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科技论文写作的法宝主编：汪程鹏日期：二〇一〇年四月十五日科技论文写作 目录第一章：科技写作语言3chapter05chapter16chapter27chapter39chapter413chapter514chapter615第二章自我总结词汇19方法：19动词：19形容词：20介词：21比较词：21名词：21功能词汇：23图表：23句型：23容易混淆用的词汇：25第三章常见写作句型27Information:27knowledge：29problem:30Study:33Work:36Method:38Experiment:40Theory:41假说：46假设：48Evidence:48data:50第四章科技英语论文写作61名词性短语替代：63使语义连贯：66 第一章：科技写作语言inlinewith:符合proneto：倾于...Beginningl Inthispaper,wefocusontheneedforl Thispaperproceedsasfollow.l Thestructureofthepaperisasfollows.l Inthispaper,weshallfirstbrieflyintroducefuzzysetsandrelatedconceptsl TobeginwithwewillprovideabriefbackgroundontheIntroductionl Thiswillbefollowedbyadescriptionofthefuzzynatureoftheproblemandadetailedpresentationofhowtherequiredmembershipfunctionsaredefined.l Detailsonxxandxxarediscussedinlatersections.l Inthenextsection,afterastatementofthebasicproblem,varioussituationsinvolvingpossibilityknowledgeareinvestigated:first,anentirelypossibilitymodelisproposed;thenthecasesofafuzzyservicetimewithstochasticarrivalsandnon fuzzyserviceruleisstudied;lastly,fuzzyserviceruleareconsidered.Reviewl Thisreviewisfollowedbyanintroduction.l AbriefsummaryofsomeoftherelevantconceptsinxxxandxxxispresentedinSection2.l Inthenextsectionabriefviewofthe....isgiven.l Inthenextsection,ashortreviewof...isgivenwithspecialregardto...l Section2reviewsrelevantresearchrelatedtoxx.l Section1.1brieflysurveysthemotivationforamethodologyofaction,while1.2looksatthedifficultiesposedbythecomplexityofsystemsandoutlinestheneedfordevelopmentofpossibilitymethods.Bodyl Section1definesthenotionofrobustness,andarguesforitsimportance.l Section1devotedtothebasicaspectsoftheFLCdecision makinglogic.l Section2givesthebackgroundoftheproblemwhichincludesxxxl Section2discussessomeproblemswithandapproachesto,naturallanguageunderstanding.l Section2explainshowflexibilitywhichoften...canbeexpressedintermsoffuzzytime windowl Section3discussestheaspectsoffuzzysettheorythatareusedinthe...l Section3describesthesystemitselfinageneralway,includingthe..andalsodiscusseshowtoevaluatesystemperformance.l Section3describesanewmeasureofxx.l Section3demonstratestheuseoffuzzypossibilitytheoryintheanalysisof xx.l Section3isafinedescriptionoffuzzyformulationofhumandecision.l Section3,isdevelopedtothemodelingandprocessingoffuzzydecisionrulesl ThemainideaoftheFLCisdescribedinSection3whileSection4describesthexxstrategies.l Section3and4showexperimentalstudiesforverifyingtheproposedmodel.l Section4discussesapreviousfuzzyset basedapproachtocostvarianceinvestigation.l Section4givesaspecificexampleofxxx.l Section4istheexperimentalstudytomakeafuzzymodelofmemoryprocess.l Section4containsadiscussionoftheimplicationoftheresultsofSection2and3.l Section4appliesthisfuzzymeasuretotheanalysisofxxandillustrateitsuseonexperimentaldata.l Section5presentstheprimaryresultsofthepaper:afuzzysetmodel..l Section5containssomeconclusionsplussomeideasforfurtherwork.l Section6illustratethemodelwithanexample.l VariouswaysoffuzzificationandthereasonsfortheirchoicearediscussedverybrieflyinSection2.l InSection2arepresentedtheblockdiagramexpressionofawholemodelofhumanDMsysteml InSection2weshalllistacollectionofbasicassumptionswhicha...schememustsatisfy.l InSection2ofthispaper,wepresentrepresentationanduniquenesstheoremsforthefundamentalmeasurementoffuzzinesswhenthedomainofdiscourseisorder dense.l InSection3,wedescribethepreliminaryresultsofanempiricalstudycurrentlyinprogresstoverifythemeasurementmodelandtoconstructmembershipfunctions.l InSection5isanalyzedtheinferenceprocessthroughthetwokindsofinferenceexperiments...ThisSectionl Inthissection,thecharacteristicsandenvironmentunderwhichMRPisdesignedaredescribed.l Wewillprovideinthissectionbasicterminologiesandnotationswhicharenecessaryfortheunderstandingofsubsequentresults.NextSectionl Thenextsectiondescribesthemathematicsthatgoesintothecomputerimplementationofsuchfuzzylogicstatements.l However,itiscumbersomeforthispurposeandinpracticalapplicationstheformulaewererearrangedandsimplifiedasdiscussedinthenextsection.l Thethreecomponentswillbedescribedinthenexttwosection,andanexampleofxxanalysisofacomputerinformationsystemwillthenillustratetheiruse.l WecaninterprettheresultsofExperimentsIandIIasinthefollowingsections.l ThenextsectionsummarizesthemethodinafromthatisusefulforargumentsbasedonxxSummaryl Thispaperconcludeswithadiscussionoffutureresearchconsiderationinsection5.l Section5summarizestheresultsofthisinvestigation.l Section5givestheconclusionsandfuturedirectionsofresearch.l Section7providesasummaryandadiscussionofsomeextensionsofthepaper.l Finally,conclusionsandfutureworkare summarizedl Thebasicquestionsposedabovearethendiscussedandconclusionsaredrawn.l Section7istheconclusionofthepaper.Chapter0.Abstractl Abasicprobleminthedesignofxxispresentedbythechoiceofaxxrateforthemeasurementofexperimentalvariables.l Thispaperexaminesanewmeasureofxxinxxbasedonfuzzymathematicswhichovercomesthedifficultiesfoundinotherxxmeasures.l Thispaperdescribesasystemfortheanalysisofthexx.l Themethodinvolvestheconstructionofxxfromfuzzyrelations.l Theprocedureisusefulinanalyzinghowgroupsreachadecision.l Thetechniqueusedistoemployanewlydevelopedandversatilexxalgorithms.l Theusefulnessofxxisalsoconsidered.l Abriefmethodologyusedinxxisdiscussed.l Theanalysisisusefulinxxandxxproblem.l Amodelisdevelopedforaxxanalysisusingfuzzymatrices.l Algorithmstocombinetheseestimatesandproduceaxxarepresentedandjustified.l Theuseofthemethodisdiscussedandanexampleisgiven.l Resultsofanexperimentalapplicationsofthisxxanalysisprocedurearegiventoillustratetheproposedtechnique.l Thispaperanalysesproblemsinl Thispaperoutlinesthefunctionscarriedoutby...l Thispaperincludesanillustrationofthe...l Thispaperprovidesanoverviewandinformationusefulforapproachingl Emphasisisplacedontheconstructionofacriterionfunctionbywhichthexxinachievingahierarchicalsystemofobjectivesareevaluated.l Themainemphasisisplacedontheproblemofxxl Ourproposedmodelisverifiedthroughexperimentalstudy.l Theexperimentalresultsrevealinterestingexamplesoffuzzyphasesof:xx,xxl Thecompatibilityofaprojectintermsofcost,andxxarelikewiserepresentedbylinguisticvariables.l AdidacticexampleisincludedtoillustratethecomputationalprocedureChapter1.IntroductionTimel Overthecourseofthepast30years,..hasemergedformintuitivel Technologicalrevolutionshaverecentlyhittheindustrialworldl Theadventof...systemsforhashadasignificantimpactonthel Thedevelopmentof...isexploredl Duringthepastdecade,thetheoryoffuzzysetshasdevelopedinavarietyof directions,l Theconceptofxxwasinvestigatedquiteintensivelyinrecentyearsl Therehasbeenaturningpointin...methodologyinaccordancewiththeadventof...l Amajorconcernin...todayistocontinuetoimprove...l Axxisalatecomerinthepartrepresentationarena.l Atthetimeofthiswriting,thereisstillnostandardwayofxxl Althoughalotofeffortisbeingspentonimprovingtheseweaknesses,theefficientandeffectivemethodhasyettobedeveloped.l Thepioneerworkcanbetracedtoxx[1965].l Todate,noneofthemethodsdevelopedisperfectandallarefarfromreadytobeusedincommercialsystems.Objective/Goal/Purposel Thepurposeoftheinferenceenginecanbeoutlinedasfollows:l Theultimategoalofthexxsystemistoallowthenon expertstoutilizetheexistingknowledgeintheareaofmanualhandlingofloads,andtoprovideintelligent,computer aidedinstructionforxxx.l Thepaperconcernsthedevelopmentofaxxl Thescopeofthisresearchliesinl Themainthemeofthepaperistheapplicationofrule baseddecisionmaking.l Theseobjectivesaretobemetwithsuchthoroughnessandconfidenceastopermit...l Theobjectivesofthe...operationsstudyareasfollows:l Theprimarypurpose/consideration/objectiveofl Theultimategoalofthisconceptistoprovidel Themainobjectiveofsucha...systemistol Theaimofthispaperistoprovidemethodstoconstructsuchprobabilitydistribution.l Inordertoachievetheseobjectives,anxxmustmeetthefollowingrequirements:l Inordertotakeadvantageoftheirsimilarityl moreresearchisstillrequiredbeforefinalgoalof...canbecompletedl Inthistrial,theobjectiveistogenerate...l forthesakeofconcentratingon...researchissuesl Amajorgoalofthisreportistoextendtheutilizationofarecentlydevelopedprocedureforthexx.l Foranillustrativepurpose,fourwell knownORproblemsarestudiedinpresenceoffuzzydata:xx.l Amajorthrustofthepaperistodiscussapproachesandstrategiesforstructuring..methodsl Thisillustrationpointsouttheneedtospecifyl Theultimategoalisbothdescriptiveandprescriptive.l Chapter2.LiteratureReviewl Awealthofinformationistobefoundinthestatisticsliterature,forexample,regardingxxl Aconsiderableamountofresearchhasbeendone..duringthelastdecadel Agreatnumberofstudiesreportonthetreatmentofuncertaintiesassociatedwithxx.l Thereisconsiderableamountofliteratureonplanningl However,thesestudiesdonotprovidemuchattentiontoundertaintyinxx.l Sincethen,thesubjecthasbeenextensivelyexploredanditisstillunderinvestigationaswellinmethodologicalaspectsasinconcreteapplications.l Manyresearchstudieshavebeencarriedoutonthis topic.l Problemofxxdrawrecentlymoreandmoreattentionofsystemanalysis.l Attemptstoresolvethisdilemmahaveresultedinthedevelopmentofl Manycomplexprocessesunfortunately,donotyieldtothisdesignprocedureandhave,therefore,notyetbeenautomated.l Mostofthemethodsdevelopedsofararedeterministicand/orprobabilisticinnature.l Thecentralissueinallthesestudiesistol Theproblemofxxhasbeenstudiedbyotherinvestigators,however,thesestudieshavebeenbaseduponclassicalstatisticalapproaches.l Applied...techniquestol Characterizedthe...systemasl Developedanalgorithmtol Developedasystemcalled...whichl Usesaniterativealgorithmtodeducel Emphasizedtheneedtol Identifiessixkeyissuessurroundinghightechnologyl Acomprehensivestudyofthe..hasbeenundertakenl Muchworkhasbeenreportedrecentlyinthesefiledl Proposedl Presentedl Statethatl Pointoutthattheproblemofl Describedl Illustratedl Indicatedl Hasshown/showedl Addressl Highlightsl Astudyon...wasdone/developedby[]l Previouswork,suchas[]and[],dealonlywithl Theapproachtakenby[]isl Thesystemdevelopedby[]consistsl Apaperrelevanttothisresearchwaspublishedby[]l []'smodelrequiresconsiderationof..l []'modeldrawsattentiontoevolutioninhumandevelopmentl []'smodelfocuseson...l Littleresearchhasbeenconductedinapplying...tol Thepublishedinformationthatisrelevanttothisresearch...l Thisstudyfurthershowsthatl Theirworkisbasedontheprincipleofl Morehistoryof...canbefoundinxxetal.[1979].l Studieshavebeencompletedtoestablishedl The...studiesindicatedthatl Thoughapplicationofxxinthefiledofxxhasproliferatedinrecentyears,effortinanalyzingxx,especiallyxx,islacking. Problem/Issue/Questionl unfortunately,real-worldengineeringproblemssuchasmanufacturingplanningdonotfitwellwiththisnarrowlydefinedmodel.Theytendtospanbroadactivitiesandrequireconsiderationofmultipleaspects.l Remedy/solve/alleviatetheseproblemsl ...isadifficultproblem,yettobeadequatelyresolvedl Twomajorproblemshaveyettobeaddressedl Anunansweredquestionl Thisprobleminessenceinvolvesusingxtoobtainasolution.l Anadditionalresearchissuetobetackledis....l Someimportantissuesindevelopinga...systemarediscussedl Thethreeprimeissuescanbesummarized:l Thesituationleadstotheproblemofhowtodeterminethe...l Therehavebeenmanyattemptstol Itisexpectedtobeseriousbarriertol Itoffersasimplesolutioninalimiteddomainforacomplexproblem.l Thereareseveralwaystogetaroundthisproblem.l Asdifficultasitseemstobe,xxisbynomeansnew.l Theproblemistorecognizexxfromadesignrepresentation.l Axxproblemcantraceitsrootstoxx.l xx[1987]usedaheuristicapproachtosimplifythecomplexityoftheproblem.l Severalproblemsareassociatedwiththem.l Althoughsomeprogresshasbeenmadeinthisarea,atleasttwomajorobstaclesmustbeovercomebeforeafullyautomatedsystemcanberealized.l Mostproblemsinpracticearecomplicatedl Moreproblemsurfacehere.l Hamperefforttowardaxxsysteml Inordertoovercomethelimitationsduetoincompleteandimprecisexxknowledge,axxprogramhasbeendeveloped,whichbasesitsknowledgeuponthestatisticalanalysisofasamplepopulationofxxl Theabovedifficultiesarerealchallengesfacedbyresearchersattemptingtodevelopl Thistypeofmappingraisesnocontroversytotheissueofmembershipfunctiondetermination.l However,attemptstoquantifythexxhavemetboththeoreticalandempiricalproblems.l Ithasbecomeapparentthatinordertoapplythisnewmethodologicalframeworktoreal worldproblemsanddata,wehavetopayattentiontotheproblemsofxxandxx.Chapter3.ProposedmethodologyAssumptionl inthecasewhentheassumptionofaxxseemstobetoorestrictiveorinadequate,theformulationwithFuzzyterminationtime,i.e.givenbyafuzzysetinthespaceofcontrolstages,maybeapplied.l Weassumeherethefuzzyconstraintstobestate dependent,andthefuzzygoaltobethesameforallthecontrolstates,xx,whichstemsfromtheproblem's nature.l AnapproachtothesolutionofthisproblemispresentedundertheassumptionthatthesamplingrateDecisioncanbemadepriortotheexecutionoftheexperiment,asopposedtobeingmadewhiletheexperimentisinprogress.l Anotherassumptionmadeaboveisthattherearepreciseoddsatwhichtheexpertisindifferent.l Mainsimplifyingassumptionsare:l This,inourview,isaquestionableassumption.Outline/Structure/Modulel Anoutlineoftheresearchl Informationisincorporatedwithintheschemel Isbuiltinto...structurel Anicemodularstructure.l Theprinciplesof...areappliedasmodularizedcriteriaClassificationl Axxsystemcomprisesthreemaincomponents:l Mustdecomposetheoriginal..intoasetof..l Consistsofthefollowingsteps:l Thisissummarizedinthefollowingsteps:l Canbebroadlyclassifiedintothefollowingareas:l Canbecharacterizedbyitsfunctionofeffectivelyprocessingthel Canallowfurtherbreadthofapplicationof...intomorel Thefollowingstepsshouldbefollowedl xxcanbeclassifiedbyadifferentways.l Basedonthexx,onemayclassifyxxintothefollowing:l Thiscatalogmaychangeduetowear,breakage,andpurchasing.Systeml Unlikemanyconventionalprogram,expertsystemsdonotusuallydealwithproblemforwhichthereisclearlyarightorwronganswer.l Thesystemconsistsofboth...and...l Thesystemhasahierarchicalmodulararchitectureorganizedonthreelevels.l expertsystemdomainsareareaofexpertisel Todevelopaxxsystemforxx,thefollowingfactorsmustbeconsidered:l Thesystemhasbeendeveloped/designedtodeterminel Thesystemhasproventobeabletol Thedomaininwhichanexpertsystemoperatesisaparticulardomainl Thesystemcomprisesa...withl Thesystemis[feature-oriented]/basedonthe...techniquel Thesystemenvironmentmustberelativelystablel Thesystemisutilizedtogenerate,load,store,updateandretrieve...l Thedevelopmentofaxxsystemhastwostages:xxstageandxxstage.l Themostessentialpartof..systemisthe...l ThesuccessfuldevelopmentsinESshavemadethemanimportanttoolinthedevelopment ofl Anautomatedsystemwasdevelopedforl Inthiscase,thesystemcanbeconsideredtobegenerative.l Aninteractiveautomatic...systeml A..iscommonlythoughtofasatrulyintegrated..systeml Shouldbecapableofbeinggeneratedfroma...systeml xxisanimportantpartoftheintegratedsystem.l Themodelconsistsoffourrulebases,eachofwhichaddressesaseparateprobleminthehierarchyofschedulingdecision.l Therulebasesarelinkedtoeachotherinachin likemannerinthesensethattheconsequentofonerulebaseconstitutesapartoftheantecedentofthenextrulebase.l Therulebaseconsistsofallpossiblecombinationsofthelinguistictermsassociatedwiththelinguisticvariableoftheantecedentofarule.ComputerSysteml ThesystemhasbeenimplementedusingProloglanguageinanMS DOSenvironment.Prologwaschosenbecauseitoffersawellknownandflexibleenvironmentinwhichfuzzyreasoningmaybeeasilyimplemented.l ThecurrentversionofthexxprogramwhencompiledwithWATFOR77resultsinanexecutablecodeofabout270Kbytes.Typicalruntime,whenrunonaXXcomputer(anIBMcompatiblemachine)operatingat4.77Mhzwith640KRAM,rangesfrom10minto2h,dependingonthesize(orcomplexity)oftheproblem.l TimeconsumingprocedureshavebeenimplementedinC languageanddirectlylinkedtothePrologenvironment.l