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论文题目ToAnalyzePaul，sTragicLoveUnderIndustrialRevolutionaccordingtotheFiguredcharacteristicsandRelationship 摘要劳伦斯的《儿子与情人》描述了一个爱情悲剧故事，在书中，作者意图揭露不同人Z间在追求爱，理性和精神上的冲突。保罗与米丽安由性格缺陷造成的心理障碍是主人公爱情悲剧的主要原因。同样的性格缺陷，同样的心理障碍，阻挠了他们爱的进程。然而，保罗对母亲的依恋，对米丽安的依恋，对克拉拉的依恋,也是造成他们爱情悲剧的一个重要因素。只有把这些冲突，缺陷，障碍扫之殆尽,人们才能获得完美的人性。关键词：冲突，心理障碍，依恋，人性 AbstractLawrence'sSonsandLoversdescribesatragiclovestory,inwhichtheauthorintendstorevealtheconflictsbetweendifferentpeopleinpursinglove,rationalityandspirituality.ThemainreasonforthetragicloveisthepsychologicalbairiersowingtothedefectsincharacteristicsofPaulandMiriam.Theseshareddefectsincharacteristicsandpsychologicalbarrierspreventtheirlovefromproceeding.However,Paufsattachmentonhismother,onMiriam,andonClaraisalsoakeyelementthatleadstothetragiclove.Onlyiftheseconflicts,defectsandbarrierscanbesweptaway,perfecthumanitywillbegained・Keywords:tragiclove,conflicts,psychologicalbarriers,attachment,humanity••11 ContentIntroductionMrsMoreFstighttieonPaul1MrsMorcPssocialidentityandhertragicmarriagewithMrMorel1MrsMorel'ssocialidentity1TheearlymarriagelifeoftheMorels1Themother'sinfluenceonPaulandPauPsattachmentonhismother2Analysisonthekeyelementleadingtothetragiclove一mothersonattachment2TheportraitofPaul2232Mothersonattachment2TheportraitofMiriamandherlovewithPaul3ThecharacteristicofMiriam3Miriam'slovewithPaul3Conflictsandpsychologicalbarriersbetweenthemleadingtothetragiclove3PauFslovewithClaraandthecausesofPauPsfailureinlove4TheportraitofClara4Paul'slovewithClara4ThedifferentcausesofPaul'sdoomedfailurelovewithMiriamandwithClara5Conclusions5 1.IntroductionD・H.LawrencehasbeenconsideredtobeoneofthemostsignificantnovelistsinEnglandinthe20thcentury.Hehasrolledanovelist,poet,essayistandcriticintoone.Morethan10novelshavebeenwrittenthroughouthislife.Owingtohisintroductionofpsychologicalanalysisintohisworks,hehascarvedoutaplaceforhimselfinthenovelcircle.Hisgiftsrepresentinhisacuteinsights,andhisunderstandingoflifeandworld.Peculiaranglesinobservinglife,gracefulstylesinshowingfeelingsandboldmindsincreatinghisworksmakehisnovel—“Sonsandlovers”beoneofthemostimportantnovelsinthe20century.However,inanotheraspect,hehasbeenregardedasoneofthemostcontroversialwritersinBritain?sLiterature,evenintheworld's.2.Mrs.MoreFstighttieonPaul2.1Mrs.MorePssocialidentityandhertragicmarriagewithMr.Morel2.1.1Mrs.Morel'ssocialidentityMrs.MoreFswasborninamiddle-classbourgeoisfamily.Sheiswell-educatedandshecouldspeakstandardupper-classEnglish.Herfather,GeorgeCoppard,isanengineei、一alarge,handsome,haughtyman,proudofhisfairskinandblueeyes,butmoreproudstillofhisintegrity.Hertemper,proudandunyieldingcomefromtheCoppards,whichmakeherlooklikeanaristocrat.However,itseemsasifeverythingisdoomed.Whenshewas23yearsold,shemet,ataChristmasparty,Morel-Shehadwatchedhim.Shefeltrelaxedandwasdeceivedbythedelusionthathewasawell-behavedgentlemanandfeltinlovewithhim.2.1.2TheearlymarriagelifeoftheMorelsTheyleadahappylifeaftertheygetmarried.However,itdocsn'tlastverylong.Finally,Mrs・Morelistiedofhishusbandsambitionlessnessandgreedity.Itseemsasiftheirquarrelshaveneverstopped.Shefellsociallyandintellectuallysuperiortothelifeoftheminingcommunitygoingonaroundher