胡壮麟语言学考点重点总结小抄版

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1、1.语言的普遍特征：任意性arbitrariness双层结构duality多产性productivity移位性displacement文化传播性culturaltransmission2.语言的功能：传达信息功能informative人济功能：interpersonal行事功能：Performative表情功能：Emotive寒暄功能：Phatic娱乐功能recreatinal元语言功能metalingual3.语言学linguistics：包括六个分支语音学Phonetics音位学phonology形态学Morphology句法学syntax语义学semantics语用学p

2、ragmatics4.Originoflanguage①thedivine-originetheory...②Thebow-wowtheory..Inprimitivetimespeopleimitatedthesoundsoftheanimalcallsinthewildenvironmenttheylivedandspeechdevelopedfromthat③Thepooh-poohtheory…Inthehardlifeofourprimitiveancestors,theyutterinstinctivesoundsofpains,angerandjoywhichg

3、raduallydevelopedintolanguage.④The“yo-he-ho”theory….Asprimitivepeopleworkedtogether,theyproducedsomerhythmicgruntswhichgraduallydevelopedintochantsandthenintolanguage.5.Whatislinguistics：isgenerallyascientificstudyoflanguage.Itisamajorbranchofsocialscience.6.macrolinguistics宏观语言学①Psycholing

4、uistics心理语言学②Sociolinguistics社会语言学③Anthropologicallinguistics人类语言学④Computationallinguistics计算语言学7.Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics①Descriptivevs.prescriptive描写式和规定式②Synchronicvs.diachronic共时和历时③Competenceandperformance语言能力和语言运用④Langue&parole语言和言语①Theinformativefunctionmeanslanguageisthein

5、strumentofthoughtandpeopleoftenuseittocommunicatenewinformation.②Theinterpersonalfunctionmeanspeoplecanuselanguagetoestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.③Theperformativefunctionoflanguageisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersons,asinmarriageceremonies,thesentencingofcriminals,thebles

6、singofchildren,thenamingofashipatalaunchingceremony,andthecursingofenemies.④Theemotivefunctionisoneofthemostpowerfulusesoflanguagebecauseitissocrucialinchangingtheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething.⑤Thephaticcommunionmeanspeoplealwaysusesomesmall,seeminglymeaninglesse

7、xpressionssuchasGoodmorning,Godblessyou,Niceday,etc.,tomaintainacomfortablerelationshipbetweenpeoplewithoutanyfactualcontent.⑥Therecreationalfunctionmeanspeopleuselanguageforthesheerjoyofusingit,suchasababy’sbabblingorachanter’schanting.⑦Themetalingualfu