胡壮麟语言学课件

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1、2.Whatisthiscourseabout?Chapter1InvitationstoLinguisticsChapter2SpeechSoundsChapter3LexiconChapter4SyntaxChapter5MeaningChapter6LanguageandcognitionChapter7Language,Culture,andSocietyChapter8LanguageinuseChapter9IanguageandliteratureChapter10IanguageandcomputerChapter11lingui

2、sticsandforeignlanguageteachingChapter12Theoriesandschoolsofmodernlinguistics1.IanguageDefinitionFeaturesFunctions1）Definition:Sapir,1921:Languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols・（语言是纯粹人为的、非本能的、用任

3、意制造岀来的符号系统来传达观念、情绪和欲望的方法。）Hall,1968:Languageis"theinstitutionwherebyhumanscommunicateandinteractwitheachotherbymeansofhabituallyusedoral-auditoryarbitrarysymbols."（语言是人彳门通过惯用的任意性的口头•听觉符号进行交际和互动的惯例。）Chomsky,1957:FromnowonIwillconsiderIanguagetobeaset（finiteorinfinite

4、）ofsenterices,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements・（从现在起，我扌各语言看作是一系列有限的或无限的句子,每个句子的长度有限，并由有限的成分组合而成。）语言是人类特有的一种符号系统，当它作用于人与人的关系的时候，它是表达相互反映的屮介;当它作用于人和客观世界的关系的时候，它是认知事物的工具;当它作用于文化的时候，它是文化信息的载体和容器。AGenerallyAcceptedDefinitionLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvoca

5、lsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.UnderstandingtheDefinitionWhyasystem?Whyarbitrary?Whyvocal?Whysymbols?Whyhuman?Whycommunication?system:elementsinIanguagearearrangedaccordingtocertainrules・arbitrary:thereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenthewordandthethingswereferto.vocal:thepri

6、marymediumissoundforalllanguagessymbol:wordsareassociatedwithobjects,actions,ideasbyconventionhuman:languageishumanspec讦ic,differentfromthecommunicationsystemofanimalsThearbitrarynatureoflanguageisasignofsophisticationanditmakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofex

7、pressions.Productivity/creativity:Humanbeingscanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences.Duality:lowerlevel・™sounds（meaningless）higherlevel-…meaningasmallnumberofsoundscanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaning,andtheunitsofmeaningcanbearrangedandr

8、earrangedintoaninfinitelynumberofsentences・Culturaltransmission:Lang