Thexxprocess,oncethexx'sdatahasbeenentered,requiresapproximately180seconds.l Itshouldbenotedthatthecomputationwasdonewitha20Hhz,80386209;basedmicrocomputerequippedwitha80387mathco processor.l Thecomputerprogramsusedfortheanalyses,onebasedonthexxmethodandtheotherbasedonthenewmethod,werewritteninFORTRANwithacompilerthatsupportsthemathco processor.l Lisp,Prologgivemaximumflexibilitybutalsomaximizesdevelopmenttime.l Internalrepresentationisthewayamodelisrepresentedinthecomputer.l Aninteractivemenu-drivenprocedureisusedinthisstudyl Shellcanbedevelopveryfastatthecostoftimefairlyseverelimitations.l Whilethereisnomeasurablesavingoftimeforthecaseinvolvingfivecriteria,thesavingisdramaticforthecaseinvolving10criteria--thecomputationtimereducesfrom10hr40mintoabout1min.l Thiscombinationisbeingimplementedinanobjected orientedprogrammingenvironment(Smalltalk 80system)tosolveproblemsencounteredinconstructionxxx.Method/Approach/Study/ProcessModel/Equation/Algorithm/Rule/Formula/Techniquel Adiscussionispresentedofaproblem-solvingsysteml Toimprovetheefficiencyofthemethod,thefollowingapproachmaybeapplied.l Inordertoaninvestigationwasmadetofindthecausesofthel Althoughlargecollectionsofrulesandequationshavebeencomplied,nonearegenerallyacceptedl Thisapproachwillbeexplainedanddiscussedthoroughlyinthebodyofthe report.l Thiscanbeaccomplishedbyl Thisalgorithmtocomputethetotalcostcanbedescribedstepbystepasfollows:l Theabovepreliminaryanalysishasprovidedimportantinformationl Variousmethodshavebeenproposedforselectinganoptimum...l Theseconceptshavebeenappliedtol Onthebasisoftheconceptmentionedabove,l Thiscanbeachievedbyl Thisfactsuggeststhatanewconceptl Thiswasaccomplishedbytaking...l Thepreparatorystageisverytimeconsumingprocess.l Testareperformedforvalidity,completeness,andcompatibilityl Thereislittlehopeofachievingsuccessful...l Therehasbeenanincreasingawarenessofthepotentialofusingmost..sofarmadehavenottakenthisapproach,withtheexceptionofl Onlyafewstudiescanbefound.l Itisaverytediousprocesstogothroughl Itisonlywhen..hasbeencompletedthat..maybeeffectedl Theentireinterpretationprocessisconductedinone'shead.l Theseapproachesaresometimesverytedious.l Severaltechniquescanbeusedl Apolynomialparametricmodelcanbewrittenas[thefollowing]/[follows]:l Axxmodelisconstructed/formulatedusingxx.l Axxmodelrepresentsanxxbyitsxx.l Aprocessdecisionmodelcapturesthelogicessentialtol Fromtheequationabove,xxisequaltothesummationofxxtimesthe...l ThevalidityofaxxmodelcanbecheckedusingEuler'sformula.l Givenamodel,onecanmathematicallydeterminewhether...or...l Equationsforxxneedtobederivedandimplementedinthesystem.l Anumberofheuristicruleshavebeendevelopedforl Optimum..techniquescanbemademorereliableby...sothatl Analgorithmbasedonthecharacteristic...isusedtodeterminel Euler'sformulastatesthefollowing:l Thecompletedmodelshouldagreewiththeformula.l Formanufacturingpurposes,adetailedandprecisemodeloftheobjectisnecessaryl Engineeringdesignmodelsareverywelldefined;therefore,l Tokeepthedomainnarrowenoughtobeimplementable,yetwideenoughtobeuseful.PointofViewl fromanimplementationstandpoint,l Fromthepointofviewofthisapplication,l Fromthispointofview,Zadehsuggestedaninferencerulenamedxxx(CRIforshort).l Informationisthemeaningfulinterpretationandcorrelationofsomeaggregationofdatainordertoallowonetomake decisions.l Fromapracticalpointofview,thecomputationalaspectsofanFLCrequireasimplificationofthefuzzycontrolalgorithm.l Theuseofahammertoinsertscrews,althoughpartlyeffective,tendstodistort,destroy,andgenerallydefeatthepurposeofusingascrew[KusiakAIImplicationsforCIMp.129]Justificationl Wechoosethesocalledxxinourexperimentbecauseithasreceivedwideacceptanceandcanl Prologwaschosenbecauseitoffersawellknownandflexibleenvironmentinwhichfuzzyreasoningmaybeeasilyimplemented.l Therationalebehindthisisthatitcanbemucheasierforanestimatortorateacostashighthantoattempttoplaceadollarvalueontheestimate.l Thisstrategyhasbeenwidelyusedinfuzzycontrolapplicationssinceitisnaturalandeasytoimplement.l Afunctiondefinitionexpressesthemembershipfunctionofafuzzysetinafunctionalform,typicallyabell shapedfunction,etc.SuchfunctionsareusedinFLCbecausetheyleadthemselvestomanipulationthroughtheuseoffuzzyarithmetic.l Itshouldbenotedthatinourdailylifemostoftheinformationonwhichourdecisionsarebasedislinguisticratherthannumericalinnature.Seeninthisperspective,fuzzycontrolrulesprovideanaturalframeworkforthecharacterizationofhumanbehavioranddecisionsanalysis.l Manyexpertshavefoundthatfuzzycontrolrulesprovideaconvenientwaytoexpresstheirdomainknowledge.ThisexplainswhymostFLCsarebasedontheknowledgeandexperiencewhichareexpressedinthelanguageoffuzzy"if the"rule.Chapter4.ExamplesExample/Datal Thedatausedinthefollowingexamplewastakenfromanexperimentinwhichxxwasmeasuredbetweenxandxusingaxxtechnique.l Thedataconsistsofoverxxmeasurements.l Anexampleofxxisdiscussedandthecontrolrulesofxxarecomparedwithaxxl Examplesofcomplexprocessestowhichthistechniquemaybeappliedarexx,xx,etc.l Thefollowingexampleisconstructedonlyforthepurposeofillustratingthecomputationalprocedurediscussed.l Thisexampleclearlydemonstratesthattheprofileofanindividualxx,oraverysmallgroupofxx,withnoenoughdatatobestudiedstatistically,canbemeaningfullyanalyzedbyfuzzypossibilisticmethods.l Thereisnospaceheretogointodetailonallthesemethods,butdeserveamentionandthebibliographywillpointtodetailedreferencesforthosewishingthislevelofdetail.l Notethatthegolfballspottingexampleisusedthroughoutthepaper.Comparisonsl Aswell,theprosandconsoftheserepresentationsfromaprocessplanningpointofviewwillbe discussed.l ThemethodofusingxxtoimplementxxdescribedbyZadeh(1973)appearedmoresuitablel Asdiscussed[intheprevioussection]/[preciously],Relationl WecannotinvertF'directlybecauseitdefinesamany-to-onemapping.l Therelationshipsappearverycomplicatel Liftingtasksinvolvecomplexandimpreciserelationshipbetweenthetaskvariablesandthehumanoperator'scharacteristics.l Thesemethodsarebasedontherelationshipbetween...and...l Thefundamentalconceptofafuzzyratinglanguageisthatwecanestablisharelationshipamongtermssuchashigh,medium,andlow,andthenmodifytheserelationships.l Thisarticlewillthusmentionthelatteraswellastheformer.l TheformertwobearacloserelationtoafuzzyCartesianproduct.Importancel Theemphasisisonanimplementationofageneralapproachtorulebaseddecisionmaking.Consideration/Attentionl Carefulevaluationisnecessarytoensurel Suchaformulationdoesnotchangefurtherconsiderations.l Considerableattentionhasbeenpaidtol Attentionshouldbepaidtoanimportantfindingofthisinvestigation.l Cautionshouldbeexercisedinthisprocesstoavoid...l Primaryconsiderationisgivento...components,thoughotherscanbeaccommodatedl After...hasbeendefinedby...,acarefullyanalysisiscarriedout/performedtodeterminel Anumberoffactorssuchas...needtobetakenintoconsiderationbeforemakingtheappropriatedecision.l Itshouldbenotedthatl Itisimportanttopointoutthat...l Theseconsiderationshaveheightenedinterestinthepossibilityofproviding...l WeshouldstressthefundamentalimportanceofthexxChapter5.Results.Advantages/Disadvantagel Oneofthemajoradvantagesofthisnewmeasureofxxisthatitcanbeappliedtotheexperimentalstudyofl Oneadvantageofusinga..istheeaseofpreparingit.l Thexxsystemisversatilel Ithasaveryfastdecisionmakingprocessl Allthealgorithmsinvolvemostlylogicaloperations.lItcanbeeasilyandwithoutadditionalcostimplementedinamicroprocessor basedenvi ronment.l Itcanreducethewasteofdesigningfromscratch.l Theadvantagesofusingaxxtorepresentxxarethefollowing:l However,xxisnotwithoutitsshortcomings.l Inmostcases,thexxxshowsanimprovementovertheexistingxxx.l Comparedtotheexistingxx,theimpactsofthexxaregenerallyreducedby5%to9%.l The"bestcase"resultsshowsasavingsof6%to9%.l Mostoftheexistingworksbasedonxxapproachcanonlyrecognizeaxx.l Mostoftheabovemethodsarecomputationalexpansiveandlimitedtoxx.l Someotheradvantagesofxxarethefollowing:l Theproblemisthelimitationofthismethodtoalimiteddomainofparts.l Itprovedlimitedinapplicationbecauseitdemandedprecisioninsystemmodelingthatwasimpossibleinpractice.l Thereareadvantagestobegainedinthestructuringofcostsandbenefits,theuseofxx,l Thedisadvantagesofthismethodarealsodisadvantagesofconventionalxxapproaches.l Thiscombinesthebestfeaturesofbothtechniquesl Hopefully,thistoolcanbeasthereferenceframeworkoffordevelopingaxxplatform,andhelpingtheadministration,marketing,andknowledgemanagementactivitiesinvirtualcommunities.Resultsl Animprovementontheresultshownabovecanbemadebybasedonthedataprovidedl Discussionofthesetheoriesisbeyondthescopeofthisreviewl Basedontheinformationcontainedinthisl Theresultcanbecategorizedintonineclassesl Theresultsareillustratedbyanexamplel TheexperimentalresultsforeachxxtimearereportedinTable2.l Fromtheresultsobtainedsofar,itseemthatl Becauseoftheinaccuracyofthe...,aconclusioncannotbedrawnasl Althoughmuchefforthasbeenmadeto.,thisrealityisfarfromcompletion.l Theresultsindicatethatthetotalbenefitsarehigherthanthetotalcosts.l Theirresultsmaythenserveasguidelinesforlowerlevelmodels,lessfuzzyandmoredetailed.Chapter6.Conclusionl Fromthediscussion,onemayconcludethat...l Formtheabovediscussion,theconclusioncanbereachedthatl Theconclusionsdrawnarealsovalidl Inconclusiontothis,itbecomesobviousthattheproblemofxxliesnotonlyin...l Wehaveattemptedtointroducesomeconceptsassociatedwithatheoryofxxbasedonfuzzysets.l Considerablemorework,hopefully,willbedoneinthisareal Afuzzysetprocedureisproposedtosolvexxselectionproblemsinterwovenwithimprecisedatal Employingthecompositionalruleofinference,theassessmentofthexxcompatibilityinachievingprescribedxxprojectilesinanylevelofthehierarchyismadepossible.l Thispaperhaspresentedatheoreticalandexperimentalstudyofthexxprocessandxx concept.l Theexperimentalresearchresultswillhopefullyserveasusefulfeedbackinformationforimprovementsforxxwork.l Thescopeofthiscontributionwastointroduceaxxmethod.l Ingeneral,fuzzysetstheoryprovidesanalternativefoundationforxxanalysisinafuzzyenvironment.FutureResearchl Thus,firstextensionoftheapproachcouldbe,l PresentsomecuesforafurtherapproachfromFuzzySetsTheoryapplicationtol Someimprovementstotheschedulingaspectofthemodelmaybebroughtthroughadditionallevelsinthehierarchyformoredetailedrepresentationoftheschedulingactivity.TablesandFiguresl Figure7-1sketchestheserelationships.l ThegraphicalrepresentationofthesefunctionsisshowninFigure1.l ThexxmaybedepictedasinFigure1.l Figurexshowstheschematicdiagramofthel Figure1though2providea...thatl thearchitectureofthisexpertsystemfor....isillustratedinFigure2.l Figure2givestheoutlineofan...systeml Tableshowsthel asshowninTable1and2l ThisconceptisillustratedinFigure2l AtthetopofTablexxareshowntwoblocksofdata.l Eachtableormatrixhasconstructsxxthroughxxasrow headings,xxthroughxxascolumn headings.l Atableof..isdevelopedandsignificantrecommendationsaremade.CONJUGATIONToIndicateAdditionl additionally,again,also,andthen,ascanbeeasilyunderstood,besides,equallyimportant,especially,finally,forthesamereason,first,further,furthermore,inaddition,last,likewise,moreover,next,second,third,too,evidently,obviously,roughlyspeaking,broadlyspeakingToIndicateCauseandEffectl accordingly,asaresult,consequently,forthisreason,hence,inshort,otherwise,then,therefore,thus,trulyToindicateComparisonl inalikemanner,likewise,similarly,alternativelyToIndicateConcession l afterall,althoughthismaybetrue,atthesametime,eventhough,evenso,Iadmit,naturally,ofcourseToIndicateContrastl andyet,atthesametime,but,forallthat,however,yet,infact,incontrast,inthereallife,inspiteof,nevertheless,notwithstanding,normally,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,still,traditionally,rather,unfortunately,ToIndicateTimeRelationshipsl 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Backwardreasoningcanbeusedtoanswerthequestion"shouldmillingtoolbeselect"differentlevelofknowledgeintherealmofprocessplanning第二章自我总结词汇方法：Supercellplanewavemethod:基于平面波的超元胞方法transmissionelectronmicroscopy(TEM)：透射电镜X-raydiffractionmeasurements：X射线衍射技术microscopicmasterequationapproachclusteractivationmethod：PathProbabilityMethod：TransmissionElectronMicroscopy(TEM)：透射电镜Appliedhomogeneousstrainfield 核磁共振(NMR)powderdiffraction：粉末衍射extrapolationtechnique：外推技术、外推法、外推算法动词：investgate：研究，调查Involve卷入，有，发生,situatedin位于，conducted（执行，操作），coexist共存Pathway：路径constructedon：建立在proceed：进行via：经由，通过extract：提炼，汲取assum：认为，假设Restrictedto：限定在upto一直到,等于correspondingto：响应，和什么…有关relatedto：adj.叙述的,讲述的,有关系的Available：adj.可用到的,可利用的,有用的,有空的,可见的like：可能的unlike：不大可能的bymeansof:借助于，通过betakenas：被认为timeevolution：随时间演化的takesplace：发生isproposedtodescribe：被提出demonstratedthat：显示出…first,followedby…首先，然后…summarized：总结，归纳coherently：定向的，有条理的accompany：伴随着beinterpreted:用…解释ignore：忽视represent：表示，代表given：假定的，假设的dependon：依赖，依靠determine：确定，决定obtain：得到labeled：标识conserve：守恒contain：包含assigning：包含，分配depict：表示，说明arrange:排列hexagonalfashion：六边形deplete：耗尽plot：绘制indicate：表示reverse：相反promote：vt.促进,发扬,提升,提拔,晋升为Required：需要的indicatethat：表示，显示出，表明了distinguish：区别出restrict：vt.限制,约束,限定undertake：vt.承担,担任,许诺,保证v.采取convertsinto：vt.使转变,转换...,使...改变信仰becontained：被包含进去beclassifiedinto：被归类到，被划分到propagatev.繁殖,传播,宣传perform：vt.履行,执行,表演,演出v.完成任务invert：adj.转化的vt.使颠倒,使转化n.颠倒的事物elucidate:vt.阐明,说明differentiate：v.区别,区分Thecloseproximityof：adoptvt.采用,收养采用acquired:adj.已获得的,已成习惯的,后天通过自己的努力得到的bemappedout:vb.映射,绘制...之地图,计划utilize：vt.利用sufferfrom：经受，遭受derivedfrom：演化，来自emphasize：强调concernedwith：关注，关心devotedto：致力于asisnecessitated：…必要eliminate：vt.排除,消除v.除去carryout：执行，计算出issetto：被设定成illustrate：vt.举例说明,图解,加插图于,阐明vi.举例tedious：adj.单调乏味的,沉闷的,冗长乏味的computationally：计算的represent/display:显示，代表，表示enhance：强化features：特点、特性quantify：vt.确定数量v.量化gobeyond：超出attributeto：归因于associatewith：联合，与…有联系interpret：v.解释,说明,口译,通译,认为是...的意思correspondto:相应符合wantneedrequireestablishevaluateidensifyIncreasingtheCrlevel/enhanced:增加Cr的数量displace：移走，挤走create/produce：创造（缺陷）moreantisitedefectTideficiency：贫Tihypostoichiometric：亚理想配比hyperstoichiometric:超化学计量比off-stoichiometric：非化学计量比nonstoichiometry非化学计量性非定比性,非理想配比性surplus：过剩的speculate推测,思索,做投机买卖/Itwasspeculatedthatassociatedwith：和。。。相关的，相联系的alleviatevt.使(痛苦等)易于忍受,减轻TheTideficiencyinhypostoichiometricalloysisalleviatedbyenhancedsubstitutionofCronbsites.InperfectlyorderedstoichiometricA3BwiththeL12structure,allBatomsresideontheb(corner)siteandallAatomsresideonthethreea(facecenter)sites.accommodate：容纳motivatedcorrelatedto：和。。。相关，有联系examined/study：研究recognized：被认为correlatedto/relatedto/associatedwith:和。。。有关系establish：建立plus：有一个，和，多一个interpenetrating：交叉，交互 形容词：asmallamountof：一点representativeof：n.代表adj.典型的,有代表性的Themainobjectiveof：主要目的computationallyadvantageous:计算优势straightforwardanddesirable：直观的，具体的non-equilibrium：非平衡subsequent:接着的，稍后的practically：adv.实际上,事实上,在实践上adv.几乎,简直simultaneously：adv.同时地，自发地metastable：亚稳的deterministic：确定性的uncorrelated：非束缚的，非关联的arbitrarily：adv.武断地,任意地,专横地indefinitely：adv.不确定地local-global:局部的-全局的final：最终的qualitative：adj.性质上的,定性的symmetric：adj.相称性的,均衡的ractable：adj.易驾驭的,驯良的,易管教的,易处理的reliable：可信的fixed,periodicboundaryconditions：固定的，周期性边界条件quitedifferent：非常大的不同nonequivalent非等价[数]的somewhat：adv.稍微,有点,有些fortuitous：adj.偶然的,幸运的apparently：adv.显然地energetically:adv.精力充沛地,积极地Favored：能量上有利...extensively：adv.广阔地qualitative：adj.性质上的,定性的automatically：adv.自动地,机械地substantial：adj.坚固的,实质的,真实的,充实的exclusively：adv.排外地,专有地antisymmetric：adj.反对称的dramatically：adv.戏剧地,引人注目地instantaneous：adj.瞬间的,即刻的,即时的essentially：adv.本质上,本来essential：本质的long-standing：长期存在的comparable：adj.可比较的,比得上的underlying：adj.在下面的,根本的,潜在的,[商]优先的unambiguouslygreatly/significantly：大大地amenable:顺从的，可加工的comprehensivestudy：综合研究However,aswillbenoted,Specifically：特别的，明确的ingeneral：大体上，unrecognizedimplicitassumptions：不清楚的假设anomalous:不规则，反常的Thepurposeof：目的Noevidenceof：没迹象表明negligible：可忽视的critically：批评的，严格的extensively：广泛的essentially：主要的modest：adj.