Heavylabor,povertyandheavyfamilyburdenfrustratedMrMorel.MrsMorelhaslittlecommoninhim,shecannotgetanyaffectionfromherhusband・Whenshefindsthatherhusbandiscontentwiththehissituation,sheisdisappointedandturnstoherchildren.Shemaintainsthetragicmarriageforthesakeofherchildren.1.1Themother5sinfluenceonPaulandPaul'sattachmentonhismotherMrs.MoreFsfailuremarriagemakesherconcentrateherlovetoherchildren,firsttoWilliam,thentoPaul.ShehopesandencouragesPaultoaspiretothehonorsandpositionandteachesPaultodespisehisfather'ssimpleandvulgarlife.ShelovesPaulsodeeplyandloveshimsostrangely.WhenPaulfallsinlovewithMiriam,hecannotreallyloveher,forheisunconsciouslyinfluencedbyhismothe匚Hecannotchoosehisownwaytolive.Paulisfilledwithpainandfrustration.Thereasonisthatheisdeeplyinfluencedbyhismother^emotion.1.2Analysisonthekeyelementleadingtothetragiclove一mothersonattachment1.2.1TheportraitofPaulPaulissensitive,shyandmelancholic.Paulfacedhisparents5endlessquarrelsandbroken-lovewhenhewasborn,whichmadehimalwaysliveinanxietyandmelancholy.Mrs.MorelwantstomakeupforthemisfortunesthatbringtoPaul,soshelavishesherloveonPaul.Paulalwayssubmitstohismother'slove,inwhichhefellsdepressedandsensitive.Heloveshismother,admirehismotheranddependsonhismother.1.2.2MothersonattachmentPaulissentimental,forhisparents5tragicmarriage."Motherwastheonlythingthatholdhimup".InPaufsbottomofheart,hestronglydependsonhismother,owingtohismother'spreferenceonhim.Mrs.Morelmakesasacrificeofhersonsashertools,whilehersonsaredeprivedofnotonlymanlinessbutalsoindividuality.WhenPaulfallsinlovewithMiriam,Mrs.MorelenvyandisafraidthatMiriamwouldleavehernoroom,notabitofroominPauFsheart・SoshemakeseffortstocontrolPaul.BecauseofPaul'smothersonattachment,hislovewithMiriamisdoomedtofail.Thatisthebaseofthetragiclove. 1.TheportraitofMiriamandherlovewithPaul1.1ThecharacteristicofMiriamMiriamwasborninafarmerfamily.Owingtoherlowpositioninsociety,sheisafraidofbeinglookeddownupon.Sheissensitiveandtimid.Sheisshy,intense,spiritual,andasaresultofheruprising,fearfulandevasiveofsexualfacts.Self-mistrustisthedeepestmotiveofhersoul.HerattitudetoPauPsloveisneverclearforhersensitivity,doubtandlackofconfidence.Theseshareddefectsofcharacteristicspreventtheirlovefromproceeding.1.2Miriam，slovewithPaulMiriamisPauPsfirstlover.Sheisromanticinhersoul.SheisPaul'sintimatefriendinart.She,withhergift,encouragesandstimulatesPauFsaspirationofart.Paulcanseekspiritualsympathiesfromher,butitisdifferentfromallthelovehegets.PaulneedshismotherandMiriamforhistruedevelopment.IncontactwithMiriamhegainsinsightandhisvisiongoesdeeper.However,MarkSpilak,inhisstimulatingbook,baseshisinterpretationofnovelontheassumptionthatMiriamhas“anunhealthyspirituality^,istruly“negative"thatshereally"wheedlesthesouloutofthethings",asPaulMorelsaysandthat"becauseofthestiffingnatureofMiriam'sfrigidityisrootedinherownnature^.Miriam^mistyemotionsleadhertowardsadesiretodominatePaul.IntheeyesofPaulhimself,Miriamistoospiritual,tooabstract,thatsheshrinksawayfromphysicalrealityandshehasastiflingdesiretoabsorbandpossesshissoul.ItisPaul,underhismother'sdomination,whokillslifebyrefusingtomoveinorganicrelationwithMiriam:"Theintimacybetweenthemhadbeenkeptsoabstract,suchamatterofthesoul,allthoughtandwearystruggleintoconsciousness,thathesawitonlyasaplatonicfriendship.Hestoutlydeniedtherewasanythingelsebetweenthem."Wearen^tlovers,wearefriends/'hesaidtoher."Weknowit.Letthemtalk.Whatdoesitmatterwhattheysay.”Miriam^slovewithPaulisimplausiblebecauseofMrs-MoreFstightcontrol,buttrulytheyloveeachother.1.3ConflictsandpsychologicalbarriersbetweenthemleadingtothetragicloveBothofPaulandMiriamaresensitive,shyandmelancholic,whichmakesthemdifficulttocommunicate.Intheirdeephearts,therearetraumas・And PaulissensitivetoMiriam'smelancholy.OncePaulsaidtoMiriam,"Youarealways,alwayssadJ"Butevenyourjoyislikeaflamecomingoffofsadness.WhenPaulfindsthatMiriamsharesthesamecharacteristicswithhim,heisingreatagony.Sometimeshefeelsvexedtoventhisangeronher,whichundoubtlyaffectstheprogressoftheirlove.Ontheotherhand,intheVictorianAge,thesocietymanagedtopromotethevalueofvirginity,peoplearerequiredtocontroltheiremotionandimpulse.FromtheiradolescencenotonlyMiriambutalsoPaulisinfluencedbythisvalue,thisrestraintthemfrommovinginorganicrestrainswitheachother.Paulfeelsitguiltytoleapsexuality.Ontheotherhand,religionisalsoainerasablebarrierontheirroadtolove.MiriamstronglybelievesinreligionandbelievesthereisaserpentinherEden：Shevaluessexualityasoriginalsin.Paul'sefforttocanyonsexualrelationwithherisboundtobeafailure・Takingalltheseintoconsideration,Miriam'stragiclovewithPaulisdoomed.1.PauFslovewithClaraandthecausesofPauPsfailureinlove1.1TheportraitofClaraClaraisamarried,matureandundetachedwoman.WhenPaulmeetsClaraatthefirsttime,heisdeeplyimpressedonhercoldandproudattitudeandherdetestablewaytotheworld.Sheappearsdetached,independentandwildinpublic,sheismoreattachedtomaninemotionthanMiriamandMrs.Morelis."Clarahadalwaysbeenikey,reservedandsuperi0匚Shehadnevermixedwiththegirlsasoneofthemselves.Ifshehadoccasiontofindfault,shediditcoollyandwithperfectpoliteness,whichthedefaulterfelttobeabiggerinsultthancrassness：(D.HLawrence,«SonsandLovers»chapter5).ClaraisasharpcontrasttoMiriam,Miriamistooeagerforspiritualityandsoulfulness,whileClaraiseagerforbothphysicalpassionandspiritualexchange.1.2Paul'slovewithClaraInPaul'sinnerside,heneedssexualitythathecannotgetfromMiriamandhismother.PaulcannotcarryonsexualrelationswithMiriam,sohemayfallinlovewiththedetachedladyandarouseherfromthesleepingemotion.PaulhasgainedenoughfromrationalityandspiritualityfromhismotherandMiriam.Hetriedtoseekakindofbaptismoffireinpassion.Heseeksforphysicalfulfillment,whatismoreimportantthingisthathewantstoseekthetruthoflife.ThephysicalpassionbetweenClaraandPaulissignificant,notforitself,butfortheclarifying,purgatorialeffectuponbothof