpaststudies，manyscholarsindicatedsomepositiveaswellasnegativeaspectsoftherelationbetweenthetwonations．Inthischapter，PoliticalrelationsbetweenNamibiaandChinawillbethefocuspointasittherootoftheirforeignrelations．WewillalSOlookatthedownfallsandtlleundesirablecircumstancesfacedbythelocalpeopleoftheRepublicofNamibia．ItisoftenmentionedinarticlesthatChinesefirmsdominatetheNamibianconstructionindustryaswellasothersectorslikeretailandthishasledtofrequentallegations(Scoopindependentnews，2008)．4．1Sino—NamibianPoliticalRelationsPost．colonialNamibiais1argelystableandpeacefulwithaliberalconstitution．SinceNamibiagainedindependencein1990，amajorpoliticalachievementhasbeenthesmoothtransferofpowerfromonePresidenttoanotherwhichbodieswellforsocio—economicdevelopment(Africandevelopmentbank,2009)．China'sspeechonhumanrightswithitsemphasisonstatesovereigntyandnon—interferenceindomesticaffairsfindsveryinterestedearsatthebestlevelinmuchofAfrica．Itspoliticalpresenceismostlydefinedwithinitsofficialstate-to．staterelatiOIlSwiththeNamibiangovernment．ChinaandNamibiaregardeachothertobefriends，sharinganewtypeofclosepartnershipbasedonsharedideasofanti--colonialismandanti—-imperialism(EmbassyofthePeople’SRepublicofChinainNamibia,2007)．NamibiaalsofmnlysupportsChina’S‘‘One-China'’policy(RepublicofNamibia,2004)．ItacceptstheNationalUnificationGuidelinesandacknowledgesthatthesovereigntyandterritorialintegrityofChinaincludesTaiwan．O衢cialChineselOanSandaidplayaveryimportantroleinthepoliticalrelationshipbetweenChinaandNamibia．TllishelpsNamibiaachieveitsdevelopmentgoalsthusmakingtherelationshipbeneficialtoboththegovernmentandthelocalpopulation(OdadaandKakujaha,2008)．ChinaisthereforeviewedaSapartnerinNamibia’sdevelopment．JusttomentiononeexamplethatCanrelatetoabovementioned，inthepastChinaupgradedandexpandedtheNamibianDefenceForcemilitaryschoolforN$65million．TheMinistryofForeignAffairsoftheRepublicofNamibiain2004statedthattheabandonmentoftheseguidelinescouldhavetheeffectofinfringinguponthesovereigntyandterritorialIntegrityofChina(RepublicofNamibia,2004)．Namibia’SsupportofChina’SpolicyalsoextendstotheissueofTibet．ThegovernmentregardsTibetasan“essentialpartofChina46 ⑩硕士学位论文MASTER’STHESlSandthereforecondemnsallseparationactivitiesandarrangedactsofviolencewhichhavebeenmastermindedbytheSO·calledTibetangovernmentinexile”(TheNamibian，4April2008)．NamibiapromiseditssupporttoChinabysupportingalllegitimatemeasuretostopunrestinTibetandensureapeacefulresolution(TheNamibian，4April2008)．Moreover，ChinaexpresseditswishtoincreaseCO—operationbetweenNamibiaandChina’Sparliaments．DuringtheformerChairmanoftheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople’SCongressWuBangguo’SvisittoNamibiainMay2011，thetwocountriesagreedtomakeallefforttopushforwardtheco-operationtoahigherlevel(Amadhila,2012)．Moreover，ChinaisalwayskeenonassistingintheNamibia-basedpilottraining；伍eyoftendonatemilitaryhardwareandChina-basedprofessionalmilitarytrainingforNDFpersonnelaswellastheNavyofNamibia．Itwasreportedthatin2007almost30militarypersonnelattendedtrainingCOUlsesinChina(Scoopindependentnews，6May2008)．4．2SⅥ渔Po．