谦虚的,谦让的,适度的Morerecently：最近介词：dueto：由于，因为Incontrastto：为了和…对比whereas然而Forsimplicity:简单起见withrespectto：至于，关于Itisassumedthat：通常认为，假设beproportionalto：和…成比例asafunctionof：…的方程relatedto：和…有关Ithasbeenshownthat:显示Since：既然，即使Inparticular：特别地aslongas：只要,在...的时候insensitiveto：对...不敏感的,不受...影响的,不易感受...的aswellas：同样，也beconsistentwith:和…一致consistingof：包含，由…组成agreewith：和…一致，相同aswell：也，同样As…vt:随着…Itcanbeseenthat：可以看出superlatticereflection：超晶格反射Aswewilldiscusslater：稍后讨论Itisclearthat:显而易见bethecase：是这样的，确实是，正确soitisimportanttopointoutthat：非常关键的一点again：又一次ontheotherhand：此外，另外一方面aresimilarto：和…相似ingeneral：通常Yet：adv.仍,至今,益发,更conj.然而,但是berelevantto：relevant：adj.有关的,相应的itisexpectedthat：预期的，可预测的，期望的Itshouldbepointedoutthat：应指出的是…inthesensethat:从…意义上来说via：prep.经,通过,经由ontheorderof：属于...一类的,与...相似的hasbeenfoundtobeapowerful：被认为是一种强大的…playsanimportantrolein：起重大作用isindeedthecase：的确如此Schematicrepresentationofthe：图表示…inthiscase:在这个例子中Asusual：和平常一样，通常theadequacyof：足够的Itisnoteworthythat：值得注意的是Astrikingresultof：一个显著的结果differentiate：v.区别,区分Thecloseproximityof：adoptvt.采用,收养采用acquired:adj.已获得的,已成习惯的,后天通过自己的努力得到的we notethat:注意到Itwasshownthat：显示temporalandspatialevolutionofthemorphology：形貌的时间和空间演化fundamental:基本的interestto：？？？inprinciple：原则上，大体上aslinearlyproportionalto：线性相关Furthermore：此外、而且takenintoaccount：考虑进去subsequently：adv.后来,随后virtually：adv.事实上,实质上Theonlyexceptionseemstobe：唯一的例外似乎是squarewith：(使)与…相符[一致]使…得到…的认可[同意]Itisquiteclearthat：非常显然namely：adv.即,也就是itappearsthat：显示出Itstartswith：以…开始Itseemstobethecasethat：看起来是…itisquiteobviousthat:非常显然Itappearsthattherateof：似乎是Theyconcludedthat：总结Itisfoundthat：发现alongwith：连同...一起,随同...一起accountfor：v.说明,占,解决,得分比较词：precede：优于，isequivalentto：和…相当名词：residencetime：滞留时间phononband：声子（能）带L12(Ni3Al,γ’)andDO22(Ni3V,θ)Configuration：组态structurefactor：结构因子SmallAngleScattering（SAS）：小角散射homogeneous：均匀的，齐次的，均质Ordereddomains：有序畴antiphasedomainboundaries：反相畴界orderingandclustering：有序化和偏聚eutectoidreaction：共析反应lamellarmixture:板条状组织variants：不同的，类，变量？?incompatibility:不兼容的，不相容的predictions/predict:预测预言experimentalobservations：试验验证，试验观察atomicconfigurationsandthemorphology：原子组态和形貌concentrationamplitudes：浓度幅fractionalCartesiancoordinate：直角坐标Component:组元Fouriertransform：傅立叶变换species：样品，例子concentrationwave：浓度波coefficients：系数positivedefinite：正定的explicitforwardeulertechnique:显式欧拉向前法Ni3Vstoichiometry：Ni3V的化学计量比浓度variation：变化variationalderivatives：变分求导perturbation：微扰，扰动temporalevolution：时间演化、动态演化diffractionpatterns衍射图样diffractionintensity：衍射强度grey-levels：灰度：lowerleftinset：左下角upperrightinset：右下角drivingforces：驱动力thermalfluctuation：热涨落noiseterm：噪声项adhoc：专案intersect：vt.横断vi.(直线)相交,交叉firstderivative/first-orderderivative:一阶导数second-derivative：二阶导数coupledgraingrowth：耦合晶体生长Ostwaldripening：奥斯瓦尔德熟化polycrystalline：多晶enthalpy:焓dumbbel：哑铃状anisotropy各向异性[植]各向异性spontaneousadj.自发的,自然产生的amorphization：非晶化spontaneousrecombination：自发复合motivation：n.动机，目的displacementevent：…事octahedral：adj.有八面的,八面体的asymmetry：n.不对称argument：变元，变量，论证 自变量;自变数;理由;辐角;幅度;幅角;论点;论证;变元crowdion：挤列，挤列子，挤子category：类possibility:可能性coincidence：n.一致,相合,同时发生或同时存在(尤指偶然)的事implicationn.牵连,含意,暗示proportionality：比例(性)均衡(性)相称inhomogeneousunstablesystem：各向异性不稳定系统clustercorrelationfunctions：dependency：n.依靠,信赖,从属,从属物,属国,属地localatomicconfiguration：局域原子组态assumption：n.假定,设想,担任,承当,假装,作态Bernoulliprobabilitydistribution：伯努利概率分布translationalsymmetry:平移对称性schematicdraw：图解complex：adj.复杂的,合成的,综合的n.联合体localatomicarrangement：局部原子排列variousdiffusionalphasetransformationkinetics：不同的扩散相变动力系abinaryalloyonatwo-dimensionalsquarelatticewithfirst-andsecond-neighborpairwiseinteraction：productofsums：和 single-siteapproximation：numericalsolution：数值解single-sitedistribution：单格点分布？？Acompletelyblack/whitecirclerepresents:全黑或全白的圈代表…barrierlesshomogeneousnucleationandsubsequentgrowthofordereddomains:无障碍各向同性形核和随后的有序畴的长大…snapshot：n.快照,急射,简单印象reducedtime：约化时间coalescence：n.合并,接合,联合spatiallong-rangeparameterdistribution：长程序参数的空间分布Bright/darkregions:亮/暗的区域congruentordering：等成分有序化incubationstage（period）：孕育期orderingstage：有序化阶段decompositionstage：分解阶段coarseningstage：粗化阶段Onsager-andLangevin-type：昂撒各和郎之万型compositiongradient：浓度梯度morphologicalpatterns：形貌花样synchrotron：同步加速器latticevibrations：晶格振动phonondispersion：声子色散bondlength：键长键距bondstiffness：键强度interpretation：n.解释,阐明,口译,通译Formalism：形式方法projectionschematicdiagram：投影图functionalmaterials:功能材料highperformancematerial：高性能材料trialuminide三元Al化合物（Al3X）structuralmaterial：结构材料linecompound：线形化合物tensileductility：拉伸塑性Discrepancy：差异，不同accuracy：精度scatteringfactor：散射因子predominantdefect：主要缺陷configuration：配置，组态、结构application：用途hybrid：混合，杂交，杂种debate：争论，争辩summary/conclusionsinternalfrictionpeaks:内耗峰promisingcandidate：最可能的替代constitutionalvacancies/thermalvacancy:组分空位/热空位stress-free：应力自由electricalresistivity：电阻率specificheat：比热、比热容exhibit：显示，展示Strainageing：应变时效，形变时效strain-ratesensitivity：应变率敏感性dislocationpinningprocess：位错钉扎过程dislocationlocking:位错钉扎latticefriction：晶格摩擦功能词汇：关于：onaboutconcerningregarding多的：lotofadequatesufficientcompletereliablepreciseexactvaluabledetailed少的：scarceinadequateinsufficientincompletelittlefewunreliableinvaluablepoorunevenpreliminary现状:inliteratureatpresentincurrentliterature程度副词:quiteextremelyobviously拥有:haveposse来源:comefromhascomefrombeobtainedfromisprovidedfromhasbeenobtainedhasbeenprovidedby结果：toindicatetosuggesttopermittoallow图表：scheme/colorscheme:彩色图解、方案句型：1.Moredetailsabout……areavailablein…...2.ThekineticsofdiffusionphasetransformationsinthepseudobinaryNi3Al±Ni3Vsystemwerestudiedusingacomputersimulationtechniquebasedonmicroscopediffusionequations. 3.InstageI…followedbystageII…StageIII…Andfinally,instageIV…4.Itshouldbepointedoutthat,asfarastheauthorsareaware,itisthefirsttimethat…particularlyusing…5.Since…itisconvenientandevencomputationallyadvantageousto6.A…B…andC…aswellasD7.Thecolorassignedtoeachlatticesiteisamixtureofred,greenandblue,inthesameproportionastheratiosoftheoccupationprobabilityatthatsiteofaluminum,vanadiumandnickel，respectively。Thus,iftheoccupationprobabilityofaluminumatanysiteis1.0,thenthatsiteisassignedthecolorred,andsoon.8.Whenthecompositionisbelowoneoftheinstabilitylinesandabovetheother,9.Aninitiallyhomogeneousdisorderedf.c.c.ternaryalloy(Ni75Al25-xVx)intoatwo-phasemixtureofL12(Ni3Al)andDO22(Ni3V)orderedphases10.arealternatingNiandAl：Ni、Al相间排列11.ThisasymmetryisillustratedinFig.2,whereitcanbeseenthat：（如何提到图）12.DuetothelargedifferenceinatomicsizebetweenNiandAl：由于Ni和Al尺度相差很大13.inonecase…intheother:一个…另一个14.Dumbbells,however,arefavored.15.Inthefirstcase,NiatomscollidewithAlatomsandviceversa;inthesecondcase,16.Either…or…whether….or17.Thisagaincanbedueeitherto…or…18.First,thecrowd-ion,ratherthanthe(100)dumbbell,isproducedinlowenergyeventsalongsome(110)events.Moreover,other…lastly…18.Acomputersimulationtechniquebasedonmicroscopicmasterequationsisdevelopedformodelingthedynamicsofmorphologicalevolutionduringdiffusionalphasetransformationsinbinarysolidsolutionsincludingbarrierlessnucleationofordereddomains,subsequentdomaingrowthandcoalescence（长大，溶合）,coarseningofantiphasedomains,compositionalphaseseparation,Ostwaldripening,andkineticsofsimultaneousorderingandphaseseparation.19.isnotonlyoffundamentalinteresttophysicists,materialsscientistsandappliedmathematiciansbutisalsoimportantintheprocessingoftechnologicallyadvancedmaterials.20.Formationofvirtualphasesandstrain-inducedmorphologicaltransformationduringdecompositioninquenchedbinaryalloysystems.Thehighlynonlinearandnonequilibriumdynamicsofphasetransformationsinatwo-dimensionalsquarelatticebyassumingadirectexchangemechanism：21.TheearliestapplicationofaMaster-EquationbasedapproachtodiffusionaltransformationsinsolidsappearstobetheworkofIidaonshort-andlong-rangeorderinhomogeneousNi3Fealloys22.ThemorphologicalevolutionfollowingorderingisantiphasedomaincoalescenceandcoarseningresultinginthesingledomainstateshowninFig.2(d).23.Figure3showstheevolutionofthelong-rangeorderparametervaluessquaredwiththesameinitialconditionbutwithalargercomputationalcellof256x256latticesites.24.Whetherthesystemsizeissufficientornotlargelydependsonthewavelengthoftheconcentrationdomainswhichinturndependsontheannealingtemperatureandannealingtime.25.However,thissingle-phaseisunstablewithrespecttothesubsequentdecompositionintoatwo-phasemixtureoforderedanddisorderedphases26.Oneisthelong-rangeorderparameterasdefinedintheorderingexampleandtheotheristhecompositionalorderparameterasdefinedinthespinodaldecompositionexample. 26.Itappearsthattherateofdecompositionofanorderedphaseintoamixtureoforderedanddisorderedphasesissignificantlyenhancedbytheexistenceofantiphasedomainboundariesinthecongruentlyorderedsingle-phase.27.TwoofthemajorassumptionsintheOnsager-andLangevin-typekineticequationsarethelinearproportionalityoftherateofchangetothethermodynamicdrivingforceandtheconstantvalueoftheproportionalitycoefficient.28.ThecommonmethodofregressionfittingcalculatedandmeasuredX-raydiffractionintensitiesusingasinglewavelengthisshowntobeunabletodefinethetwoindependentorderparametersunambiguously,callingintoquestiontheresultsofsuchpreviousstudiesontheseternaryalloys.29.Onlyifanassumptionismadethatonetypeofsitesubstitutiondominatestheantisiteformationcanthemethodbeusedtoestimatethesolutionforthedominantbehavior.30.Fourcompositionswereinvestigated,twostochiometricalloyswitheither9or12at.pct.Cr,andtwonnonstoichiometricalloyswith10at.pct.Crandeither23or27at.pct.Ti.31.TheTideficiencyinhypostoichiometricalloysisalleviatedbyenhancedsubstitutionofCronbsites.However,theexcessTiinhyperstoichiometricalloysgreatlydecreasesanyCrsubstitutiononbsite32.Ithasbeenknownforsometimethat33.Systematicchangesinstructureandpropertieswiththenatureoftheternaryadditionsuggestthatalloyinge.ects,relatedtoatomicandelectronicstructure,areimportantforunderstandingthesephases34.However,aswillbenoted,acomprehensivestudyoftheoccurrenceandnatureofpointdefectsisneeded,particularlyinrelationtosolutesitepreferencesandnonstoichiometry.35.Fouralloyswerechosenforthisstudy.Twoofthealloys,referredtoasCr9andCr12,hadthestoichiometricamountofTitogetherwith9and12at.pct.Cr,theothertwoalloys,Ti23andTi27,had36.at.pct.Crwith23and27at.pct.Ti,respectively.37.inthecompositionrangebetween45and55at%Alandinthetemperaturerange800±2000K38.thesevacancies,sincetheyoriginateprimarilyduetoo.-stoichiometry,arereferredtoasconstitutionalvacancies[5].39.However,thisviewischallengedbyKogachiandhiscoworkers[18±20]basedonbothexperimentalobservations[13±17]andtheoreticalarguments.A:accuracyB:brevityC:clarityweak:弱的，不太明显的，近似的technicalterms:术语容易混淆用的词汇：Alternatively(二者选一的)–alternately（交替地，隔一个地）;centre–middle;degree–extent;either-both;except-unless;generally-usually;homogenous-homogeneous;length–long;limited-slight;major–great;minor–little;natural–normal;optimistic–hopeful;optimum–highest;percentage–some;providedthat–if;quite–rather;rudimentary–vestigial;several–some;same–similar;singular–rare;often–inmanypalaces;sometimes–insomepalaces;superior–betterthan;view–opinions;virtually–almost;volume–amount;weather–climate;while–although;主观词汇Perhapsmaybelikelysuggestsitseemspossiblyprobably（少用） 描写程度的词：substantialadequateconsiderableactuallyquiteratherfairlyextremelymostlyrelativelycomparativelyunduly(慎用)关于推测，观点之类的相似的词语：speculationsuppositionconfectionideasurmiseexpectationimpressionassumptionpresumptionguessopinionviewnotionhypothesistheorylaw避免同义重复：能用单词代替的短语就用单词代替，能用短语代替的长句就用短语Latinate–Anglo-saxonaccomplish–do;acquire–get;additional–extra;alteration–change;anticipate–expect;assistance–help;avoirdupois–fat;application–use;cessation–stop;commence–start,begin;concerning–about;consequently–so;considerable–much;construct–build;demonstrate–show;disclose–show;elevated–raised,high;encounter–meet;equivalent–equal;exhibit–show;fabricate–build;haemorrhage–bleed;identical–same;illuminate–light;indication–sign;inquire–ask;invariably–always;magnitude–size,amount;magnify–enlarge;maximum–highest,largest;nocturnal–night;numerous–many;optimum-best;perform-do;possess–have;present–show;priorto–before;provide–give;purchase–buy;regarding–about;renumeration–pay;render–make;reveal–show;sentiment–feeling;sanguineous–bloody;similarto–like;sufficient–enough;termination–end;transplant–graft;vertebral,column–backbone;vigorous–lively;vulnerable–weak;写引言：提到过去的研究报道时，一般用现在完成时被动语态：ithasbeenreported…ithasbeenpointedoutby…ithaspreviouslybeenprovedthat…muchhasbeenstudiedconcerning…或者用过去时主动态：J.Kanereported/fount/discover…过去已肯定的东西时，用一般现代时：谈到过去报道中具体内容时，用一般过去时：引言中谈到本研究的目的时，用一般现代时主动态或被动态：Acomparativestudy…isreported/Thusitisofconsiderableinteresttostudy…提到本研究的具体方法和结果时，用一般过去式：《谈谈写作英语科技论文》连词和连接短语：a.增加、继续或引进additionally,also,and,anotherway,asecondmethod,aswellas,besides,equableimportant,finally,first,further,furthermore,ifdesired,inaddition,last,lastly,moreover,oncefurtherremarkisappropriatehere,remember,second,subsequently,third,tobegin,withtheaboveb.比较 afterall,alternately,assimilaranalysisshows,but,however,inasimilarmanner,incomparison,incontrast,infmanyproblems,inpractice,instead,inlikemanner,inthelattercase,inthisconnection,likewise,nevertheless,nonetheless,notwithstanding,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,otherwise,similarly,still,whereas,worse,yetc.详述（举例，阐述）asanapplication,asanexample,basically,forexample,forinstance,generally,ingeneral,inparticular,namely,often,specifically,thatisd.反复again,asbefore,asecondtime,ashasbeenstated,asIhavesaid,inotherwords,inreview,oncemore,thanis,toreiteratee.转化arenowgiven,becomes,canbewritten,from,gives,produces/create,reducesto,replacedby,thisleafsto,yieldsf概括ineffect,inessence,inotherwords,inshort,insummary,letusbrieflyreviewthestepsintheanalysis,severalremarksneedtobemadeatthispoint,summarizing,theforegoingdiscussionillustrates,tosumupg位置Adjacentto,beyond,here,near,ontheotherside,oppositeto,formerh目的forthispurpose,forthisreason,inorderto,tothisend,towardthisobjective,withthisgoalI结果accordingly,areviewoftheliteraturerevealsthat,asaresult,consequently,hence,inasmuch,inconsequence,inspiteof,inviewoftheseconsiderations,sofar,theforegoingdiscussionillustrate,therefore,thus,thusfar,tomeetthisadditionaldifficulty,whereforej赞同admittedly,certainly,conclusively,fortunately,hopefully,indeed,inanyevent,infact,inreality,obviously,ofcourse,ordinarily,perhaps,tobesure,truly,undeniably,withoutanyquestionsK时间afteranhour,day,year,……afterward,alittlelater,aswillbeseen,atlength,atpresent,atthispoint,earlier,finally,here,heretofore,immediately,inthemeantime,inthosedays,inwhatfollows,meantime,meanwhile,presently,recently,sofar,then,today,ultimately,willnowbedeveloped,willnowbeillustrated,willnowbeinvoked《谈谈写作英语科技论文——常见病句和句型》(续)a…ortwo:amileortwo=oneortwomiles(onemilesortwo是错误的表达方式)科技英语写作句型：自我总结：1.多用合成词：self-sustaining2.e 第三章常见写作句型Information:句型1.在某方面拥有xx程度的情报(A)thereissome/enough/sufficient/greatdealof/alotof/ample/complete/precise/detailed/reliable/va;valuableinformation(C)aboutthenatureof/ontheinfluenceof/concerningeffectsof/regardingtheconsequencesof/bearingontheinteractionof…句型2.在某方面缺乏情报(A)thereislittledetailed/therehasbeenlackof(exact)/wewillstillhaveno(precise)/theywillhavenotany(reliable,valuable)/therehasn’tbeenanyinformation(B)inliterature/intcurrencyliterate(C)atpresentaboutthephenomenalof/ontheextentof/concerningthechangesin/regardingthechangesin/bearingonthechangesin句型3.在某方面至今仍在xx程度上缺乏情报（A）westillhavelittle/westillpossesspoor/untilnowwehavescanty(possessscarce)/untilrecentlywehadincomplete/untilrecentlywepossesseduneven/westilldonotpossesssufficient/wedonotpossessyetcomplete/wearenotyetinpossessionofreliableinformation（B）about(on)theevolutionof/concerning(regarding)theevolutionof句型4.在某方面缺乏xx类型的情报（A）Noadequate/detailed/exact/precise/reliable/valuableinformation（B）onthissubject/aboutthesechanges/concerningsucheffects/regardingthiscourseof（C）isavailable/is(sofar)available(D)atpresent/inliterature/incurrentliterature句型5.