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1、PHYTOSTEROLS,PHYTOSTANOLSANDTHEIRESTERSChemicalandTechnicalAssessment1PreparedbyRichardCantrill,Ph.D.,reviewedbyYokoKawamura,Ph.D.,forthe69thJECFA1.SummaryPhytosterolsandphytostanols,alsoreferredtoasplantsterolsandstanols,arecommonplantandvegetableconstituentsandarethereforenormalcons
2、tituentsofthehumandiet.Theyarestructurallyrelatedtocholesterol,butdifferfromcholesterolinthestructureofthesidechain.Commercially,phytosterolsareisolatedfromvegetableoils,suchassoybeanoil,rapeseed(canola)oil,sunfloweroilorcornoil,orfromso-called"talloil",aby-productofthemanufactureofwo
3、odpulp.Thesesterolscanbehydrogenatedtoobtainphytostanols.Bothphytosterols-andstanols,whicharehighmeltingpowders,canbeesterifiedwithfattyacidsofvegetable(oil)origin.Theresultingestersareliquidorsemi-liquidmaterials,havingcomparablechemicalandphysicalpropertiestoediblefatsandoils,enabli
4、ngsupplementationofvariousprocessedfoodswithphytosterol-andphytostanolesters.Themostcommonphytosterolsandphytostanolsaresitosterol(3β-stigmast-5-en-3ol;CASNumber83-46-5),sitostanol(3β,5α-stigmastan-3-ol;CASNumber83-45-4),campesterol(3β-ergost-5-en-3-ol;CASNumber474-62-4),campestanol(3
5、β,5α-ergostan-3-ol;CASNumber474-60-2),stigmasterol(3β-stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol;CASNumber83-48-7)andbrassicasterol(3β-ergosta-5,22-dien-3-ol;CASNumber474-67-9).Eachcommercialsourcehasitsowntypicalcomposition.Dietaryintakeofphytosterolsrangesfrom150-400mg/dayinatypicalwesterndiet.Phytos
6、terolsandphytostanols,infreeoresterifiedform,areaddedtofoodsfortheirpropertiestoreduceabsorptionofcholesterolinthegutandtherebylowerbloodcholesterollevels.Itisnowgenerallyacceptedthatsterolsandstanolshavethesamecholesterolloweringefficacy.Thedailydoses,consideredoptimalforthepurposeof
7、loweringbloodcholesterollevels,are2-3gofphytostanolsand/orphytosterols,whichtranslatesto3.4-5.2ginesterifiedform.Thisrecommendeddailydoseistypicallydividedin1-3portionsoffoodproviding1.7-5.2gester,whichequals1-3gphytostanoland/orphytosterolequivalents.Phytosterols,phytostanolsandtheir
8、ester