CPCRelationsTheSWAPOledgovernmentofNamibiausesthestoryofChina’ShelpduringtheliberationsstruggletojustifyandfurtherdrivecloserelationsbetweenthePeople’SRepublicofChinaandtheNamibiangovernment(EmbassyofthePeople’SRepublicofChinaintheRepublicofNamibia,2007)．ThissayingisoftenrepeatedinspeechesfrombothgovernmentsanddemonstratesasharedideaofNamibiaandChinabeingpartnersandalliesinthefightagainstcolonialism，apartheidandcruelty．Therehasbeenanescalationofparty--to·-partyCO-·operationbetweenSWAPOpartyelitesandtheCommunistPartyofChina(CPC)．ThiscloserelationshipbeganduringtheyearsofNamibia’Sliberationwar．ChinasupportedSWAPO’Sliberationeffortsaspartofitsforeignpolicyinthe1970’Sand1980’SofsupportingvictimsofcolonialismandraisingChina'sprofileontheintemationalstage(Taylor,1997)．TheCPCandtheSWAPO，asrulingpartiesofChinaandNamibiarespectively，haveattachedgreatimportancetodevelopingbilateralcooperationinallareasandachievedfruitfulresultsformerChinesePresidentsaidduringhisvisittoNamibiain2007．Healsomentionedthatparty-to-partyexchangesbetweenthetworepublicshavebecomeanimportantpartofbilateralfriendlytiesforthecountries(MinistryofForeignAffairsofthePeople’SRepublicofChina,2007)．TheformerSecretaryGeneralofNamibia’Sgoverningparty，theSouthWestAfTicaPeople’SOrganisation(SWAPO)，Dr．NgadkutukeTjiriange，pointedoutthatwhileBritainandtheUnitedStateshadrefusedtogiveanyassistancetoSWAPOasa47 硕士学位论炙MASTER’STHESlSliberationmovement．Chinahadbeenatrustworthyally(Jauch&Sakaria,2009)．ThespecialrelationshipbetweenChina(cPc)andSWAPOextendedtoChinaprovidingfundstoSWAPO．InJune2003．theCommunistPartyofChina(CPC)donatedUS$30000toSWAP0．7111iSmoneywasusedtoprintSWAPOmaterialfortheextraordinarycongressheldin2004．Whenthisdonationwascriticisedbyoppositionparties．SWAPOpartydefendeditselfbystatingthatforeignfundingofpoliticalpartiesWaSnotillegalinNamibia(SherbOHITIe，2005；Amadhila,2012)．ChinafullerhadbeeninstrumentalingivingmilitarysupporttoSWAPO，evensendinginstructorstotrainformersoldiersinTanzaniatofighttheSouthAfricanApartheidregime．(Jauch&Sakaria,2009)．HealSOaddedthatwhentheUSandBritaindeclinedDrSamNujoma’srequestforsupportinformofweaponsduringthestruggle，theChinesereceivedhimwellandtrainedthefightersofthePeople’SLiberationArmyofNamibia(PLAN)inwar．FormerPresidentHustressedthattheCPCgivesprioritytoitstraditionalfriendlyrelationswithSWrAPOandthatitWaSreadytoworktopushforthefriendshipandcooperationbetweenthetwoparties(MinistryofForeignAffairsofthePeople’SRepublicofChina,2007)．In2003forexample，theNationalAssemblyAssetRegister(NAAR)reflectedgiftsdonatedbytheChinesegovernmenttoMembersofParliament，namelyAbrahamIyambowhoreceivedaDVDplayer,MoseTjitenderowhoreceivedalaptopcomputerandHendrikWitbooiwhoreceivedafridge(Grobler，2005)．4．3DestructivePerceptionsontheChina．NamibiaRelationsNamibianworkershaveexperiencedalongcolonialhistoryofexploitationandindependenceWasdirectlylinkedtothepromiseofmovingawayfromthehighlyexploitativeandracistpracticesof也ecolonialpast．China’seconomicpresenceintheconstruction，retailandnowminingisthemaincauseofnegativeperceptionsoftheNamibia-Chinarelations．