现有的情报不够完善（A）theinformationwehave(possess)/theyhavepresented/availableatpresent(inliterature)（B）isveryincomplete/seems(obviously)insufficient/isscarce/seems(very)uneven/isunreliable/isextremelypoor/seems(extremely)unreliable/seems(extremely)scarce/isextremelyuneven/seems(quite)unreliable/semes(quite)incomplete/is(quite)insufficient/isonlypreliminary句型6.过去所占有的情报是不够完善的（A）untillrecentlytheinformationwehad/possessed/aboutit(B)wasvery(quite)incomplete/scarce/insufficient/inadequate句型7.需要某方面进一步的情报（A）wewant/need（B）somefurther/much(more)reliable(preside)information（C）about/on/concerning/regarding(A)some(much,more)further(reliable,precise,detailed,)information(B)iswanted(needed,required)(C)aboutthetransmissionof/tocruciatedthemechanismof/toestablishtherateof/toevaluatortherearoundof/toidentifytheparticles 句型8.在某情报来源于xx(A)the/someofour/muchofthe/mostoftherecent(B)comefrom/hascomefrom/istobtainfrom/isprovidedfrom/hasbeenobtained/hasbeenprovidedby(C)experimentedon/recentstudieson/studiedinvolving/recentinvestigationsinthefield句型11.在情报不足以说明（指出）xx（A）our(thisnew)informationis(hasbeen,seems)insufficient/isnot(hasnotbeen,doesnotseem)sufficient(B)toindicate(suggest,allow,permit)thatthechangeisdramatic/thatthisactionissoslow/thatthisisthemostlikelyresponse/anincreaseamountsof/aninterferencefrom/aparticipationof/anysuchassumptions/anyoftheseconclusions/suchconclusions/thefollowingassumptions句型12.已有情报可用于xx（A）theinformation（B）we/theyhave/obtained/provided/reported（C）canbeuse/willfurtherbeused/willmostlikelybeused(D)instudiesof/forthedeterminationof/asabaissfor肯定的形容词：sufficient，compete,extensive，ample,detailed,exact,precise,good,reliable,valuable否定的形容词：indufficient，incomplete,fragmentary,poor,scanty,uneven,unreliable表时间的词：earlier,previous,preliminary,past,present,current,furtherknowledge：句型15.缺乏某方面的知识westillknow(very)littleabout…/sofarweknow(very)littleabout…/westilldonotknowmanyfeaturesof…/wedonotknow(yet)weatherthisisthetrueroleof句型16.至今对某方面的知识仍是缺乏的（A）knowledgeof…/ourknowledgeof…/atpresentourknowledgeof…sofarourknowledgeof…（B）isstill/isobviously/stillremains（C）incomplete/insufficient/uneven/superficial/perfunctory/scanty/limitedtoafewfeaturesof…limitedtooneaspectof句型17.在某研究还不能获得全面的知识（A）Nocomplete/comprehensive/thoroughknowledge（B）hassofarbeenprovidedbyexperimentswith/wasprovidedbyexperimentswith/canbeobtainedfromstudiesof（C）thestudiesof…/experimentswith/recentworkson/somestudiesof/thepioneerworksby句型20.某方面知识还需要进一步积累扩大（A）knowledgeof/ourknowledgeof…（B）mustbeimproved/increased/hastobefurtherenlarged/accumulated/oughttobeamassed/willbeobtainform/providedby/basedon/mustfurthercomefrom/willfurthercomefrom句型21.某方面知识可用于xx（A）knowledgeofthis/phenomenon/thenatureof/theroleof/thebehavioroftheactionof/theproblemtheyhaveadvanced/Iamstuddingnow/thuspresented(B)isconcernedchiefly/dealslargely(mainly)with/bearson(C)thestudyof…/thedeterminationof…/theelucidationof problem:1.属于哪种类型的形容词basic,chief,main,major,fundamental,essential,important,broad,vast,minor,specific,highly–specific,peculiar2.困难，复杂方面的形容词difficult,challenging,complex,complicated,involved,intricate,confusing,puzzling,obscure,vague 3.吸引人的，有趣方面的形容词attractive,exciting,fascinating,interesting,intriguing,tempting句型1.某问题是关于xx的研究（说明，判断）（A）thisproblem(of)/wehaveoutlined/theyhaveadvanced/Iamstuddingnow/thuspresented（B）isconcerned(deals)chiefly(largely,mainly)with/bearson（C）thestudyof…/thedeterminationof…/theelucidationof…句型2.这是研究xx（与xx相关）的问题（A）thisisaproblem（B）dealingwith/concernedwith/bearingon/relatingto/whichdealswith/whichbearson（C）thenatureof…/theinfluenceof…/theroleof…/theeffectsof…/themeasurementof…/theactivityof…句型3.问题的关键在于xx(A)themainaspectoftheproblem/thecoreoftheproblem/theessenceoftheproblem/theproblemhere/theproblem,ascanbeseen/theproblem,asIcanfigureitout/theproblem,asfollowsfromthepresentation(B)is(C)theinteractionof…/themodeofactionof…/theoriginof…/themovementof…/theconnectionbetween…/howtoisolatethesecomponents/howtoseparatetheparticles/howtopurifythe…/howtoextractsuchsubstances/howtoobtainfurtherinformation/howtobringtogether…/whatmethodtouse句型4.某问题很难解决（A）theproblem(of)/underdiscussion/Iamstuddingnow（B）involves/presents（C）certain/considerable/great/tremendousdifficulties句型5.某问题容易（难于）解决（详细讨论）（A）theproblemof…/underinvestigation/youmentionhere/,ashasbeenoutlined/aswehavejustseen（B）is/seems/isnot/doesnotseemeasy/difficult/toocomplicated/toointricate/fartooinvolved/tobroad（C）tosolveveryquickly/todisuseindetail/toformulateinpreciseterms/topresentinallitscomplexity/totackleatpresent/todescribeineverydetail句型6.在xx方面难以（容易）讨论某问题(A)itis/itseems/itisnot/itdoesnotseemeasy/difficult/possible/impossible/(B)topresent/review/discuss/analyze/theproblem(Alltheaspects)(C)inallitscomplexity/inallitsimmensity/ineverydetail/concernedwith…句型7.在某xx时期难以解决某问题（A）itis/willbe/wouldbe/was/seems/seemed/mayseem/wouldseem/proves/hasproved/mayprovedrather(/very/extremely/exceedingly/enormously)difficult/quiteimpossible/totallyunrealistictotry（B）tosolve/resolve/findsolutionto/obtainknowledgeoftheproblem（C）atpresent/now/nowthatweknowlittle(nothing)about/inthecomingyears/intthenearfuture/inthepast/afewdecadesago(D)atthislevel/atthelevelof…/withtheexistingtechniques/usingtheoldmethods句型8.某问题在xx时候提出（A）thisproblem/of…/underdiscussion/assuch/asisoutlinednow/asisviewednow（B）was(first)advanced/broughtup/putforward/formulated/raised/posed（C）byK./atthebeginningofthexxthcentury/attheturnofthecentury(D)in/asearlyas/asfarbackas(E)1929/theearly60’s/thelate30’s/the1970’s/themid-40’s/themid–xxthcentury句型9.某问题如何受到重视（A）sincethentheproblem/it（B）hasattractedmanyscientists/hasfascinatedmanyworksinthisfield/hasbeenreferredto(inanumberofinvestigations/manytimes/morethanonce) 句型10.某问题可描述如下（A）theproblem/thisproblem/theproblemof…/it（B）is(briefly)/was/hasbeen/canbe（C）described/outlined/formulated/stated（d）asfollows/asisgivenbelow句型11.某问题在xx反位之内（外）(A)the/this/ourproblemyouhavejustoutlined/theauthorshaveraised/Ihavereferredto(B)is/lies/seemstobe/goes/falls(C)within/beyond/outside(D)thescopeof/therangeof/theprovinceof/limitsof(E)theabovetheory/theexistingtheory/theproblemspertainingto…/thegivenresearch/thistheory/ourconcept/ourpresentknowledgeof…句型12.某问题从xx角度来考虑（A）theproblemof…（B）is/was/hasbeen/canbe/cannotbe/canhardlybe/couldbe（C）interpreted/regarded/viewed/lookedupon（D）[intermsof/inthelightof(E1)currentconcepts/thisfundamentaltheory/recentfindingsinthisarea]/[as(E2)anewone/afundamentaloneinthefield/themainone]句型13.某问题何时加以解决（说明）（A）thisproblem/thisveryintriguingproblem（B）hasbeen/was/willbe/canbe/canhardlybe（C）clarified/elucidated/solved/resolved（D）onlyrecently/quiteashorttimeago/inthenearfuture/inexperimentswith…/inthelightofrecentfindings/withthistechniques/withconventionaltechniques句型14.某问题刚刚得到解决（A）theproblemof…/theproblem（B）whichwasveryintriguing/whichseemedtobesointricate/whichwethoughttobeverycomplicated/whichwasregardedassochallenging/whichwasbelievedtobeveryobscure（C）untilrecently/untilquiterecently/untilashorttimeago（D）isnolongeramystery/doesnotremainamysteryanylonger/doesnotremainamysterynow/hasnowbeensolved/hasbeenfullyresolved/isnowfullelucidated句型15.某问题仍未得到解决（A）theproblem/theaboveproblem/theproblemof…（B）aswehaveseen/aswecansee/ascanbeseen/asisknown（C）isstill/stillremains(D)poorlyunderstood/inadequatelyexamined/insufficientstudied/notsufficientlyunderstood/quiteamystery/very(quite/totally)obscure/stillretainsitssecrets句型16.某问题仍需进一步研究（A）it/theproblem（B）demands/requires/callsfor（C）much/agreatdealof（D）furtherresearch/furtherresearcheffort/furtherstudy/furtherinvestigation/furtherwork(E)inthisarea/intheabovearea/inthisfield/intheabovefield句型17.要解决某问题对xx需进一步研究（A）much/agreatdealof（B）further（C）research(effort)/study/investigation/work（D）isneeded/required/wanted（E）toelucidate/clarify/beingtolight/reveal/discover/(F)certainaspectsof…/certaindetailsof…/somefactsabout…/theintricatenatureof…句型18.要解决某问题确实并非容易（尚需时间）（A）itwill（still）taketime/itwill,obviously,taketime/itwill,undoubtedly,takemanyyears/itis,indeed,noeasytask（B）toelucidate/toclearup/tounravel/togaininsightinto（C）theproblemof…/thisaspectoftheproblem…/themysteryof…/theintricatedetailsof…/thestructureof…/themechanismof…（D）todisclosethesecretsof…/touncoverthesecretsof…/todiscoverthemechanismof… Study:1.属于哪种‘类型’的形容词：initial,pioneer,previous,recent,current,present,further.experimental,theoretical,field,laboratory,integrated,multidisciplinary,full-scale,extensive.technical,highly-technical,careful,detailed,thorough,profound,complete,comprehensive,fundmental,intense.2.肯定方面的形容词：encouraging,stimulating,promising,useful,frightful,successful,interesting,elegant,fascinating3.属于哪种学术研究的形容词：autoradiographic:n.放射能照像,microscopic,electron-microscopic,chromatographic:adj.色析法的,层离法的serological:adj.[医]血清学的,taxonomic:adj.分类学的morphological,cytological:细胞学,genetic,molecular,macromolecules,micromolecule句型1.在xx时候，已有某方面的研究（A）atpresent/inthepast/inrecentyears/inthelastfewyears/untilnow（B）thereare/were/havebeen（C）some/several/numerous/many/(very)few/almostno（D）experimental/laboratory/field/plot/pioneer/preliminary/comprehensive/detailed/fundamental（E）studiesof/investigationsof(F)thefunction/structure/effects/action/natureof…句型2.为xx目的所进行的研究已达到xx程度（A）several/numerous/many/few/(sofar)No（B）experimental/preliminary/comprehensive/detailed/thorough/fundamental（C）studies/investigations（E）are/arenowbeing/werethen/havebeen（F）made/carriedout/performed/undertaken/attempted/initiated（G）toelucidatethenatureof…/tounderstandthemodeofactionof…/torevealthecausesof…/inordertobringtolightsomefactsabout…句型3.过去曾有过某方面的研究（A）anstudywas/aninvestigationwas/studieswere/investigationswere（B）made/carriedout/performed/initiated/started（C）oftheeffectsof…/oftheinfluenceof…/thebasicunitsof…/todeterminetheamountof…/toestablishthedegreeof…/toelucidatethetrueroleof…/toascertainwhetherthestructureisaffected/toestablishhowthemechanismoperates句型4.到xx时候为止，从未有过某方面的研究（A）astudyofthekind/aninvestigationofthekind/thekindofstudyyouhaveinmind/thekindofinvestigationyoumention（B）hasnotbeen/haveneverbeen/wasnot/willnotbe（C）made/carriedout/preformed/attempted/undertaken（D）untilnow/untilquitereticently/untieafewyearsago/sosoon/inthenearfuture句型5.现在正在（已经）进行某项研究（A）thelaboratoryisnow/wearenow/theauthorsarenow/wehavealready/theauthorshavealready（B）charringout/performing/starting/initiating/carriedout/performed/started（C）apreliminarystudy/anexperimentalstudy/someexperimentalinvestigation/severalpreliminaryinvestigation/someexperimentalinvestigations（D）oftheinfluenceof…/todetermine…/toestablish…句型6.到现在为止，从未有过某方面的研究(A)Untilnow/sofar(B)thelaboratoryhasnot/wehavenot/theauthorshavenot(C)made /carriedout/performed/attempted/undertaken(D)anyexperimentalstudyof…/laboratoryinvestigationof…/fieldstudiesof…/integratedinvestigationof…句型7.为xx目的进行某项研究（A）toelucidatedthisquestion/toascertainthis（B）we(have)made/carriedout/performed/attempted/initiated/started/undertook/undertaken（C）some/several/anumberof/many/certain（D）experimental/laboratory/preliminary/detailed（E）studiesof…/investigationswhich…句型8a.某项研究的主要目的是xx(A)thechief(main/primary)(B)aim/purpose/object/objective(C)ofthepresentstudy/thisinvestigation/ourresearch/thisfundamentalresearchers/thesestudies(D)is(was/hasbeen/willbe)(E)toobtainsomeresults(knowledge)which…/toassesstheroleof…/tofindoutwhether…/toestablishwhatfactorsare…/torevealthecauseof…句型8b.某项研究的主要目的是xx(A)thepresentstudy/theabovestudy/thisinvestigation/thestudyof…(B)was(hasbeen)made/carriedout/performed/attempted/undertaken/started/initiated/designed(C)withaviewto/inorderto/to(D)elucidate…/clarify…/determine…/establish…/show…/demonstrate…/provideevidencefor…/obtaininformationabout…句型8c.某项研究的主要目的是xx(A)Ourstudies/theirpioneerstudies/theseinvestigations/thoseearlierinvestigationswereintendedto(B)elucidate…/clarify…/determine…/establish…/demonstrate…/provideevidencefor…/obtaininformationabout…句型8d.某项研究的主要目的是xx(A)We/theauthors(B)made/carriedout/performed/attempted/undertook/started/initiated(C)thisstudy/theabovestudy/thepresentstudy/ourinvestigations/theirstudies(D)inorderto(withaviewto,hopingto,to)showcorrelationbetween…/verifysomebasicdataabout…/testthevalidityofthemodel…/checkthishypothesis…(D1)inthehopeofprovidingnewevidenceof…/obtainingfurtherinformationasto…(D2)inthehopethat(inorderthat,totheendthat,sothat,that)we(they)mightbringtolightsomefactsabout…句型8e.某项研究的主要目的是xx(A)Carryingout/performing/undertaking/starting/initiating(B)thisresearch/thesestudies/thepresentstudy/theseinvestigations(C)wehopeto/theauthorsintendedto(D)findout…/discover…/reveal…/obtain…/demonstrate…句型9.某项研究涉及到xx范围（A）studiesoftheseeffects/investigationsonhumans/ourstudieswiththistechnique/recentstudiestothesameeffect/outinvestigationsinvolving…/morerecentstudiesbythisworker（B）cover(ed)/involve(d)（C）variousaspectsof…/alsospecificsituations（D）are/wereconfinedto/concerned(chiefly)with/chieflyconcernedwith（E）oneparticularaspect/theinfluenceof…/thepropertiesof…句型10a.某项研究进一步推广到xx范围（A）thesestudies/theirinvestigations/theabovestudies（B）are/havebeen/were/willbe/canbe/couldbe/mustbe/willhavetobe/shouldbe（C）furtherextendto（D）otherspecies/othersubstances/includeotherorganisms/includeotherAspects句型10b.某项研究进一步推广到xx范围(A)theauthors/we(B)(have)extended/willprobablyexpend/hopetoextend/arelikelyto extendour(their)studiers/investigationsto(C)someotherrelatedspecies/includeothermaterials/includeotheragentsof…句型11a.某项研究结果说明了（指出、揭示）了xx(A)thestudieswehaveperformed/thesepioneerstudiesthattheauthorsattempted/thestudiesinitiatedintheirlaboratory/wecarriedoutseveralstudieswhich/allfurtherinvestigations(B)show(ed)/haveshown/(have)demonstrated/(have)indicate(d)/(have)suggest(ed)/havereveal(ed)/haveestablish(ed)(C)thattheaboveprocessist°–dependent…/thetheseparticlesareresponsiblefor…/thatthesubstanceactson…/thattheeffectsiseliminatedby…/thatsuchindividualsarestronglyaffectedby…/diversemechanismsof…/markedvariationsin…/noadaptationto…/noresistanceto…句型12.某项研究的结果支持了某理论（假设）（A）xxstudies/studiesxx（B）(have)furnish(ed)/provide/support/favor/confirm/bear(bore)out/haveborneout（C）sufficientinformationabout…/aconsiderablebodyofevidence/furtherevidenceforthistheory/theassumptionthat…/thehypothesisthat…/theideathat…/theviewsexpressedby…/thecurrentviewsasto…/thecurrentconceptsconcerning…/thatribosomearethesitesof句型13.某项研究的结果并未（指出、揭示）某理论（假设）（A）Laboratorystudiesof…/outpreliminarystudiesof…/thestudiesperformedwiththistechnique/thestudiesthusperformed/furtherstudiestothesameeffect/ourresearchcarriedouttothesameeffect/recentresearchintothenatureof…/furtherinvestigationontheinfluencedof…（B）donot/didnot/failedto/doesto/didnot（C）show/suggest/reveal(D)thattheparticlesareinvolvesin…/thatthechangesaresodramatic…/thatthisistrulyin…/anyincreasein…(D1)furnish/provideanyinformationabout…/antevidenceinfavorof…/anydataconcerning(E)fails(ed)tosupport/confirm/bearout/favor(F)theassumptionthat…/thetheorythat…/theopinionthat…/theviewsconcerning…/thecurrentviewsasto…句型14.某项研究的结果（指出）没有某现象（效应…）(A)microscopic/preliminary/further/recent/mostrecent(B)studiesshow(ed)/observationsreveal(ed)/researchshows/reveals(C)nointerjectionbetween…/changesin…/increasein…/effectsof…/tracesof…/evidenceof…句型15.某项研究可以得出某结论（A）Allthesestudies/theseandotherstudiesto/thesameeffectfurtherresearchinthisarea（B）leadtheauthorsto/haveledthemto/haveenabledtoleadstheauthorsto/enablesthemto/hasledthemto/hasenabledusto（C）concludethat…/suggestthat…/believethat…/postulatethat…/aconclusionthat…/abeliefthat…句型16a.从某项研究得到（有益）结果（A）thosecomprehensivestudies/furtherinvestigations（B）addto/contributeto/leadtoourunderstandingof…/ourknowledgeof…/theelucidationof…/atdiscoversof…（B1）resultinthediscoveryof…（B2）shedlightontheroleof…/themechanismof…句型16b.