them,leadingthemtofindtruthoflife.Afterthehaveexperiencedthecarnalsexuality,ClarabeginstofeelsheisawomanagainandPaulfeelsheturnstobeamanfromaboy.Clarafeelsproudandsatisfied.Butshebeginstoaskformore,notonlythenaturaldesirebutalsospiritualityexchange.Pauldoesn^trealizethis.Hedoesn'tcarewhatshewants.HealsoconsidersthatsheneverunderstandshimlikeMiriam.ForPaul,aftertheresultoftheaffairwithClara,hefeelsthatsheis“notmuchmorethanabigwhitepebbleonthebeach：ClaragraduallyrealizesthatshecannotenterPaul'sspirituallife.Theyfallsinlovebecausetheywanttoburstouttheirstifledpassioninnerworld,butthereareobstaclesintheirspiritualexchange.Theirloveaffairdiesasthemotherisdying,andsoistheirloveended・Inaword,PauFslovewithClaraisnottruelove,theycannotexchangespiritsbutsexualpassions.1.1ThedifferentcausesofPauPsdoomedfailurelovewithMiriamandwithClaraPaul'slovewithMiriamandClaraisdoomedtofail,butthecauseisdifferent.ThelovebetweenPaulandMiriamisspurtedwhentheyhavealotcommonincharacteristics,spiritualitybutinemotionandcarnaldesire,theycannotreachthetacitunderstanding.Whafsmore,Mrs.MorelplaysanimportantroleinPauFslovewithMiriam,forshetriesherbesttopreventPaulfromlovingMiriam.AndbecauseofPauPsmother-sonattachment,Paulsubmitstohismother'swillnottoloveMiriamandnevermarryher-WhilethelovebetweenPaulandClaraisbroughtout,theywanttoburstouttheirfetteringpassion,buttheylackofspiritualexchange.ToPauFslovewithClara,Mrs.MorelencourageshissorfsaffairwithClara.Shebelievesthattheadulterousrelationwillservetheson'sphysicalneeds.Sothemothercanretaintheson'sdeeperloveandloyalty・However,asClarabeginstoaskformore,notonlythenaturaldesirebutalsospiritualexchange,herlovewithPaulends,forPauldoesn^tcarewhatsheneedsandneverunderstandswhatsheisthinking.Hejustloveherinsexualpassion,butcannotgiveherspiritualexchange.Theirlovevanishesasthemotherisdying.2.ConclusionsLawrence^smannerinSonsandLoversisbasicallyrealistic,theircharactersexpressthemselvesthroughtheiractions.Atthesametime,heusesothertechniquessuchassignificantimageryorsymbolism,andfromthiswecanlookintotheheartsofmindsoftheircharacters,revealingpowerfulemotionsandfeelingsthatarenotsimplyexpressedinaction.Aswhatwehavediscussedabove,wecanconcludethattherearetwomainreasonsforthetragiclove.Firstly,thepsychologicalbarriersowingtothedefectsincharacteristicsofPaulandMiriampreventtheirloveproceeding・Secondly,Paufsattachmentonhismother,onMiriam,andonClaraalsoplaysa importantpartinthetragiclove.InLawrence'sSonsandLovers,throughthegrowthofPaul,especiallyhislovestories,wewillfindthehumanityisdestroyed.Italsorevealsthattheimportanceofhumanrelationshipnotonlyinafamilybutalsoinsociety.Lawrencehimselfandhisheroescontinuetofightforitindomitably. 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