ItisbelievedthatChinaisprofessedallemergingeconomicpowerthathasnointerestatheartforthewell—beingofthelocalpeople．ThegovernmentisbeingaccusedofgivingChinesecompaniessuperiortreatmentattheexpenseoflocalcompanies．AmadhilaarguesthatthecloseandexistingrelationshipbetweentherulingpartyandrewardingofscholarshipstoSWAPOofficialsshowsthatthegovernmentiswillingtocompromiseitsnationalinterest．ItishoweverobviousthattheNamibiangovernmenttriestojustifyChina’Spresenceinthecountry．Kisting(2010)statedthatnOWPrimeMinister，HageGeingobexpressedhisdissatisfactionofanti．ChineserhetoricandarguedthattheChinesepeople’Sintentionsarenottotakeawayemploymentfromthelocalpeoplebutrathertogreatmoreopportunities，thiswassaidin2010，August． Furthermore，thereareanumberofchallengesandthreatsthatariseamongtheChinesepeopleandthelocals，especiallywithintheretailandconstructionssectorsandtheminingsectormightjoinintheheal"future．T11isismoreabouttheChinesebusinessesabidingtothelabourlawsofthecountryandwellasthepracticeofhumanrightsasitisademocraticnation．However，mostoftheChineseinvestmentsaremoreataGovernment-to—GovernmentlevelandhaveverylittlebenefitstotheNamibianentrepreneursincetheChinesebringawholeentourageofprofessionalsandmechanisationswithoutfewengaginganylocalbusinesspeople(111eVillagerNewspaper，2013)．ManyChineseretailshopsholdlittlebenefitsforthecountry’Soveralldevelopment，comewitllunacceptableandintolerablelabourpracticesborderingonpastcolonialpractices，anditseems，individualChineseinvestorsrepatriatemoneyillegallyoutofthecountry，insteadofploughingitbackintotheeconomythroughlegalmeans(NewEra,2009)．Starting、析tlltaxlawsandhowChinesebusinessownershandleit．NiikondoandCoetzee(2008)，carlleupwithresultsintheirstudiesaboutsomeoftheconditionslocalemployeesarefacedwithworkingatChinesebusinessesmostlyretailshops．Theyare；Lowsalaries·Noholidays·Nolunchtime·Norespectforemployees·Noclearcontractwithemployees·NoobediencetotheNamibianlabourlaws·Lackoffaffiliation·Nopension·NopermanentjobsDobler，(2005)saidthatshopsinOshikangosituatedinthenorthempartofthecountryarewholesaleduty-freeshops．ThatiSwheremostChineseownedretailshopsareinthecountry．GoodsarebroughtdirectlyfromChinawithoutofficiallybeingimportedintoNamibia；noNamibianValueAddedTaxⅣAnorimportdutyiSpaidonthem．MostofthewarehousesoperatinginOshikangooperateoffshore，thegoodsareimported‘‘inbond'’forexporttoAngola,withoutpayingNamibianimportdutiesandtaxes(Dobler，2007)．HeflLrtherwrotethatthiscomplicatestradeasontheirarrival，goodsaretoberegistered诵mthecustomsofficeandwhentheyaresoldforexport,theyhavetobeofficiallyremovedfrombond．Theamountofstockphysicallypresentinthe49 warehousesmustcorrespondtotheamountregisteredinthebondbook．Asthenecessaryformsarerathercomplex，Chinesearepayingclearingagentstodeal淅tllallcustomformalities．