从某项研究得到（有益）结果(A)theirfundamentalresearch/theirresearchofmanyyears(B)addsto/contributesto/addedto/contributedtoourpresentknowledgeof…/ourcurrentconceptsof…/theelucidationof…(B1)leadsto/hasledtotheelucidationof…/adiscoveryof…(B2)resultedinthediscoveryof…/hasshedlightontheroleof…(themechanismof…) Work:1.属于哪种“类型”的形容词Initial,pioneer,early,preliminary,previous,recent,current,present,further2.肯定方面的形容词careful,detailed,thorough,profound,basic,fundamental,comprehensive,extensive,all-embracing,joint,integrated,intense,intensive,useful,encouraging,promising,stimulating,fruitful,successful句型1.某项工作是关于xx的（A）thepresent(above)work/ourworkatpresent(wearedoingnow/wehavedone)（B）dealswith/inconcernedwith/isdevotedto/bearson（C）thepresentunderlying…/themechanisminvolvedin…/thechangesoccurringin…/theeffectsproducedby…句型2a.某项工作的主要目的是xx（A）thechiefaimof/themainpurposeof/themajorobjectof/theprincipleobjective(task)ofthepresent(further/preliminary/theirjoint)work（B）is(was,willbe)toinvestigatethefeaturesof…/toexaminethepropertiesof…/toassesstheamountof…/torevealtheintricatedetailsof…/toelucidatethecauseof…/togainaninsightinto…/researchintothenatureof…/investigateofthetransportof…/examinationofthepropertiesof…句型2b.某项工作的主要目的是xx(A)ourworkinthisdirection/currentworkalongtheselines/furtherworkinthisfield/theworkwearedoingnow/theworkwhichisbeingdonenow(B)isintended/designed(C)todemonstratecertainphenomenawhich…/toprovidesomeinformationabout…/toshedsomelighton…/tobringaboutchangesin…/tofindsomesolutiontotheproblem(of…)句型2c.某项工作的主要目的是xx(A)Workofthiskind/thepresentwork/ourpreliminarywork/previousworkinthisarea(B)is/was/hasbeenundertaken/initiated/started/done(C)withaviewto/inorderto/inthehopeof(D)testthehypothesis/shedfurtherlighton…/assesstheroleof…/observeinteractionbetween…/obtainingdatain…/providingfurtherinformationabout…/that’swewillsucceedindetermine…句型2d.某项工作的主要目的是xx(A)Theauthors/weundertook/started/didthiswork(B)withaview/inorder/hoping(C)toshow…/todemonstrate…/toobserve…/toreveal…/toestablish…/toelucidate…/toclarify…句型2e.某项工作的主要目的是xx(A)Bydoingthis(preliminarywork)/doingthisjointwork(B)we/theauthorsintend/hope/expect(C)toshow…/todemonstrate…/toobserve…/toreveal…/toelucidate…句型3.在某处进行某方面的工作（A）some/more/further/recent/morerecentwork（B）alongtheselines/inthisdirection/ofthiskind（C）isbeingdone/hasbeencarriedout/willbeaccomplished/wasperformed(D)inthelaboratoryof…/attheinstituteof…/byresearchteamsat…句型4.某项工作(没)说明xx（A）ourrecent(previous,preliminary)work/furtherworkofthiskind/moreworkinthisdirection/theworkundertakeninthelaboratory/theworkwehavedone/theirrecentworkinvolvingattemptsto…/muchfurtherworkwasdonewhich/wecarriedoutsomeworkwhich （B）showed/demonstrated（C）thatthedecreaseisdueto…/thattheprocessissloweddownby…/considerableincreasein…/alowcontentof…/nooccurrenceof…/nodistinctionbetween…/somesimilaritybetween…/(C1)hasprovidedsubstantialsupportfor…/unequivocalevidenceinfavourof…/furtherinformationabout…(C2)hasnotshownthatthephenomenonisdueto…/thatthisiswhatactuallyhappens/anyincreasein…/(C3)hasnotprovidedanynewdataabout…/hasnotfurnishedanysubstantialevidenceagainst…/didnotshowthatsuchlesionsarethecauseof…(C4)failedtodemonstratethatthereisanysuchcorrelation/provideanyinterestingresults/furnishanynewideatesabout…句型5.某项工作(不)是十分成功的（A）theauthor’sworkonoxidativephosphorylation/prof.Wang’srelucentworkwithsolidparticles/ourworkinvolvingstudiesofguineapigs/samplesof…（B）hasbeen/hasprovedtobe（C）very(highly/extremely/quite)successful(fruitful,promising,encouraging,stimulating)句型6.某项工作提出xx结果（A）thisfruitfulwork/theirfundamentalwork/theauthorspioneerwork/thisjointworkofmanyyears/ourintegratedworkofthepastfewyears（B1）gives/provides/gaveexplanationof…/someknowledgeof…/someunderstandingof…/aclueto…/newinformationabout…（B2）facilitated/contributedtoelucidationof…/ourpresentknowledgeof…/(B3)ledtoasolutionof…/adiscoveryof…/furtherprogressin…/furtheradvancein…(B4)addstoourknowledgeof…/ourcurrentconceptsof…/theprogressin…(B4)(has)broughtabout/resultedinadiscoveryof…/elucidationof…/asolutionof…句型7.某项工作没给出xx结果（A）ourworkon…/theirinitialworkwith…/furtherworkinthisfield/thiswork,however（B）failedto/didnot（C）give…/provide…/facilitate…/contributeto…/leadto…/resultin…/bringabout…Method:1.属于哪种“类型”的形容词：current,modern,up-to-date,improved,modified,new,old,out–of–date,outdated,conventional,routine2.肯定方面的形容词：accurate,adequate,appropriate,suitable,precise,sensitive,effective,efficient,workable,satisfactory,good,useful,valuable,reliable,valid,promising3.否定方面的形容词：inaccurate，inadequate,inappropriate,unsuitable,insensitive,ineffective,inefficient,unworkable,impracticable,unsatisfactory,poor,useless,unreliable,invalid,laborious,time–consuming句型1.某方法在xx程度上（不）适合于某项（某领域）研究（A）themethodof(used,described)…/theoldmethod/theoldtechnique/thelaboriousandtime–consumingprocedure（B）is/seems/isgenerallyregardedas（C）accurate/adequate/appropriate/suitable/effective/efficient/reliable/unsuitable…for/inthestudyof…/theevaluationof…/theseparationof…/fieldconditions…/laboratoryconditions句型2a.某方法(技术)被广泛（很少）地用到某项研究上 （A）thismethod/theabovetechnique/thenewly–developedprocedure/theoldtechnique（B）iswidely/extensively/commonly/frequently/often/rarely/seldom/never/nolongerused/applied（B1）inwideuse/widelyinusenowadays（C）instudiesof…/inexperimentsofthiskind/inlaboratoryconditions/invariousfieldsofresearch/fortheestimationof…/fortheevaluationsof…/nowadays/atpresent句型2b.某方法(技术)被广泛（很少）地用到某项研究上(A)we/mostworkers/mostauthors(B)widely/extensively/frequently/often/seldom/rarely/never/nolonger/donotuse/apply(C)thismethod/themethodof/theoldtechnique/theaboveprocedure(D)nowadays/inourresearch/intheirstudies/insuchexperiments/ininvestigationsofthiskind/inmeasuring…/inexamining…/whenevaluating…/whenestimating…/foranalyzing…/fordetermining…/forthedeterminationof…句型3.某方法已广泛应用于xx（A）theabovemethodhas/themethodweuse/xxtechniqueshave（B）foundawideapplication/awiderangeofapplication（C）nowadays/inbiologynowadays/invariousfields/intheexaminationof…/intheinvestigationof…句型4.某方法可称为（可描述为）xx（A）themethodused/thetechniqueweapplied/theproceduretheyfollowed/themethodweusedinourstudies/theprocedurewefollowedintheexperiments（B）isknow/isgenerallyreferredto/canbereferredto/canbebrieflydescribedas（C）asfollows/thetechniqueof…/…technique句型5.应用某方法进行了、完成了、获得了xx（A）usingthistechnique/usingtheaboveprocedure/withthismethod/withtheabovetechnique（B）we/theauthors/theseworkers（C）performedafewexperimentswhich…/curriedoutanumberofexperimentsowingtowhich…/madeseveralsetsofexperimenters.Asaresult…/haveobtainedcertainresultswhich…/haverevealednumerousnewfactsof…/havesucceededinanalyzingthecompositionof…句型6.某方法首先由某人在xx时期发明（利用）（A）themethodof…（B）wasfirstdeveloped/elaborated/applied/used/broughtintouse/cameintouse（C）byxx/inexperimentswith…/inthe1950’s/intheearlyxxthcentury/attheendofthexxthcentury/asfarbackasthemid-nineteenthcentury/aslongagoas1920句型7.某方法极好地（略微地）得到改进(A)Themethod/thetechnique/it(B)isnow/hasbeengreatly(completely,onlyslightly)improved/modifiedsincethen/completelyreplacedbyanewmethod(technique)句型8.某方法与其它方法有xx程度的差别（A）themethodof…/themethodweuse/theydeveloped/elaborated/thenewtechniques/thenewly–elaboratedtechnique（B1）dosenotdiffer(differs)atall/greatly/essentially（B2）issomewhat/slightly/alittle/quite/totally/altogether/notatalldifferentfrom(B3)hassomething/nothing/much/manyfeatures/littleincommonwith(C)theroutineone/theconventionalone/theoneweusedearlier/theonepreviouslyused/theoldtechnique/othertechniqueusedfor…/theexistingtechniques句型9.某方法在某方面（比其他方法）优越（A）thenewlydevelopedmethod/theprocedureswefollowed/theirtechnique（B）hascertain/some/several/many/few/no/onlyone(essential)/advantages/isadvantageousinonerespect/isconvenientinsomerespects/isgoodinmanyrespects（C）overtheexistingmethods /overtheoneusedfor…/overtheoldprocedure/ascomparedwith…句型10.某方法优点在于xx（A）one(essential)advantageofthemethod(thatthemethodhas)/oneoftheassetsofthistechnique/anotherobviousadvantage/anothergoodfeatureofthetechnique/thereisoneadvantagethatthemethodhasandthat（B）is（C）itssimplicity/itsreliability/its(much)greatersensitivity/therelativeeasewithwhich…/thatitissimple/thatitallowsdeterminationof…/thatitallowstheuseof…句型11.应用某方法可以进行xx工作（A）thismethod/technique/procedure（B）allowsus/enablesus/makeitpossibletodemonstrate…/obverse…/detect…/evaluate…（B1）iscapableofproviding…/producing…/revealing…/detecting…Experiment:1.属于哪种“类型”的形容词：initial，pioneer,early,previous,preliminary,recent,current,present,further2.肯定方面的形容词：elegant,fine,ingenious,precise,thorough,specific,highly-specific,technical,highly-technical3.否定方面的形容词：Discouraging,meaningless,unreliable,unsuccessful句型1a：进行xx试验是为了xx（A）we/theauthor（B）made/carriedout/performed/undertook/attempted/started/initiatedtheseexperiments/thisseriesofexperiments/thesetofexperiment（C1）inorderto/withaviewto/hopingtoshow/demonstrate/evaluate/test/provideacorrelationbetween…/certainphenomena…/themechanismof…/theamountof…/thehypothesisof…/someunderstandingof…/someinformationabout…(C2)inthehopeofproviding/thatwemightprovide(elucidate,shedlighten)somefeaturesof…/thefeatureof…句型1b：进行xx试验是为了xx(A)experimentsonanimals(human)/Experimentsbytheseworkers(B)weremade/carriedout/performed/undertaken/started/initiatedinorderto/withaviewto(C)determinecertainparameters/establishtherateof…/revealthecomponentsof…/elucidatesomefactsabout…/examinecertainquestionsconcerning…/measuretheamountof…(therateof…,theparametersof…)/obtainsomedataon…(somefactsabout…,certainparameters)句型1c：进行xx试验是为了xx(A)Experimentson…/involving…/usingthistechnique(B)are/havebeen/arenotbeingmade/carriedout/performed/underway(C)todetermine…/elucidate…/check…/test…/answerthequestionwhether…句型2：用xx方法做某项试验的目的是xx（A）further/earlier/previous/recent/currentexperimentswiththistechnique/humans/animals/radioactiveisotopes（B）were/areintendedto/designedto/designatedto（C）answersomequestionsabout…/demonstratecertainphenomena…/establishwhetherthehypothesisis…/findoutwhethertheprocessis…句型3：某试验证实（提供）了xx （A）experimentsbyMandhisassociates/recentexperimentsinthisarea/thepresentseriesofexperiments/theexperimentsreportedhere/theirexperimentson…（B）show/demonstrated/indicate/suggest（C）amuchhigherresistanceto…/avarietyofchangesin…/acorrelationbetween…/thatthechangesaredueto…/thatthesephenomenaareinterrelated句型4：某项试验（未能）证实（提供）xx（A）ourexperiment/thesehighly-technicalexperiments/recentexperimentswith…/theseexperimentsinvolving…（B）supportourassumptionthattheeffectisshort–lived/confirmourevidencethat…/furnishsomenewinformationaboutthemechanismof…/providesomefurtherdataconcerningtheinfluenceof…（C）failedtoprovide/show/demonstrate/detect/anycorrelationbetween…/changesin…/increasein…句型5a：根据试验结果可得出xx结论（假设）（A）furtherexperimentsinthisarea/morerecentexperimentsinthisarea/morerecentexperimentstothesameeffect（B）leadus/ledtheauthors/enabletheseworkers（C）toconclude/believe/suggest/aconclusion(D)thatthephenomenonisrelatedto…/thatthemechanismisputoutofaction句型5b：根据试验结果可得出xx结论（假设）(A)Asaresultofourexperimentswe/fromourexperimentstheauthors/fromtheseexperimentsone(B)conclude/cametorealize/cametoaconclusion/canconclude(C)thatlightingisdependenton…/thatthesestrainsproducesubstanceswhich…Theory:1.属于哪种“类型”的形容词Alternative,tentative,working,basic,fundamental,substantial,comprehensive2.肯定方面的形容词：satisfactory,good,competent,convincing,adequate,reliable,correct,probable,plausible,valid,helpful,fruitful,successful,promising,stimulating,attractive,fascinating,interesting,meaningful,peculiar,clearcut,explicate3.否定方面的形容词：deficient,faulty,inadequate,incompetent,unconvincing,unsatisfactory,meaningless,Improbable,unreliable,incorrect,wrong,invalidambiguous,confusing,puzzling,inexplicit,divergent,conflicting,contradictory,controversial句型1：某理论是在xx时提出的（A）thetheoryof…/analternativetheory(B)wascreated/constructed/developed/elaborated/formulated/advanced/putforward/proposed/suggested(C)50yearsago/inthe50’s/inthe1930’s/intheearly70’s/asearlyas1900/aslongagoasthe1860’s/asfarbackas1896句型2：某人提出xx理论（A）theauthors/theseworkers(B)(have)created/constructed/developed/elaborated/formulated/advanced/putforward/proposed/suggested(C)anew/fruitful/fascinating/anattractive/aninterestingtheory句型3a：某理论是根据xx提出来的（A）ourtheory/histheory/thereisatheorywhich(B)isbasedon/restson/proceedsfrom (C)theassumption/theideathattheeffectis…/theideaof…/theprincipleof…/oneessentialprinciple/twofundamentalprinciples句型3b：某理论是根据xx提出来的(A)anew/another/analternativetheory(B)is/hasbeen/wasdeveloped/elaborated/workedout/proposed/suggested/putforward/advanced(C)whichisbasedontheassumptionthat…/wasbasedontheassumptionthat…/proceedsfromtheconceptof…/proceededfromtheconceptof…句型4a：某理论的内容是xx（A）underlyingthistheory/theunderlying(基础的)concept(idea,principle)ofthistheory(B)istheideathatthedecayIdueto…/conceptthatsucheffectsarecausedby…/principleofcohesion/is…/isasfollows句型4b：某理论的内容是xx（A）thereisanalternative/asimilar/tentative/workingtheory(B)that/totheeffectthat/whichisbasedontheideathat(C)theobservedobjectsareneutronstars/thechangesmaypersistformuchlongerperiods/theinfluenceisdueto…句型5：某理论的基本特点是xx（A）abasic/thefundamental/anessential/theessential(B)featureofthistheory(C)is/isasfollows句型6a：xx基本概念构成xx理论的基础（A）thefollowing/one/twobasicconcept/idea/principle(B)underliesthistheory/thisnewtheory/ourtheory句型6b：xx基本概念构成xx理论的基础(A)thereisone(two)(basic)concept/idea/principle(B)thatunderliesthistheory/thisnewtheory/ourtheory句型7：某理论的目的是xx（A）theobject(aim,principle,task)ofthistheory（B）is/was/hasbeen/willbe/mustbe(C)toarrangeandexplainaseriesofeventsunderlying…/tointerpretthephenomenaunderlying…/toexplainthemechanismof…/tocorrelatesuchprocesseswith…句型8：某理论认为（坚持）xx（A）thekinetictheory/thisnewly-developedtheory/thetheoryadvancedby…/thetheoryof…(B)holds/maintains/implies/claims/postulates/predicts(C)thatsuchmodificationsmaypersistforalongtime/antibodysynthesismaybeinhibitedby…/suchchangesdonotoccurwhen…/sporadicmethodsarisefrom…句型9：根据某理论，可得出xx（A）accordingtob’stheory/asfollowsfromthetheorybyN/ascanbeseenfromtheadvancedby…(B)bothprocessesoccursimultaneously/botheffectsareeliminated/suchdisturbancesmaycause…/suchsituationsleadto…/suchinteractionsarethebasisof…句型10：某理论（没）有优缺点(A)thetheoryof…has/thetheoryby…has/thenewly–advancedtheory…has/thereare/therewere(B)certain/some/several/many/no/notanyadvantages/assets/strongpoints/attractivefeatures/positivefeatures/deficiencies/drawbacks/inadequacies/faults/flaws/shortcomings/weakpointsinthetheory/inthetheorydevelopedby…句型11：某理论在xx方面是很好的（重要的）（A）thetheoryof…/thetheoryby…/theirtheory(B)is/was/seems/seemed(C)quitegood /quite(most)adequate/competent/correct/probable/satisfactory/suitable/suited/interesting/important/advantageous/convincing(D)fortheexplanationof…/fortheelucidationof…/fortheinterpretationof…/toexplaintheoriginof…/toaccountforthechangesin…/tointerprettheseriesofeventsin…/todemonstratetheeffectsof…/inonerespect/incertainrespects/inoneaspect/incertaindetails句型12a：某理论在xx方面是错误的（不足的）（A）thetheoryof…/thetheoryby…/thistheory…/thisisatheorywhich/thatwasatheorywhich/thereisatheorywhich(B)is/was/seems/seemed(C)quite/most/totally/veryfaulty/deficient/inadequate/incompetent/unsatisfactory/unsuitable/improbable/wrong/incorrect/ambiguous/inexplicit/vague/meaningless(D)tointerpretthephenomenaoccurringin…/fortheinterpretationof…/forthedemonstratingof…/incertainsituations…/toacertainextent…/inonerespect…/insomedetails…/incertainpoints/asfarasthislatteraspectinconcerned/asfarasspecificsituationsareconcerned/whenappliedtospecificsituations句型12b：某理论在xx方面是错误的（不足的）(A)thisnewtheory/thisisatheorywhich/theyproposedatheorywhich/thatwasatheorywhich(B)isnot/doesnotseem(C)good/adequate/competent/convincing/satisfactory/suitable/suited/probable/correct/meaningless/inadequate/incompetent/unconvincing/unsatisfactory/unsuitable/improbable/incorrect/ambiguous/vague(D)tointerpret…/fortheinterpretationof…/whenappliedto…句型13a：某理论（不，不再）被认为是正确的（令人满意的）（A）thenew(old,current)theory（B）is/isnot/nolongerbelievedtobe/consideredtobe/regardedtobe/lookeduponas/treatedas（C）(quite,most,fairly)correct/true/likely/probable/adequate(for…)/competent/satisfactory/suitable句型13b：某理论（不，不再）被认为是正确的（令人满意的）(A)we/wecan/wecannot/wedonot/wenolonger(B)considerthenewtheorytobe/regardtheoldtheoryas/lookuponthecurrenttheoryas(C)reliable/probable/likely/suitable/satisfactory/asuitableone/atrueone句型14a：应该（必须）如何看待某理论（A）theirtheory/theabovetheory（B）canbe/mustbe/shouldbe/hastobe/oughttobe/cannotbe/shouldnotbe（C）regardedas/lookeduponas/treatedas(D)quitecorrect/true/likely/possible/probable/fairleyadequate/quitecompetent/mostconvincing/quitelikely/mostprobable/satisfactory/suitable(D)fortheexplanationof…/toexplain句型14b：应该（必须）如何看待某理论(A)theirtheory(B)mustbeusedwithreservation/shouldbetreatedwithcaution/hastobeapproachedcritically/oughttobeapproachedcritically/canonlybeusedinafewsituations/limitednumberofcases句型15：某理论可用于xx（A）thetheory/theydevelopedatheorywhich（B）appliestoothersystems/canapplytoothercasesof…/canbeappliedtoamuchwindersrangof…/isvalidforotherspecies/provestobevalidforequilibriumconditions/provedtobetrueforallstepsof句型16：根据xx，某理论的可靠性是显然的（A）thevalidityofthetheory（B）hasbecameobviousinthelightofrecentfindings/nowadays/now/nowthat…/byfurtherevidence/byextensivestudiesof…/byexperimentswith… 