AstudybytheLabourResourcesandResearchInstitute(LARRI)reportedthat24：·IndividualChinesebusinesspeopleareenteringthecountryonfalsepretenceofsettingupmanufacturingbusinesses，onlytosetupretailshopsofcheapChineseimportedgoods；·ChineseemployerspaythelowestwageseveninindustrieswherethereareminilTlUnlwageagreementsbetweentheindustryandunions；·CompetitionbetweenChinesecompaniesandothercompaniesisunfairandunjustinfavourofChinese；·Thereislackofpropercontrolandenforcementoflawsbygovernmentauthorities；·TheMinistryofTradeandIndustryhasaflexibleapproachregardingworkers’rightsandworkingconditions，forthesakeofdevelopingabetterNamibia；·CommitmentmadebyChinatocontributetowardsthedevelopmentofthecountry’smanufacturingsectorhasbarelymaterialisedwithonlysmall-scaleprojectsinproductionofbricks，fabrics，detergents，mattresses，quilts，lighters，waterprocessing，andassemblingofdieselenginesandpowergenerators．A1SO，Chinesebusinessesarenoweventhreateningthesmallsubsistencehomeindustriestradingin‘'kapana’’(roastedmeat)and“fatcakes”．ThebiggestthreattoSM匣’SinthecountrywereChineseandLebanesetradersandcomplaintsweremadethatthegovernmentofNamibiaisnotprotectingthecitizensfromunfaircompetition．111eChinesekapanatraderssetuDstallsmostlyintheNorthandotherpartsofthecountrywhereandemploylocalstodothemeatroastingandselling．Chinesetradersinthecapital“Chinatown25’’werealsoaccusedpayingtheiremployeespaltrysalariesofaslowasN$300permonth．Afterhavingovertakentheconstructionandotherestablishedbusinesses．theChinesearenowalsotargetingandcompetingagainsttheSME’S(Jauch&Sakaria2009；Informante．7June2007)．LookingfurtherintothecriticismintheconstructionsectorofNamibia,govemmentO伍cialsareaccusedofhandingoutgovemmentconstructiontenderstoChinesecompanies．nliShadbroughtlotsofcomplainsfromtllelocalconstructioncompanies．LocalconstructioncompaniesandhumanrightsgroupshaveaccusedChinesefirmsof24Source：http：／／www．afrika．no／Detailed／l8107．html．25Chinatownisacomplexsituatedintheoutskirtsof、)XrmdhoekoccupiedbytheChinesepeopledoingbusiness．TherealeChineseshopsalloverthatalethatarealsoreferredtoasChinashopbythelocalpeople．50 ⑧硕士学位论炙MASTER’STHESlSignoringlabourlawsandofpayingworkerslessthanindustry—mandatedminimumwages．AgoodexamplewouldbewhenatenderboarddecisiontoawardaN$75million(US$7，5million)contractforthebuildingofthenewheadofficefortheMinistryofLandsandResettlementtoaChineseconstructioncompany(Jauch&Sakaria,2009；rnleNamibian,3December2007)．TheyfurtherpointedoutthattheNamibiaConstructionandMurray&RobertsNamibiatenderedtoconstructthenewheadoffice．Ⅵ恤tislegallyrequiredwhenapplyingforatenderisnotsmoothedfromChineseandotherconstructioncompanies．ThelocalconstructioncompaniescouldnotcompetewitllChineseinvestorsandthattheymissedpotentialincomeandemploymentcreation．Chineseconstructioncompaniesareawardedgovemmenttendersdespitethetenderrules，whichrequireapplicantstoadheretolocallawsandregulations，includingtheAffirmativeAction(Employment)Act，theLabourAct，theSocialSecurityActaswellasthegazettedminirnulnwagesandagreedconditionsofemployment．Jauch&SakariaalsowrotethatduringthefieldstudythathourlywagesofN$3(US$O，30)WaSthepaymentlocalsreceivedatChineseconstructioncompanieswhoweresupposedtoPayaminilTlUl／1wageofN$8，44(US$0，84)．Theseworkersdidalsonotreceivethebenefitsthatarestipulatedinthecollectiveagreementfortheindustry．AlocalnewspaperwrotethattheChineselocallyareundertakingmostofthetradewhileNamibiansarestilltoexploitbusinessopportunitiesintheAsiancountrydespiteastrongdiplomaticlinkbetweenthetwocountries(TheVillagerNewspaper，2013)．