句型17：某理论已为xx所进一步（充分）证明（A）thetheoryof(by)…/theinvestigatingtheory/thisverypeculiartheory（B）is/hasbeenfurther/sufficiently/abundantly（C）proved/confirmed/corroborated/supported/substantiated/checked/tested/verified(D)bymanyworkers/byotherauthors/bynewevidencefrom…/byfurtherstudiesof…/inexperimentswith…/atpresent/nowadays/thesedays句型18：某理论得到xx的支持（A）thexxtheory（B）finds/gains/receivesmuch/new/furthersupport/experimentsupport/universalrecognition/generalacceptance/isgenerallyaccepted（C）atpresent句型19：某理论得对xx是不适用的（A）thexxtheory(B)doesnotapplyto/cannotapplyto/couldnotapplyto/isnotappliedto/couldnotbeappliedto/isnotvalidfor/wasnottruefor/doesnotholdtruefor(C)situationslikethosementionedearlier/spcimenswithpropertiesotherthan…/individualswhosecharactersdifferfrom…/circumstancestotallydifferentfrom…/processesoccurringin…/systemswith…/crystalswith…/organismswith…/casesof…句型20：某理论未被xx证实（A）thexxtheory(B)isinvalidated/isnot/hasnotbeen/failedto/couldnotbe/istobe(C)furthersupported/proved/confirmed/checked/tested/demonstrated/substantiated/hastobe/remainstobe(D)byrecentevidencefrom…/byfurtherstudiesexperimentationinthefieldexperiment/experimentally/byexperiment句型21a：某理论必定（已经）被否定（拒绝）（A）ascanbeseen/aswehaveseen/aswehaveshowntheabovetheory(B)mustbe/hastobe/hasbeendisproved/refuted/givenup/abandoned/rejected/renounced(C)asincorrect/asinvalid/asimprobable/astotallywrong/astotallyinconsistent句型21b：某理论必定（已经）被否定（拒绝）(A)Ascanbeseen/aswehaveseen/aswehaveshowntheauthors(B)gaveuptheirtheory/abandonedtheirtheory(C)sinceitprovedinvalid/asitprovedincorrect句型22：某理论没有不能说明xx（A）thetheoryof(by)…（B）doesnot/didnot/failsto/failedto/couldnotexplain(C)whatmechanismunderliestheseevents/howmuchmodificationsarise/thecausesof…/thenatureof…/themechanismof…句型23a：a应用某理论不能说明xx(A)Wecan/cannot/canhardlyinterpret/explain(B)thesefindings/thesephenomena(C)intermsoftheabovetheory/usingtheabovetheory/applyingthistheory句型23b：a应用某理论不能说明xx(A)Thesefindings/suchphenomena(B)canbeinterpreted/cannotbeexplained/canhardlybeinterpreted(C)intermsoftheabovetheory/onthebasisofthistheory句型24:xx发现（现象）与某理论（不）相符（A）Thesefindings/suchphenomena（B）fitto/areconsistentwith/areinlinewith/arewithintherangeof(C)thistheory/eitherofthetwotheories/thecurrenttheory/theexistingtheories句型25a：某几个理论（没）有共同点（A）thetwotheory/thesetwotheory/theabovetwotheories（B）have/seemtohave/seemedtohave(C)somethingincommon/littleincommon/nothingincommon/muchincommon/somefeaturesincommon/manyfeaturesincommon/onefeatureincommon/one commonfeature/somecommonfeatures句型26：某几个理论（没）有共同点(A)thereisonefeature/therearesomefeatures/onefeatureis(B)are(not)/seemtobe/donotseemtobe/differ(C)fundamentallydifferent/largelyatvariance/totallyatvariance/quiteconflicting/basicallythesame/essentiallythesame(D)asfarastheirmainpostulatesareconcerned/intheirprincipalideas/intheirmainpostulates句型27：某几个理论之间存在这xx程度的差别（A）thereissome/little/notmuch/much/agreatdifference(B)betweenthetheories假说：1.属于哪种类型的形容词：basic，alternative,tentative,working2.肯定方面的形容词：corrects,true,valid,plausible,probable,reliable,satisfactory,good,helpful,stimulating,promising,interesting,attractive,fascinating,peculiar3.否定方面的形容词：incorrect，untrue,invalid,improbable,unreliable句型1：某假说是xx时提出的（A）thishypothesis(of)…(B)wasadvanced/putforward/suggested(C)in1978/inthelastdecade/intheearly(late)70’s/asearlyas…/aslongagoas…/asfarbackasthemid–xxthcentury句型2：某人在xx时提出他的假说（A）theauthors/xx（B）wasadvanced/putforward/suggested(C)in1978/inthelastdecade/intheearly(late)70’s/asearlyas…/aslongagoas…/asfarbackasthemid–xxthcentury句型3：某假说是为了xx而提出的（A）xxhypothesisis（B）offer/suggestively/advanced/putforward(C)toexplain/accountfor/helpelucidate(D)thatinterestingphenomenon/themechanismof…/theprocessof…/thecauseof…/thechangesin…句型4a：某假说的内容是xx（A）theauthorssuggestedahypothesis/ahypothesishasrecentlybeenadvanced/theirhypothesisis/thebasisfortheabovehypothesisistheassumption/underlyingthishypothesisistheidea(B)thattheobserveeffectisreversible/thestructureremainsintact/thegasisanarcoticagent/theenergysourceliesin…句型4b：某假说的内容是xx(A)thehypothesisof…/thehypothesisadvancedby…/wesuggestedahypothesiswhich…/ourworkinghypothesis(B)holdsthat/claimsthat/maintainsthat/impliesthat(C)thestructuralremainsunaffected/theinteractionisdueto/theparticlesarisefrom…/themodificationsresultforms…/thegenusevolvedasaresultof…/thespeciesoriginatedin…/theeffectsareinhibitedby…句型4b：某假说的内容是xx (A)Ahypothesiswasadvancedaccordingtowhich/accordingtothehypothesis/asfollowsfromtheabovehypothesis(B)thestructuralremainsunaffected/theinteractionisdueto/theparticlesarisefrom…/themodificationsresultforms…/thegenusevolvedasaresultof…/thespeciesoriginatedin…/theeffectsareinhibitedby…句型5：某假说(不)是很有意义的（有帮助的）（A）thishypothesis/theabovehypothesis/theysuggestedahypothesiswhich(B)is/isnot/seemsquite/rather/fairlyattractive/interesting/helpful/stimulating/likely/plausible(似是而非)/reliable/valid/wrong/fascinate句型6：某假说(没有)是为xx所证实（A）thehypothesis/theprevioushypothesisof…/advancedby…/that…/totheeffectthat…(B)hasbeen/was/remainstobe(C)checked/tested/verified/confirmed/corroborate(确证)/proved/supported/substantiated(D)inexperimentswith…/byfurtherstudies/byN.句型7a：进行试验，以验证某假说（A）we/wehave/they(B)made/performed/carriedout/initiated/attempted/undertookanumberof/morethanonesetof/severalsetsof/special/many/anumberofstudiesexperiments(C)tocheck/toverify/totest/tosubstantiate/tosupport/toprove/todisprove(D)ourhypothesis/thishypothesis/thevalidityof…/thehypothesisthat(which)…句型7b：进行试验，以验证某假说(A)anumberof/morethanonesetof/severalsetsof/special/many/anumberofstudiesexperiments(B)havebeen/were/willbe/mustbe/havetobemade/performed/carriedout/initiated/attempted/undertaken(C)tocheck/toverify/totest/tosubstantiate(证实)/tosupport/toprove/todisprove(D)ourhypothesis/thishypothesis/thevalidityof…/thehypothesisthat(which)…句型8：某假说已（未）被接受（A）thehypothesisof…(B)isgenerallyacceptednowadays/isgenerallyfollowedasatrueoneatpresent/canberegardedasatrueonenowadays/canhardlyberegardedasatrueone/cannotberegardedastrueone句型9：某假说已不再成立（A）thishypothesis(of)…(B)isnolongervalid/isnotvalidanylonger/isnotfollowedatpresent/doesnotholdgoodnowadays句型10：某假说须予以否定（A）it/thishypothesis(B)hasbeen/willbe/mustbe/shouldbe/oughttobe/hastobe(C)disproved/refuted/givenup/renounced/rejected/repudiated/turneddown假设：1.属于哪种类型的形容词：earlier,previous,preliminary,recent,further,basic,chief,tentative2.肯定方面的形容词correct,true,valid3.否定方面的形容词：incorrect,untrue,invalid,wrong,erroneous句型1：xx仅是个假设 （A）this/ours/whatwebelieved/whatweproceededfrom…(B)isonlyatentativeassumption/hasbeen(nomorethan)apreliminaryassumption/wasmerelyafurtherassumption句型2：某工作是基于xx假设(A)thereisanassumptionthat/westartedfromanassumptionthat/theauthorproceedfromanassumptionthat/thetheoryisbasedonanassumptionthat/hismethodrestsonanassumptionthat/ourbasicassumptionisthat/theauthorsassumethat/thedataleadustoassumethat(B)atotallydifferentmechanismmaybe/changesaredueto…/sucheffectsdependlargelyon…/theeffectpersistsmuchlongerthan…/thesubstanceinvolvedis…句型3a：某结果与xx假设（不）矛盾（A）whatweobserved/whattheauthorsreport(B)doesnotcontradict/fullycontradict/fullyagreeswith/doesnotagreewith/isingoodagreementwith/isindisagreementwith/isnotfullyconsistentwith/isnottotallyinconsistentwith(C)the/their/ourbasic/previous/earlier/preliminary/recentassumption(that)…句型3b：某结果与xx假设（不）矛盾(A)thesedata/ourfindings/someofourfindings(B)ddoesnotcontradict/fullycontradict/fullyagreeswith/doesnotagreewith/isingoodagreementwith/isindisagreementwith/isnotfullyconsistentwith/isnottotallyinconsistentwith(C)the/their/ourbasic/previous/earlier/preliminary/recentassumption(that)…句型4：某假设在xx程度上被证实（A）thisassumption/ourrecentassumption/whatweassumed(B)isfurtherconfirmed/wasfullysupported/hasbeensubstantiallycorroborated/ispartlyconfirmed/hasbeenfullysubstantiated(C)byN./instudieswith…句型5：某假设是（不）正确的（A）thisassumption/whatweassumed(B)is/was/hasbeen/seemstobe/holds(C)trueforallstepsof…/true/valid/wrong/erroneous/thecase/thepattern/thetruesituationEvidence:1.属于哪种类型的形容词：earlier,previous,recent,further,direct,experiment2.肯定方面的形容词：sufficient,clear,Clearcut,good,strong,compelling,convincing,conclusive,definitive,straightforward,unequivocal,comparable3.否定方面的形容词：indirect,insufficient,ambiguous,equivocal,unconvincing,inconclusive,undefinitively,incomparable句型1：现有证据说明（支持）xx（A）thereisnow/atpresentthereis(B)some/enough/sufficient/much/muchfurther/good/verygood/strong/compelling/convincing/conclusive/unequivocalevidence(C)showingthatthesystemisadverselyaffected/suggestingthatthechangeistemperature-dependent/whichshowscorrelationsbetween…/whichindicatestheextenttowhich…/tosuggestastructuralchangeincorrelationsbetween…/infavouroftheabovehypothesis/favouringtheseviews/supportingthatassumption/bearingoutthetheoryof… 句型2：现无证据说明（支持）xx（A）thereislittle/untilnowthereisinsufficient/sofarthereisnotenough/untilnowwehavenotmuch/wehavenotany/westillhavenosufficient/enough/much/any(B)direct/clear/convincing/conclusive/compelling/further/suchevidence(C)inliteratureshowing…/suggesting…/indicating…/toshow/tosuggest/toindicate/whichwouldshow…/whichwouldsuggest…/of…/for…/infavourof…句型3：作者提供证据说明（支持）xx(A)theauthorhasgiven/presented/provided/reported(B)good/strong/convincing/unequivocal/conclusive/sufficientevidence(C)inliteratureshowing…/suggesting…/indicating…/toshow/tosuggest/toindicate/whichwouldshow…/whichwouldsuggest…/of…/for…/infavourof…/supporting…/bearingout…句型4：从某项试验（研究）中取得xx证据（A）some/sufficient/further/goodevidenceof…/for…/infavourof…/against…is/hasbeen/was/canbe/couldbe(B)obtainedinexperimentswith…/fromexperimentswith…/fromthestudiesof…/bymeasuringthelifetimeof…/withthistechnique/astotheeffectsof…/(B1)providedinexperimentswith…/bytheseexperiments…/withtheabovetechnique/astothetruenatureof…(B2)observedinexperimentswith…/withthelightmicroscopic/withthistechnique/withthenewmethod/astotheroleof…(B3)seeninexperimentswith…/intheelectronmicroscope/usingthismethod(B4)inexperimentswith…/withthattechnique/usingthenewmethod/astothewayinwhich…句型5：从某项试验研究中没有取得xx证据（A）noclear/direct/further/experiment/suchevidenceof…/for…/infavourof…/against…(B)is/hasbeen/wasthen/canbe(B0)obtainedinstudiesof…/fromexperimentswith…/withthismethod/byusingthetechnique/astotheactionof…(B1)providedinexperimentswith…/bytheseexperiments…/withtheabovetechnique/astothetruenatureof…(B2)observedinexperimentswith…/withthelightmicroscopic/withthistechnique/withthenewmethod/astotheroleof…(B3)seeninexperimentswith…/intheelectronmicroscope/usingthismethod(B4)inexperimentswith…/withthattechnique/usingthenewmethod/astothewayinwhich…(B5)reportedinliterature(B6)availableinliterature(B7)hascomefromthestudiesof…句型6：作者提供证据说明（支持）xx(A)Theevidenceobtainedfrom…/provideby../wehavereported…/thusobtained/thusprovided(B)favoursthecurrentconceptof…/supportsthetheoryof…/confirmsthepreviousfindings/bearouttheresultsreportedinliterature/suggestsamuchhigheramountof…/indicatesandifferentialmechanismof…/pointstothepresenceof…(B1)indicatesthatthechangeisirreversible/thatthisproteinisverystableinstructure/thatthesubstanceactsselectivelyonthebrain(B2)seemstofavourthisconclusion/supporttheearlierobservations/confirmthecurrentopinionasto…/bearoutthehypothesisthat…/suggestsomeinteractionbetween…/indicatesomedifferencesin…/pointtoacertaincoexistenceof…句型7：认为某证据是可靠的（A）thisevidence/theirevidence（B）may(therefore)be/can(therefore)be（C）regardedintermsofmolecularinteractions/consideredfromadifferentangle/viewedasquitereliable/viewedasfullconsistentwith…/interpretedintermsofcurrentconcepts/takentomeanthatthecohesionisstrongenoughto…/takentoindicatethatthisisatruesituation 句型8：我们要根据其它xx考虑这证据（A）wecan(therefore)/must(therefore)(B)regard/consider/view/interpretthisevidenceasquiteconclusive/thisevidenceinteamsoffsouterpreviousfindings/thisevidencefromanotherstandpoint/thisevidence句型9：有理由认为某证据可靠(A)thereis(every)reason(therefore)to/wehavereasonto/wecan(B)regard/consider/lookat/treatthisevidence(C)asquite/fullyreliable/conclusive/definitive/unequivocal/consistentwiththeexistingviewsdata:1.属于哪种类型的形容词：preliminary,previous,recent,new,furthest,old,out–of–date2.肯定方面的形容词：basic,chief,main,essential,important,precise,sufficient,significant,evenclear-cut,explicit,straightforward,unequivocal(不含糊的),definitive,conclusive,convincing,comparablecompatible,consistent,reliable,validamazing,strikingdramatic,remarkable,fascinating,encouraging3.否定方面的形容词：inexplicit，equivocal,confusing,puzzling,undefinitive,inconclusive,unconvincing,incomparable,incompatible,inconsistent,insufficient,insignificant,inessential,unimportant,uneven,fragmentary,discouraging,unreliable,invalid句型1a：某数据（结果，发现）是十分重要（有说服力）的（A）thedataavailableinliterature/thedatareportedbyN/theresultspresentedinthepaper/thedataobtainedfromrecentstudiesof…/theresultsweobtainedfrom…(B)are/seem(C)rather/very/quiteconvincing/interesting/important/encouraging/promising/reliable句型1b：某数据（结果，发现）是十分重要（有说服力）的(A)whatyouhavereportedhere(B)is/seems(C)quite/fairly/particularlyamazing/striking/remarkable/fascinating/dramatic/clear/clearcut/straightforward/convincing/consistent/interesting/important句型2：某数据（结果，发现）在xx程度上是（不）重要的（A）thesedata/findings/results/(B)areof/seemtobeof/donotseemtobeofmuch/great/particular/little/no/not/any/nogreat(C)theoreticalimportance/practicalinterest/experimentalvalue句型3：某数据（结果，发现）是相当不可靠的（不清楚的）（A）thesedata/thesepreliminaryresults/ourexperimentalfindings(B)are/seemtoberather/somewhat/very/quite/particularlyambiguous/vague/convulsing/puzzling/conflicting/fragmentary/uneven/unequivocal/unreliable句型4：关于某项内容有很多（不多）资料（A）thereare/thereseemtobe(B)sufficient/some/numerous/many/few/notmany/notany/nodata/results(C)incurrentliteratureabout…/inrecentpublicationsconcerning…/regardingtheeffectsof…/relatingtotheoriginof…/concernedwiththeisolation of…/ontheinfluenceof…句型5：关于某内容有少量（没有）资料(A)some/few/veryfew/nodata/results(B)areavailable/found/tobefound/canbefound(C)incurrentliteratureon…/atpresentregardingtheinfluenceof…/aboutoriginof…/concerningthemodeofactionof…句型6：某数据是从xx获得的（A）theaboveresults/mostofthesedata/someofourdata（B）are/were/havebeenchiefly/largelyobtainedfromrecentstudiesof…/providedbyexperimentswith…/furnishedbylarge–scaleexperimentson…/contributedbythelaboratoryof…/basedonelectronmicroscopicstudies句型7：某数据（不）说明xx（A）thedataobtained/presented/thefindings（B）suggestthattheamountdependon…(B1)(donot)show/indicate/pointtothefact/stronglysuggest/seemtosuggestthattheorganismareaffectedby…/thatthedisturbancesleadto…/thatthechangesaredueto…(B2)show/suggest/indicate/pointto/stronglysuggestahighlyspecificmechanismof…/adifferentfactorof…/thesamevaluesfor…/specificsitesof…句型8：某结果（发现）与xx相一致（A）ourresults/findings/Nhasreportedsomedatawhich(B)are/appearedtobeverysimilarto/almost(much,exactly)thesameas/thoseobtainedby(reportedearlierby…/presentedby…/publishedin…)/alittle(slightly,somewhat,very,quite,altogether,totally)differentfromthoseavailablein…/arecoincidentwith(comparablewith,compatiblewith,consistentwith,ingoodagreementwith,inkeepingwith)thosereportedby…(thosepublishersin…;thoseavailablein…;thetheoryof…;thetheoreticalpredictions…;thecurrentconceptsabout…;theviewsexpressedby…;thefindingsby…;thepreviousfindings;mostotherdataabout…;numerousotherdataon;theassumptionthat…)/showgoodagreementwith(agreewith,coincidewith,comparefavourablywith,fitinwith)hosereportedby…(thosepublishersin…;thoseavailablein…;thetheoryof…;thetheoreticalpredictions…;thecurrentconceptsabout…;theviewsexpressedby…;thefindingsby…;thepreviousfindings;mostotherdataabout…;numerousotherdataon;theassumptionthat…)句型9：某结果（发现）与xx不一致（A）thedatathusobtained/Ihavepresentedhereourrecentdatawhich(B)donotagree/coincide/compare/fit/harmonize/compatible/inconsistentareincomparable/areinconsistentarenotcoincident/compatible/comparable/consistent/inagreement/inkeeping(C)withthefindingsreportedby…/viewssharedby…/theorysupportedby…/thoseavailableinliterature 第四章科技英语论文写作第四章IMRD结构：1.introduction2.method3.resultsanddisscusionTousetoexhaust Towearawaytoerode Itissignificantthatthepresenceof名词性短语替代： 分词短语替代从句： 加缀： 使语义连贯： 方法：energydispersiveX-rayspectroscopy：x射线能谱transmissionelectronmicroscopy：透射电镜planarflowcasting：平面流铸reactioncalorimetry：反应热量计differentialscanningcalorimetry：差示扫描量热法linearmuffin-tinorbital：muffin-tin轨道线性组合serialsectioning：连续切片residualactivitymethods：参与活力名词：hot-forged：热锻，热变形cast：铸造observations：观察measurements：measurementn.