Itwasreportedthatin2009mostChineseinvestorsinthecountrywereamongtheleastpayingwhilelocalswhoservedatsomeChinesecompanieshadtodowithverylonghoursofwork、丽mnoovertimepayments(TheVillagernewspaper,25March2013)．111epaperfurtherwrotethatin2010，aChinesebusinessmanaSkedonelocalworkingforhimin2010tostripandwalknakedandin2013，aChinesenationaloperatingabusinessinthenorthernpartofthecountryfiredhisemployeewhoallegedlyrefusedtogoanddumphisexcretion．Notallconstructionand／buildingmaterialproducedbyChineseiSofacceptablequality．Thereareanumberofcasesforexample；theHiltonhotelinWindhoekandotherbuildingswherebuildingwouldbeoflesserquality．nleChinesebricksaremorethanthreeorfourtimescheaperthanlocalbricks(Niikondo&Coetzee．2008)．Bricksprovidevalueformoneyandanopportunityforalargenumberoflocalpeopletoaffordhouses．Furthermore，itiScheaperforChinesecompaniestoimportChineseconstructionequipmentastobuyingequipmentfromthelocalNamibianand／orSouthAfricanmarket．Tbjsreducesthemarketshareoflocalproducersandineffectreduceslocaljobopportunities．51 ⑧硕士学位论炙MASTER’STHESlSNiikondo&CoetzeeinterviewedtheCEOoftheNamibiaChamberofCommerceandIndustry(NCCI)MrTaaraShanikaandthisiswhathesaid；Shaanika(2008)saidthat：‘‘investmentflowfromChinahasbeenontheriseinrecentyearsespeciallyintheareasofinfrastructuredevelopment／maintenanceandmining．Tmshasahugeimpactontheeconomyintermsofdevelopmentandtosomeextent,competitiveness．However，theChinesepresencehasalsocausedtheclosingdownofindigenousbusinessesandfuelledbriberyandcorruption．Chineseofferbribestogetbusinessandthatisbadfortheeconomy．Inaddition．alotoftheirbusinessiSdoneinillegalmanner”．AlthoughtraderelationsbetweenNamibiaandChinakeepgrowingfromstrengthtostrength，mostChineseoperatinginNamibiahavealsonotbeencommittedtotransferringtheirtechnicalknow-howtothelocalpeople．(Thevillagernewspaper,2013)．ChineseinvestorsdonotplaceemphasisondevelopingtheskillsoftheirNamibianemployees．Largerconstructionfirmsforexampleemploymorethan25workersthereforelegallyrequiredtoimplementaffn'mativeaction(includingtheappointmentofNamibianunderstudiestotransferskillsfromexpatriatestaff)．However,thisrequirementtendtobeignored．InsteadofdevelopingNamibianskills，t11eytendtoimportskilledworkersfromelsewhere(Juach&Sakaria,2009)．Further,EmployeesintheconstructionbusinesssireareknowntoworkonSundaysandpublicholidayswithoutgettinganyfinancialbenefitsknowasovertimepayments(ThevillagerNewspaper，25仇March2013)．Workersarealsoexposedtolongworkinghoursatratesthatdonotmeettherequirementsofthelabouractofthecountry．，nleNamibianLabourActstipulatesthatpeoplewhoworkonpublicholidaysandSundaysshouldgetaslightlyadjusteddailyallowancefortheworkdone．TherelationshipbetweenthedominantS翮姆0partyandtheCCPhascreatedoppositionpartyandgrassrootsperceptionsthatSino-Namibiarelationsaredrivenbypartypoliticsandnotbynationalintereststhatbenefitthepopulationasawhole．TheChinesegovernmenthasalSOofferedgiftstoNamibianO伍cials．TheNamibianConstitutionclearlystipulatesthatseniorgovernmentofficialsarerequiredtodeclaremeirassetswiththeNationalAssemblyAssetRegister(NaAR)(Grobler．