测量法,度量,(量得的)尺寸,度量单位制eutectoidreaction/transformations：共析转变/相变pseudoperiodical:伪周期initiallyrandomlydistributed:初始随机分布的regulararray:有序stronglongrangeelasticinteraction：强长程谈性相互作用crystallatticerearrangement/mismatch:晶格重排/错配 elasticdisplacement:弹性位移interest：兴趣 directionalalignment：定向排列arbitrarynumber：任意个，任意多个arbitrarydistribution：任意排列mechanismunderlying：可能机制underlyingmechanism：可能的机制computationalsimplicity：计算方便qualitativemodels：定型模型kineticprocess:动力学过程strictcorrelation：严格相关interpretation：n.解释,阐明,口译,通译mechanicalalloying：机械化合金intermediatesolidsolution：次生固溶体nanocrystalline：纳米晶millingenergy：球墨能量splitting：裂解supersaturatedsolidsolution:过饱和固溶体inherentbrittleness：固有的脆性AtomicsiteLocationbyChannelingEnhancedMicroanalysis（ALCHEMI）：legitimacyn.合法(性),正统(性),正确(性),合理(性)opening:n.开,开放,开始,口子,穴,通路,空缺,机会adj.开始的,开幕的outweigh:超过Claim/assertion/conclusion/assumption动词：accommodate:伴随yield：产生reduced：约化的designated：指定的,派定的examine：v.检查,调查,考试/interpreted:v.解释,说明,口译,通译,认为是...的意思theoreticallyinvestigate：理论研究resultingin：adj.作为结果的,因而发生的correlate:vt.使相互关联vi.和...相关wereexaminedbymeansof：借助于…研究…conduct：n.行为,操行v.引导,管理,为人,传导elucidated：vt.阐明,说明slowsdown：延缓display：vt.陈列,展览,显示n.陈列,展览,显示显示,显示器correlation：n.相互关系,相关(性)formation/elimination：形成/消失accountingfor：解释，说明check：检验，证明ascertain：vt.确定,探知absenceof：n.不在,缺席,缺乏,没有summarized：v.概述,总结,摘要而言classify/characterize：ruleout：v.划去,排除,取消anomaly：n.不规则,异常的人或物currentlyinuse：当前用的exhibit：展示owingto：归因于correlate:correlatevt.使相互关联vi.和...相关situatedin：adj.位于,被置于境遇,处于...的立场restrictedto：adj.受限制的,有限的partition to：vt.区分,隔开,分割optimize:vt.使最优化claim:n.(根据权利提出)要求,要求权,主张,要求而得到的东西vt.(根据权利)要求,认领,声称,主张,需要commit:vt.犯(错误),干(坏事),把...交托给,提交,答应负责failto:没能。。。validatevt.[律]使有效,使生效,确认,证实,验证weaken（undermine）/strengthen:加强/削弱ruleout/exclude:排除reache/achiev:invalid/misleading:cite:lack/shortof: Failed to consider/ ignored/ misinterpreted/ neglected to/ overestimated, underestimated/ misleadedhas (have) been less/ done on .../ focused on/ attempted to/ conducted/ investigated/ studiedHowever, little information../ little attention.../ little work.../ little data/ little research/or few studies/ few investigations.../ few researchers.../ few attempts...形容词：imprudent:adj.轻率的,鲁莽的general:通常的strong/weak：强/弱，dramatically：急剧的，剧烈的intriguing：adj.迷人的,有迷惑力的,引起兴趣(或好奇心)的hardenable:adj.可硬化的transient:adj.短暂的,瞬时的n.瞬时现象irreversible：adj.不能撤回的,不能取消的highlystable：高度稳定Dramatically：急剧的，剧烈的technologicallyattractiveintermetalliccompounds:技术上有吸引力的striking：adj.打击的,显著的,惊人的,罢工的remarkablefeature：显著的特点substantially：adv.充分地gradual:adj.逐渐的,逐步的,渐进的inadequacy：n.不充分thermodynamic：adj.热力学的,使用热动力的geometricallyclosepacked：密排结构resultant:resultant:adj.作为结果而发生的,合成的irreversible：adj.不能撤回的,不能取消的exclusively：adv.排外地,专有地approximately：adv.近似地,大约causal:adj.原因的,因果关系的,表示原因或理由的n.表示原因的词(如连词)reasoning:n.推理,评理,论证adj.推理的premature:adj.未成熟的,太早的,早熟的indicative:adj.(～of)指示的,预示的,可表示的indicativeabstract:简介,内容提要compelling:adj.强制的,强迫的,引人注目的informative:adj.情报的,提供情报的,见闻广博的specific/concrete/detail:具体的lucidlyandunambiguously：adv.明白地,不含糊地 inconclusive, misleading, unsatisfactory, questionable, controversial..连词：However, also, in addition,consequently, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore,further, although, unlike, in contrast, Similarly,Unfortunately, alternatively, parallel results,In order to, despite, For example, Compared withother results, thus, therefore...时间顺序：最早的文献可用AA advocated it for the first time.接下来，可用Then BB further demonstrated that..再接下来，可用Afterwards, CC..如果还有，可用More recent studies by DD.副词：consequentlysystematically/comprehensively:系统地，综合地probably：或许Nevertheless：conj.然而,不过adv.仍然,不过via：prep.经,通过,经由介词短语：overawidetemperaturerange：在一个很宽的温度范围superiorto：优越的，好的consistentwith/inaccordancewith/inagreementwith/inaccordwith:和。。。一致Incomparisonto：对比dataisasgoodasorbetterthan:和。。。一样好或者好过。。。responsiblefor：对。。。有责任onthebasisof：在xx基础之上withA3Btypestoichiometric：具有A3B型的的结构 pertainingto:与...有关系的,附属....的,为...固有的(to)inadditionto:adv.除...之外ofinterest:有利的Inviewof：考虑到/从…的角度takenintoaccount：考虑intheframeof:。。。框架researchof：…的研究attributedto：归因于three-dimensionalperiodicboundaryconditionsimposed:施加三维周期性条件Itshouldbenotedthat:应该指出…inassociationwith：和。。。有联系beclassifiedintotwocategories：被分成两类ultimatelyresultingin：最终导致shortof:缺乏,达不到,除...以外,只要没有asitstand:按照现在情况,事实是这样lrestondependonrelyonbebasedonlhoweverneverthelessnonethelessladditionallyinadditionmoreoverfurthermorelunacceptableunconvincingunpersuasivelungroundedgroundlessunfoundedunwarrantedlunsoundweakunsubstantiatedflimsyflawedfaultyfallaciousfallibleerroneousldoubtfuldubiousdoubtabledubitablesuspicioussuspectlproblematicquestionablelendsupportto：向...提供支持markedby(具有…特征)Thedifference/similaritybetweenAandBliesin….strivetoward：向...奋进,为...而努力transmitto：vt.传输,转送,传达,传导,发射,遗传,传播vi.发射信号,发报irrespectiveof理论引入lNow, it is generally accepted that… lIt is commonly accepted that …lIt is commonly thought that …lThere is a general debateon/that…lThere is a general discussion these days that…lThere is a growing tendency these daysthat… lAn increasing number of people are beginning to realize that…lThere is no denying the fact that…lthe problemthat… has caused wide public concern事实引入lThere is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college students' doing a part-time job.lNow, it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.lThere is a general discussion these days thatifgovernmentsshouldspendmoremoneyonimprovingroadsandhighways,oronimprovingpublictransportation.观点倾向lPeopleseemtofailtotakeintoaccountthefactthateducationdoesnotendwithgraduation.lPeopleseemtofailtotakeintoaccountthefactthateatingathomewillbringalotoftroubleinpreparingandcooking.lHowever,thisopinionisnowbeingquestionedbymoreandmorecityresidents,who complainthatthemigrantshavebroughtmanyseriousproblemslikecrimeandprostitution.句型：Fewissuesareaslikelytoprovokewidespreadinterestasthatinvolvingpossibledangertothehealthorsafetyofchildren.1.2.Phaseseparationintheformofprecipitationorspinodaldecompositionisonewell-knownphenomenoninalloys.3.ItshouldbementionedherethattheD022andL12structuresareA3B-typeorderedonesbasedonthefcclattice.4.Highsuperstructurestabilityinanumberoftechnologicallyattractiveintermetalliccompoundscausesthatinmanycasesthestateofchemicallong-rangeorder(LRO)ismaintainedevenuptothemeltingpoint.Finetemperaturedependenceofthedegreeoflong-rangeorderis,however,experimentallyobservableinsuchsystemsinso-called“order–order”relaxationprocesses[1].Duetothehighdegreeoflong-rangeorderthephenomenaarecontrolledbyatomicmigrationinalmostperfectsuperstructure.Theyproceed,however,innon-steadystateofasystem,whichrelaxestotheequilibriumatomicconfiguration.Thiscircumstancemakesthoseparticularatomicjumps,suppressedinasteadystate,arenowactivated,whichconsequentlyleadstospecificatomicjumpcorrelation—differentthanthatoccurringinstandardsteady-statediffusionprocesses.Hence,theinvestigationof“order–order”kineticsprovidesaninformationonatomicdynamics,whichiscomplementarytotheoneyieldedbysteady-statediffusionstudies.Ontheotherhand,thestudiesleadtounderstandingtheatomisticmechanismsofthegeneration/destructionofchemicalorderinmulticomponentcrystals.5.“Order–order”relaxationsbeingofthemaininterestofthepresentedstudyoccurinlong-rangeorderedsystemsafteranabruptchangeoftemperaturewithinthedomainofLRO,i.e.belowthetemperatureTtofthe“order–disorder”transition.InmostintermetallicphasesthemeasurableratesoftheseprocessesareobservedfarbelowTt,wheretheweaktemperaturedependenceofthedegreeηofLROexcludestheapplicationofdiffractiontechniques.Thephenomenonmay,however,besuccessfullyinvestigatedbymeansofvariousresistometricmethods.6.BothinL12andL10superstructuresantisiteatomsmayeasilymigratewithinonesublatticewithoutdisturbingthedegreeofLRO.7.ThepointdefectsofB2-typeintermetalliccompoundNi–AlhavebeeninvestigatedasafunctionofdifferentNicompositionsrangingfrom47to55at.%bymeansofpositronlifetimeandcoincidenceDoppler-broadening(CDB)measurements.8.Thefactthattheintermetalliccanbeintrinsicallystrongandcanretainthisstrengthat elevatedtemperatures,makesitespeciallyattractiveforhightemperatureuses.9.Table1givesacomparisonoftheexperimentaldataderivedfromatom-probeanalysesandthedatageneratedbythemeanfieldmodel.10.TheternaryNiAlValloyisacomplicatedsystemwheretwoorderedandonedisorderedphasescoexistatcertaintemperatureandcompositionranges.11.SmalladditionsofRusignificantlyimprovethehightemperaturecreeppropertiesofNi-basesuperalloys,butthemechanismisuncertain。InordertounderstandtheeffectsofaddingRuitisimportanttoknowtheatomicsite(s)occupiedbyRuinthesuperalloystructure.12.TheadditionofRuisofparticularinterestduetosomerecentstudiessuggestingthatthisresultsinasignificantimprovementinhightemperaturemechanicalpropertiesofthirdgenerationsinglecrystalalloys[2,3].13.Nickel-basesuperalloysareusedextensivelyforturbinebladesingasturbinesofaeroenginesandpowerplants.Therearetwoprimaryphasespresentinsuchanalloy,thematrixγphase(basedonnickel,fcc)whichsurroundstheprecipitatec0phase(basedonNi3Al,L12).Typicallythesematerialscontaininexcessoftwelveelements,theircomplexcompositionresultingfromextensivealloydevelopmentovermanyyears.ThispaperfocusesontheeffectoftheplatinumgroupmetalRuonthestructureofthelatestgenerationofturbinebladesinglecrystalNi-basesuperalloys.InparticularitreportsthedeterminationofthesublatticesitedistributionofRuinthec0phase.Rupartitionspreferentiallytothecphaseinac/c0superalloy[1]withapproximately2at.%goingtocforevery1at.%thatgoestoc0.TheadditionofRuisofparticularinterestduetosomerecentstudiessuggestingthatthisresultsinasignificantimprovementinhightemperaturemechanicalpropertiesofthirdgenerationsinglecrystalalloys[2,3].Thephasediagramofthebasicc–c0systemforNi-basedsuperalloysisshowninFig.1.Themultitudeofalloyingadditionsmodifyimportantmechanicalpropertiessuchaselasticconstants,andphysicalpropertiessuchaslatticeparameter,buttheunderlyingtwophasec–c0microstructureneedstobepreserved.Afurtherlimitationforadvancedsuperalloysusedinhightemperatureturbinebladesisthatthec0volumefractionhastobekeptbetweenapproximately65–75%.Thisisrequiredinordertooptimisethehightemperature(900–1100_C)creepbehaviourwhich,atpresent,determinesthelifeofthealloy.14.TheinteractionwasdiscussedbyEshelby[12,13]andshownbyhim,usingelasticity,tobesignificantwhen,asinthiscase,theconcentrationofvacanciesisveryhigh.Theuseoflinearisotropicelasticityonvacancy–vacancyinteractionsisobviouslyanapproximation,butitisusefulbecauseneitheratomisticnorabinitiocalculationscanyethandlelargenumbersofvacanciesinafinitemacroscopicsamplewithastress-freesurface.1.承上启下a.Inthefirstplace,Inthesecondplace,Inthelastplaceb.Firstofall,Inaddition,Finallyc.Mostobviously,Inaddition,Finallyd.Tobeginwith,Furthermore,Lastbutnotleaste.Themajorproblemwiththisargumentisthat…/Anotherproblemweakens/underminesthelogicofthisargumentisthat…/BeforeIcometomyconclusion,itisnecessarytopointoutanother flaw/severalotherflawsthatunderminestheargument.2.例证forexample/instance3.if,even,giventhat,grantedthat,onlywhen,unless,inthis/thatcase,evenso,unlessthearguerprovidessubstantialevidenceregarding/concerning/asto…,theassumptionthat…isunfounded/problematic/unconvincing…4.itispossiblethat…,itisequallypossiblethat…,anotherpossibilityinthat…,itisalsolikelythat…,possibly,perhaps方法：Supercellplanewavemethod:基于平面波的超元胞方法transmissionelectronmicroscopy(TEM)：透射电镜X-raydiffractionmeasurements：X射线衍射技术microscopicmasterequationapproachclusteractivationmethod：PathProbabilityMethod：TransmissionElectronMicroscopy(TEM)：透射电镜Appliedhomogeneousstrainfield核磁共振(NMR)powderdiffraction：粉末衍射extrapolationtechnique：外推技术、外推法、外推算法动词：investgate：研究，调查Involve卷入，有，发生,situatedin位于，conducted（执行，操作），coexist共存Pathway：路径constructedon：建立在proceed：进行via：经由，通过extract：提炼，汲取assum：认为，假设Restrictedto：限定在upto一直到,等于correspondingto：响应，和什么…有关relatedto：adj.叙述的,讲述的,有关系的Available：adj.可用到的,可利用的,有用的,有空的,可见的like：可能的unlike：不大可能的bymeansof:借助于，通过betakenas：被认为timeevolution：随时间演化的takesplace：发生isproposedtodescribe：被提出demonstratedthat：显示出…first,followedby…首先，然后…summarized：总结，归纳coherently：定向的，有条理的accompany：伴随着beinterpreted:用…解释ignore：忽视represent：表示，代表given：假定的，假设的dependon：依赖，依靠determine：确定，决定obtain：得到labeled：标识conserve：守恒contain：包含assigning：包含，分配depict：表示，说明arrange:排列hexagonalfashion：六边形deplete：耗尽plot：绘制indicate：表示reverse：相反promote：vt.促进,发扬,提升,提拔,晋升为Required：需要的indicatethat：表示，显示出，表明了distinguish：区别出restrict：vt.限制,约束,限定undertake：vt.承担,担任,许诺,保证v.采取convertsinto：vt.使转变,转换...,使...改变信仰becontained：被包含进去beclassifiedinto：被归类到，被划分到propagatev.繁殖,传播,宣传perform：vt.履行,执行,表演,演出v.完成任务invert：adj.转化的vt.使颠倒,使转化n.颠倒的事物elucidate:vt.阐明,说明differentiate：v.区别,区分Thecloseproximityof：adoptvt.采用,收养采用acquired:adj.已获得的,已成习惯的,后天通过自己的努力得到的bemappedout:vb.映射,绘制...之地图,计划utilize：vt.利用sufferfrom：经受，遭受derivedfrom：演化，来自emphasize：强调concerned with：关注，关心devotedto：致力于asisnecessitated：…必要eliminate：vt.排除,消除v.除去carryout：执行，计算出issetto：被设定成illustrate：vt.举例说明,图解,加插图于,阐明vi.举例tedious：adj.单调乏味的,沉闷的,冗长乏味的computationally：计算的represent/display:显示，代表，表示enhance：强化features：特点、特性quantify：vt.确定数量v.量化gobeyond：超出attributeto：归因于associatewith：联合，与…有联系interpret：v.解释,说明,口译,通译,认为是...的意思correspondto:相应符合wantneedrequireestablishevaluateidensifyIncreasingtheCrlevel/enhanced:增加Cr的数量displace：移走，挤走create/produce：创造（缺陷）moreantisitedefectTideficiency：贫Tihypostoichiometric：亚理想配比hyperstoichiometric:超化学计量比off-stoichiometric：非化学计量比nonstoichiometry非化学计量性非定比性,非理想配比性surplus：过剩的speculate推测,思索,做投机买卖/Itwasspeculatedthatassociatedwith：和。。。相关的，相联系的alleviatevt.使(痛苦等)易于忍受,减轻TheTideficiencyinhypostoichiometricalloysisalleviatedbyenhancedsubstitutionofCronbsites.InperfectlyorderedstoichiometricA3BwiththeL12structure,allBatomsresideontheb(corner)siteandallAatomsresideonthethreea(facecenter)sites.accommodate：容纳motivatedcorrelatedto：和。。。相关，有联系examined/study：研究recognized：被认为correlatedto/relatedto/associatedwith:和。。。有关系establish：建立plus：有一个，和，多一个interpenetrating：交叉，交互形容词：asmallamountof：一点representativeof：n.