2005)．ThemostcontroversialinstanceofChinesegifistoNamibianpoliticiansWastheawardingofChineseuniversityscholarships，speculatedtohavebeenmeantforlessprivilegedyouths，butinsteadwenttotopSⅥiAPOO伍cialsin2009．ThesescholarshipswereawardedtothechildrenofthePresident,DefenceMinister,theNamibianPoliceInspectorGeneral，52 ⑧硕士学位论炙MASTER’STHESlSneDeputyMinisterofMinesandEnergy，DeputyMinisterofLandsandResettlement，MinisterofMinesandEnergy．MinisterofHome施itsandMinsterofJustice(Mongudhi，2009)．Inthepast，thegroupofS脚OpeoplethatweresendfortraininginChina“Chinamen”returnedtocriticizetheperceivedlazinessandcorruptionoftheSWAPOleadership．Also，AmadhilastatedthattheSWAPOdominatedgovernmentspoliticalsystemsuggeststhatperceptionsdifferentfromofficialperceptionsonC11iilawoddnotbetoleratedbecauseoftheSWAPOparty’scloserelationship、析血theChinese．AllthesecallalsoleadtopossibleresentmentwithinthepoliticsofNamibia,costingvotesduringelectionsandSOonasloealswouldchangetheirmindsetabouttherulingparty．ItwasalsoreportedthatChinesebusinesseshardlybankinNarnibia,despitethecountry’Sforei萨exchangerestrictions(NewEra,16July2008；Republikein,30October2008；InterviewwithV．Usiku,l8July200s)．53 ⑥硕士学位论乏MASTER’STHESISCHAPTER5RecommendationsandConclusionChinaisafigureofapooreconomythathasmanagedtopursueeconomicreformsandhasmaintainedstatecontroloftheeconomywhilebeingabletoresistWestempressureforrapiddemocratization．Chinahasbeenamongtheworld’Smosteconomicallyandtechnologicallyadvancednations．SoChinanowrepresentsareliableandalternativedevelopmentmodelforAfricanleaderstofollow(Lewis，2007；Amadhila,2012)whichmayhelpthemreachtheirowndevelopmentgoals．Thecountryhasenormousfinancialresourcesatitsdisposal，beingforexampletheworld’Slargestretainerofforeignexchangereservesbecauseofhugeinflowsofforeigninvestment，substantiveandconsistenttradeextras，hi【ghlevelsofdomesticsavingsandthesovereignwealthfundpoliciesoftheChinesestate．Liberalismanalysistheforeignrelationstructureofthetwonationsinaratherstrivingwaythetwocountriesstrengthenhigh—levelvisits，todeepentheirfriendshipandcombinethepoliticalgroundsofourbilateralrelations．Theycontinuetopromoteeconomicandtradecooperationtoabroaderscopeandahigherstandardbyspeedinguptheidentificationofprojectsthatwillusethegrantsandloansandtheimplementationofconstructionandothereconomicsectors．However,changingperceptionsoflocalpeoplemighthaveaneffectinfutureontheChina-Namibiarelations．NecessarystepsneedtobetakentoaddressthesituationsthatappeartobequitenegativetowardstheChineseandtheNamibiangovernmentaswell．Itisthereforecrucialthatthegovernmentaddressnegativeperceptionsatgrassrootslevelforthemutualbenefitforbothgovernmentsandtheirpeople．Certainareasneedtobetakenintoseriousconsiderationlike；i)BuildingCultureRelationsThetwonationscouldfurtherexpandexchangesandcooperationmoreinculture，humanrecoursestraining，health,andpromotepeople-to-peopleexchangesinordertolearnfromeachotherandachievecommondevelopment．Asmentionedbyotherscholarsonewouldagreethatthisentailstheestablishmentofjointventurescomeup、析廿lrestrictionsonwhattypeofforeignbusinessescanoperateinNamibiaandpromoteskilltransfers．WiththenumberofChinesemigrantsrising，itmaybebeneficialforthegovernmenttostrategicallytakeadvantageoftheseChinesemigrantstobenefititsowninterestsbycreatingopportunitiesthatcanleadtodevelopment；encouragemoreentrepreneurstocomeandinvestinNamibia,andconductmutuallybeneficialcooperationwithtlleNamibianside．ThenumberofChinesemigrantsarerisingandthis ⑧硕士学位论文MASTER’STHESlScanbeagreatopportunityforthegovernmenttouseittotheadvantageofthenationfornationdevelopment．Thiscanbeskillstransfer，jointventuresinbusinessandperhapsmakeamendmentswithtypesofforeignbusinessesthatcanbeoperatedinthecountrythatcanonlyhelp、析t11theeconomicdevelopment．ii)Import，ExportandManufacturingindustryChinastrivestoimprovethetradestructure、ⅣitlINamibiaandincreaseimportsfromNamibia．AgricultureandfisheriessectorsaswellasmeatandmeatproductsshouldbeoneofthefocusareasforexportstoChina,ofcauseconsideringhealthandsafetymeasures．ExportingofrawmaterialstoChinaisnotmuchofadevelopmentstrategy，however，iftheChineseinvestorsandgovernmentmoveastephigherandbringinmanufacturingentities．ThiswouldaddvaluetotheraWmaterialsandbothnationswouldmaketrademorebeneficial．NamibiashouldlookintointroducingsecondaryindustriestoincreasevalueaddedactivitiesthatcanembarkuponestablishingfactoriesinNamibiaforproducinggoodsinthecountry．ThereisalackofmanufacturingcompaniesinNamibiaandjointventureswouldsolvethisproblem．iii)TradeInvestmentsTheChinesegovernmentshouldencourageChineseenterpriseswithgoodcompetenceandreputationtoinvestinNamibia．NamibianbusinesspersonsshouldalsomakelargereffortstomarketandcreatebetterpublicityandtheNamibiannationshouldlearnfromChina’Sdevelopmentmodel，theircultureofhardworkanddedicationinorderforbusinessestoprosper．ItisimportanttocarryoutamoredetailedanalysistoestablishwaysinwhichNamibianbusinessescallbenefitmoremeaningfullyfromincreasedChineseinvolvement／operationsinNamibia。TheyshouldgrabtheChina-NamibiarelationsasanopportunitytodoSOandfocusoneconomicgoals．iv)RetailandemploymentcreationFurther,theChineseretailbusinessesshouldchangetheirstyleofrecruitmentaccordingtotheNamibianpolicyonforeignretailersandChinesetradersshouldemployatleastrequires90％NamibiansandstopbringingworkersfromChinaevenforjobsthatrequirelimitedskills．Inaddition，Chineseretailbusinessesdonotincludesocialresponsibilityactivitiesintheirbusinessplans．TheydonotsupportsocialeventssuchassportsoreducationalactivitiesforyoungNamibiarts；thisisaclearindicationthatNamibia’Sdevelopmentisnottheirprimaryconcern．TheNamibiangovernmentshouldimplementarule／lawthateveryforeignbusinessshouldincludecorporatesocialresponsibilityintheirbusinessplansandshouldcarryouttasksannually；thisincludesChineseretailshopsaroundthecountry．Otherwaysfordevelopingthenation，Chinese55 peopleshouldvisitNamibiafortourism,thiswould,andimprovingthelivingstandardsofthelocalsasjobcreationwouldtakeplace-reducingpoverty．Thetwonationsstrivetofurtherstrengthenhi曲一levelvisitstodeepenfriendshipandconsolidatethepoliticalgroundsoftheirbilateralrelations．111eyshouldaimtopromoteeconomicandtradecooperationtoabroaderscopeandahigherstandardbyspeedupidentificationofprojectsthatwouldusegrantsandloans，improvebilateraltradestructureandspreadtradecooperation．Cooperationinotherareaslikerailwaysandtelecommunicationshouldbeextended，andtakeeffeetivemeasurestopromotethebilateralcooperationinagriculture．andtourism．Thenationsshouldf-lLrtherexpandexchangesandcooperationineducation,culture，humanrecoursestraining，health,andpromotepeople-to—peopleexchangesinordertolearnfromeachotherandachievecOiIllnondevelopment．continueandstrengthencoordinationandcooperationinailinternationalorganizations．TheNamibiangovernmentshouldensurethatlocaldevelopment，respectforhumanrights，theenvironment,andabetterconsiderationoftherealneedsofAfricancommunitiesaccompanyChineseimposingexpansionasChinaispursuingitsownforeignpolicyandnationalinterest．Inconclusion,ChinaandNamibiaalebothdevelopingcountriesandarefacingthetasksofindependentlydevelopingtheireconomies．Therefore，thetwonationsstrivetoincreasecontacmandstrengthentheCO．operationinpolitical，economic，culturalandvariousotherfields．ChinacontinuestosupporttheNamibiangovernment’SeffortstobringaboutruraldevelopmentbyorganizingvisitstoChinaforNamibia’SruralentrepreneursasawayofupgradingtheirskillsthroughinteractionwiththeirChinesecounterparts，andbyprovidingmaterials．Furthermore，provisionoftoolsandequiFImerittoruralcommunitiesthroughtwOon-goingnationalprojects，namely：thefood／cashforworkprogramme；andtheempowermentofforexampletheSancommunityforhouseholdfoodsecurityprogramme．砧eincreaseinChina’SeconomicandpoliticalinvolvementinAfricaisarguablythemostmomentousdevelopmentonthecontinentsincetheendoftheColdWar．ThePeople’SRepublicofChina(PRClis／lOWAfrica’ssecondmostimportanttradingpartner；thoughbehindtheUnitedStates，itisaheadoftheUnitedKingdom(Taylor，2009)．111edominantfactorofChina’SrelatiOIlSwithAfricancountriesiStrade．Sino—AfricantiesaredrivenbyChina’Sdemandformfi'ica’splentifulcommodities．notablyoilandunprocessedmetalsandminerals，tosupplyitsrapidlygrowingeconomy．China’SactioninAfricacanhardlybelimitedtoday，sincethereisnoothergreatpowerthatcouldbalanceorslow-downitsrise．Besides．astheInternationalMonetaryFund ⑩硕士学位论炙MASTER’STHESISstated,ChinaisdoinginAfricawhatnootherorganizationcoulddoirItennsofinfrastructureandservices．TheexcellentpoliticalrelationsbetweenthePeople’SRepublicofChinaandNamibia嬲wellastheincreasinglevelsoftradebetweenthetwocountriesponto1ncreasmgeconomictiesmtheyearstocome．Thevariousagreementssignedpavet}1ewayIorclosereconomicco-operation,althoughtheChineseinvestmentsarecurrentlyconcentratedmconstruction，propertydevelopmentandretail．Thishastobec嘞eapriorityiftheChinese-Namibianeconomicrelationsaretobecomequalitativelvdi仃．erentfromthosebetweenNamibiaandtheformercolonialpowers．‘'AmbassadorSbanl(11I】g8tatedthataSagovernmenKthereis龃agreementthatallnationalsworkingabroadshouldoperateaccordingtothelawsofthehostcountry．HefurthersaidthathementionedtoHisExcellencythattheveryfewbadbehaviourfromthoseChiIlesewhoabusetheiremployeesdonotconclusivelygiveareflectionofalltheChineseinthecountry．57 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