代表adj.典型的,有代表性的Themainobjectiveof：主要目的computationallyadvantageous:计算优势straightforwardanddesirable：直观的，具体的non-equilibrium：非平衡subsequent:接着的，稍后的practically：adv.实际上,事实上,在实践上adv.几乎,简直simultaneously：adv.同时地，自发地metastable：亚稳的deterministic：确定性的uncorrelated：非束缚的，非关联的arbitrarily：adv.武断地,任意地,专横地indefinitely：adv.不确定地local-global:局部的-全局的final：最终的qualitative：adj.性质上的,定性的symmetric：adj.相称性的,均衡的ractable：adj.易驾驭的,驯良的,易管教的,易处理的reliable：可信的fixed,periodicboundaryconditions：固定的，周期性边界条件quitedifferent：非常大的不同nonequivalent非等价[数]的somewhat：adv.稍微,有点,有些fortuitous：adj.偶然的,幸运的apparently：adv.显然地energetically:adv.精力充沛地,积极地Favored：能量上有利...extensively：adv.广阔地qualitative：adj.性质上的,定性的automatically：adv.自动地,机械地substantial：adj.坚固的,实质的,真实的,充实的exclusively：adv.排外地,专有地antisymmetric：adj.反对称的dramatically：adv.戏剧地,引人注目地instantaneous：adj.瞬间的,即刻的,即时的essentially：adv.本质上,本来essential：本质的long-standing：长期存在的comparable：adj.可比较的,比得上的underlying：adj.在下面的,根本的,潜在的,[商]优先的unambiguouslygreatly/significantly：大大地amenable:顺从的，可加工的comprehensivestudy：综合研究However,aswillbenoted,Specifically：特别的，明确的ingeneral：大体上，unrecognizedimplicitassumptions：不清楚的假设anomalous:不规则，反常的Thepurposeof：目的Noevidenceof：没迹象表明negligible：可忽视的critically：批评的，严格的extensively：广泛的essentially：主要的modest：adj.谦虚的,谦让的,适度的Morerecently：最近介词：dueto：由于，因为Incontrastto：为了和…对比whereas然而Forsimplicity:简单起见withrespectto：至于，关于Itisassumedthat：通常认为，假设beproportionalto：和…成比例asafunctionof：…的方程relatedto：和…有关Ithasbeenshownthat:显示 Since：既然，即使Inparticular：特别地aslongas：只要,在...的时候insensitiveto：对...不敏感的,不受...影响的,不易感受...的aswellas：同样，也beconsistentwith:和…一致consistingof：包含，由…组成agreewith：和…一致，相同aswell：也，同样As…vt:随着…Itcanbeseenthat：可以看出superlatticereflection：超晶格反射Aswewilldiscusslater：稍后讨论Itisclearthat:显而易见bethecase：是这样的，确实是，正确soitisimportanttopointoutthat：非常关键的一点again：又一次ontheotherhand：此外，另外一方面aresimilarto：和…相似ingeneral：通常Yet：adv.仍,至今,益发,更conj.然而,但是berelevantto：relevant：adj.有关的,相应的itisexpectedthat：预期的，可预测的，期望的Itshouldbepointedoutthat：应指出的是…inthesensethat:从…意义上来说via：prep.经,通过,经由ontheorderof：属于...一类的,与...相似的hasbeenfoundtobeapowerful：被认为是一种强大的…playsanimportantrolein：起重大作用isindeedthecase：的确如此Schematicrepresentationofthe：图表示…inthiscase:在这个例子中Asusual：和平常一样，通常theadequacyof：足够的Itisnoteworthythat：值得注意的是Astrikingresultof：一个显著的结果differentiate：v.区别,区分Thecloseproximityof：adoptvt.采用,收养采用acquired:adj.已获得的,已成习惯的,后天通过自己的努力得到的wenotethat:注意到Itwasshownthat：显示temporalandspatialevolutionofthemorphology：形貌的时间和空间演化fundamental:基本的interestto：？？？inprinciple：原则上，大体上aslinearlyproportionalto：线性相关Furthermore：此外、而且takenintoaccount：考虑进去subsequently：adv.后来,随后virtually：adv.事实上,实质上Theonlyexceptionseemstobe：唯一的例外似乎是squarewith：(使)与…相符[一致]使…得到…的认可[同意]Itisquiteclearthat：非常显然namely：adv.即,也就是itappearsthat：显示出Itstartswith：以…开始Itseemstobethecasethat：看起来是…itisquiteobviousthat:非常显然Itappearsthattherateof：似乎是Theyconcludedthat：总结Itisfoundthat：发现alongwith：连同...一起,随同...一起accountfor：v.说明,占,解决,得分比较词：precede：优于，isequivalentto：和…相当名词：residencetime：滞留时间phononband：声子（能）带L12(Ni3Al,γ’)andDO22(Ni3V,θ)Configuration：组态structurefactor：结构因子SmallAngleScattering（SAS）：小角散射homogeneous：均匀的，齐次的，均质Ordereddomains：有序畴antiphasedomainboundaries：反相畴界orderingandclustering：有序化和偏聚eutectoidreaction：共析反应lamellarmixture:板条状组织variants：不同的，类，变量？?incompatibility:不兼容的，不相容的predictions/predict:预测预言experimentalobservations：试验验证，试验观察atomicconfigurationsandthemorphology：原子组态和形貌concentrationamplitudes：浓度幅fractionalCartesiancoordinate：直角坐标Component:组元Fouriertransform：傅立叶变换species：样品，例子concentrationwave：浓度波coefficients：系数positivedefinite：正定的explicitforwardeulertechnique:显式欧拉向前法Ni3Vstoichiometry：Ni3V的化学计量比浓度variation：变化variationalderivatives：变分求导perturbation：微扰，扰动temporalevolution：时间演化、动态演化diffractionpatterns衍射图样diffractionintensity：衍射强度grey-levels：灰度：lowerleftinset：左下角upperrightinset：右下角drivingforces：驱动力thermalfluctuation：热涨落noiseterm：噪声项adhoc：专案intersect：vt.横断vi.(直线)相交,交叉firstderivative/first-orderderivative:一阶导数second-derivative：二阶导数coupledgraingrowth：耦合晶体生长Ostwaldripening：奥斯瓦尔德熟化polycrystalline：多晶enthalpy:焓dumbbel：哑铃状anisotropy各向异性[植]各向异性spontaneousadj.自发的,自然产生的 amorphization：非晶化spontaneousrecombination：自发复合motivation：n.动机，目的displacementevent：…事octahedral：adj.有八面的,八面体的asymmetry：n.不对称argument：变元，变量，论证 自变量;自变数;理由;辐角;幅度;幅角;论点;论证;变元crowdion：挤列，挤列子，挤子category：类possibility:可能性coincidence：n.一致,相合,同时发生或同时存在(尤指偶然)的事implicationn.牵连,含意,暗示proportionality：比例(性)均衡(性)相称inhomogeneousunstablesystem：各向异性不稳定系统clustercorrelationfunctions：dependency：n.依靠,信赖,从属,从属物,属国,属地localatomicconfiguration：局域原子组态assumption：n.假定,设想,担任,承当,假装,作态Bernoulliprobabilitydistribution：伯努利概率分布translationalsymmetry:平移对称性schematicdraw：图解complex：adj.复杂的,合成的,综合的n.联合体localatomicarrangement：局部原子排列variousdiffusionalphasetransformationkinetics：不同的扩散相变动力系abinaryalloyonatwo-dimensionalsquarelatticewithfirst-andsecond-neighborpairwiseinteraction：productofsums：和single-siteapproximation：numericalsolution：数值解single-sitedistribution：单格点分布？？Acompletelyblack/whitecirclerepresents:全黑或全白的圈代表…barrierlesshomogeneousnucleationandsubsequentgrowthofordereddomains:无障碍各向同性形核和随后的有序畴的长大…snapshot：n.快照,急射,简单印象reducedtime：约化时间coalescence：n.合并,接合,联合spatiallong-rangeparameterdistribution：长程序参数的空间分布Bright/darkregions:亮/暗的区域congruentordering：等成分有序化incubationstage（period）：孕育期orderingstage：有序化阶段decompositionstage：分解阶段coarseningstage：粗化阶段Onsager-andLangevin-type：昂撒各和郎之万型compositiongradient：浓度梯度morphologicalpatterns：形貌花样synchrotron：同步加速器latticevibrations：晶格振动phonondispersion：声子色散bondlength：键长键距bondstiffness：键强度interpretation：n.解释,阐明,口译,通译Formalism：形式方法projectionschematicdiagram：投影图functionalmaterials:功能材料highperformancematerial：高性能材料trialuminide三元Al化合物（Al3X）structuralmaterial：结构材料linecompound：线形化合物tensileductility：拉伸塑性Discrepancy：差异，不同accuracy：精度scatteringfactor：散射因子predominantdefect：主要缺陷configuration：配置，组态、结构application：用途hybrid：混合，杂交，杂种debate：争论，争辩summary/conclusionsinternalfrictionpeaks:内耗峰promisingcandidate：最可能的替代constitutionalvacancies/thermalvacancy:组分空位/热空位stress-free：应力自由electricalresistivity：电阻率specificheat：比热、比热容exhibit：显示，展示Strainageing：应变时效，形变时效strain-ratesensitivity：应变率敏感性dislocationpinningprocess：位错钉扎过程dislocationlocking:位错钉扎latticefriction：晶格摩擦·功能词汇：关于：onaboutconcerningregarding多的：lotofadequatesufficientcompletereliablepreciseexactvaluabledetailed少的：scarceinadequateinsufficientincompletelittlefewunreliableinvaluablepoorunevenpreliminary现状:inliteratureatpresentincurrentliterature程度副词:quiteextremelyobviously拥有:haveposse来源:comefromhascomefrombeobtainedfromisprovidedfromhasbeenobtainedhasbeenprovidedby 结果：toindicatetosuggesttopermittoallow图表：scheme/colorscheme:彩色图解、方案句型：1.Moredetailsabout……areavailablein…...2.ThekineticsofdiffusionphasetransformationsinthepseudobinaryNi3Al±Ni3Vsystemwerestudiedusingacomputersimulationtechniquebasedonmicroscopediffusionequations.3.InstageI…followedbystageII…StageIII…Andfinally,instageIV…4.Itshouldbepointedoutthat,asfarastheauthorsareaware,itisthefirsttimethat…particularlyusing…5.Since…itisconvenientandevencomputationallyadvantageousto6.A…B…andC…aswellasD7.Thecolorassignedtoeachlatticesiteisamixtureofred,greenandblue,inthesameproportionastheratiosoftheoccupationprobabilityatthatsiteofaluminum,vanadiumandnickel，respectively。Thus,iftheoccupationprobabilityofaluminumatanysiteis1.0,thenthatsiteisassignedthecolorred,andsoon.8.Whenthecompositionisbelowoneoftheinstabilitylinesandabovetheother,9.Aninitiallyhomogeneousdisorderedf.c.c.ternaryalloy(Ni75Al25-xVx)intoatwo-phasemixtureofL12(Ni3Al)andDO22(Ni3V)orderedphases10.arealternatingNiandAl：Ni、Al相间排列11.ThisasymmetryisillustratedinFig.2,whereitcanbeseenthat：（如何提到图）12.DuetothelargedifferenceinatomicsizebetweenNiandAl：由于Ni和Al尺度相差很大13.inonecase…intheother:一个…另一个14.Dumbbells,however,arefavored.15.Inthefirstcase,NiatomscollidewithAlatomsandviceversa;inthesecondcase,16.Either…or…whether….or17.Thisagaincanbedueeitherto…or…18.First,thecrowd-ion,ratherthanthe(100)dumbbell,isproducedinlowenergyeventsalongsome(110)events.Moreover,other…lastly…18.Acomputersimulationtechniquebasedonmicroscopicmasterequationsisdevelopedformodelingthedynamicsofmorphologicalevolutionduringdiffusionalphasetransformationsinbinarysolidsolutionsincludingbarrierlessnucleationofordereddomains,subsequentdomaingrowthandcoalescence（长大，溶合）,coarseningofantiphasedomains,compositionalphaseseparation,Ostwaldripening,andkineticsofsimultaneousorderingandphaseseparation.19.isnotonlyoffundamentalinteresttophysicists,materialsscientistsandappliedmathematiciansbutisalsoimportantintheprocessingoftechnologicallyadvancedmaterials.20.Formationofvirtualphasesandstrain-inducedmorphologicaltransformationduringdecompositioninquenchedbinaryalloysystems.Thehighlynonlinearandnonequilibriumdynamicsofphasetransformationsinatwo-dimensionalsquarelatticebyassumingadirectexchangemechanism：21.TheearliestapplicationofaMaster-EquationbasedapproachtodiffusionaltransformationsinsolidsappearstobetheworkofIidaonshort-andlong-rangeorderinhomogeneousNi3Fealloys22.Themorphologicalevolutionfollowingorderingisantiphasedomaincoalescenceandcoarseningresultingin thesingledomainstateshowninFig.2(d).23.Figure3showstheevolutionofthelong-rangeorderparametervaluessquaredwiththesameinitialconditionbutwithalargercomputationalcellof256x256latticesites.24.Whetherthesystemsizeissufficientornotlargelydependsonthewavelengthoftheconcentrationdomainswhichinturndependsontheannealingtemperatureandannealingtime.25.However,thissingle-phaseisunstablewithrespecttothesubsequentdecompositionintoatwo-phasemixtureoforderedanddisorderedphases26.Oneisthelong-rangeorderparameterasdefinedintheorderingexampleandtheotheristhecompositionalorderparameterasdefinedinthespinodaldecompositionexample.26.Itappearsthattherateofdecompositionofanorderedphaseintoamixtureoforderedanddisorderedphasesissignificantlyenhancedbytheexistenceofantiphasedomainboundariesinthecongruentlyorderedsingle-phase.27.TwoofthemajorassumptionsintheOnsager-andLangevin-typekineticequationsarethelinearproportionalityoftherateofchangetothethermodynamicdrivingforceandtheconstantvalueoftheproportionalitycoefficient.28.ThecommonmethodofregressionfittingcalculatedandmeasuredX-raydiffractionintensitiesusingasinglewavelengthisshowntobeunabletodefinethetwoindependentorderparametersunambiguously,callingintoquestiontheresultsofsuchpreviousstudiesontheseternaryalloys.29.Onlyifanassumptionismadethatonetypeofsitesubstitutiondominatestheantisiteformationcanthemethodbeusedtoestimatethesolutionforthedominantbehavior.30.Fourcompositionswereinvestigated,twostochiometricalloyswitheither9or12at.pct.Cr,andtwonnonstoichiometricalloyswith10at.pct.Crandeither23or27at.pct.Ti.31.TheTideficiencyinhypostoichiometricalloysisalleviatedbyenhancedsubstitutionofCronbsites.However,theexcessTiinhyperstoichiometricalloysgreatlydecreasesanyCrsubstitutiononbsite32.Ithasbeenknownforsometimethat33.Systematicchangesinstructureandpropertieswiththenatureoftheternaryadditionsuggestthatalloyinge.ects,relatedtoatomicandelectronicstructure,areimportantforunderstandingthesephases34.However,aswillbenoted,acomprehensivestudyoftheoccurrenceandnatureofpointdefectsisneeded,particularlyinrelationtosolutesitepreferencesandnonstoichiometry.35.Fouralloyswerechosenforthisstudy.Twoofthealloys,referredtoasCr9andCr12,hadthestoichiometricamountofTitogetherwith9and12at.pct.Cr,theothertwoalloys,Ti23andTi27,had36.at.pct.Crwith23and27at.pct.Ti,respectively.37.inthecompositionrangebetween45and55at%Alandinthetemperaturerange800±2000K38.thesevacancies,sincetheyoriginateprimarilyduetoo.-stoichiometry,arereferredtoasconstitutionalvacancies[5].39.However,thisviewischallengedbyKogachiandhiscoworkers[18±20]basedonbothexperimentalobservations[13±17]andtheoreticalarguments.A:accuracyB:brevityC:clarityweak:弱的，不太明显的，近似的technicalterms:术语 容易混淆用的词汇：Alternatively(二者选一的)–alternately（交替地，隔一个地）;centre–middle;degree–extent;either-both;except-unless;generally-usually;homogenous-homogeneous;length–long;limited-slight;major–great;minor–little;natural–normal;optimistic–hopeful;optimum–highest;percentage–some;providedthat–if;quite–rather;rudimentary–vestigial;several–some;same–similar;singular–rare;often–inmanypalaces;sometimes–insomepalaces;superior–betterthan;view–opinions;virtually–almost;volume–amount;weather–climate;while–although;主观词汇Perhapsmaybelikelysuggestsitseemspossiblyprobably（少用）描写程度的词：substantialadequateconsiderableactuallyquiteratherfairlyextremelymostlyrelativelycomparativelyunduly(慎用)关于推测，观点之类的相似的词语：speculationsuppositionconfectionideasurmiseexpectationimpressionassumptionpresumptionguessopinionviewnotionhypothesistheorylaw避免同义重复：能用单词代替的短语就用单词代替，能用短语代替的长句就用短语Latinate–Anglo-saxonaccomplish–do;acquire–get;additional–extra;alteration–change;anticipate–expect;assistance–help;avoirdupois–fat;application–use;cessation–stop;commence–start,begin;concerning–about;consequently–so;considerable–much;construct–build;demonstrate–show;disclose–show;elevated–raised,high;encounter–meet;equivalent–equal;exhibit–show;fabricate–build;haemorrhage–bleed;identical–same;illuminate–light;indication–sign;inquire–ask;invariably–always;magnitude–size,amount;magnify–enlarge;maximum–highest,largest;nocturnal–night;numerous–many;optimum-best;perform-do;possess–have;present–show;priorto–before;provide–give;purchase–buy;regarding–about;renumeration–pay;render–make;reveal–show;sentiment–feeling;sanguineous–bloody;similarto–like;sufficient–enough;termination–end;transplant–graft;vertebral,column–backbone;vigorous–lively;vulnerable–weak;写引言：提到过去的研究报道时，一般用现在完成时被动语态：ithasbeenreported…ithasbeenpointedoutby…ithaspreviouslybeenprovedthat…muchhasbeenstudiedconcerning…或者用过去时主动态：J.Kanereported/fount/discover…过去已肯定的东西时，用一般现代时：谈到过去报道中具体内容时，用一般过去时：引言中谈到本研究的目的时，用一般现代时主动态或被动态：Acomparativestudy…is reported/Thusitisofconsiderableinteresttostudy…提到本研究的具体方法和结果时，用一般过去式：《谈谈写作英语科技论文》连词和连接短语：a.增加、继续或引进additionally,also,and,anotherway,asecondmethod,aswellas,besides,equableimportant,finally,first,further,furthermore,ifdesired,inaddition,last,lastly,moreover,oncefurtherremarkisappropriatehere,remember,second,subsequently,third,tobegin,withtheaboveb.比较afterall,alternately,assimilaranalysisshows,but,however,inasimilarmanner,incomparison,incontrast,infmanyproblems,inpractice,instead,inlikemanner,inthelattercase,inthisconnection,likewise,nevertheless,nonetheless,notwithstanding,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,otherwise,similarly,still,whereas,worse,yetc.详述（举例，阐述）asanapplication,asanexample,basically,forexample,forinstance,generally,ingeneral,inparticular,namely,often,specifically,thatisd.反复again,asbefore,asecondtime,ashasbeenstated,asIhavesaid,inotherwords,inreview,oncemore,thanis,toreiteratee.转化arenowgiven,becomes,canbewritten,from,gives,produces/create,reducesto,replacedby,thisleafsto,yieldsf概括ineffect,inessence,inotherwords,inshort,insummary,letusbrieflyreviewthestepsintheanalysis,severalremarksneedtobemadeatthispoint,summarizing,theforegoingdiscussionillustrates,tosumupg位置Adjacentto,beyond,here,near,ontheotherside,oppositeto,formerh目的forthispurpose,forthisreason,inorderto,tothisend,towardthisobjective,withthisgoalI结果accordingly,areviewoftheliteraturerevealsthat,asaresult,consequently,hence,inasmuch,inconsequence,inspiteof,inviewoftheseconsiderations,sofar,theforegoingdiscussionillustrate,therefore,thus,thusfar,tomeetthisadditionaldifficulty,whereforej赞同admittedly,certainly,conclusively,fortunately,hopefully,indeed,inanyevent,infact,inreality,obviously,ofcourse,ordinarily,perhaps,tobesure,truly,undeniably,withoutanyquestionsK时间afteranhour,day,year,……afterward,alittlelater,aswillbeseen,atlength,atpresent,atthispoint,earlier,finally,here,heretofore,immediately,inthemeantime,inthosedays,inwhatfollows,meantime,meanwhile,presently,recently,sofar,then,today,ultimately,willnowbe developed,willnowbeillustrated,willnowbeinvoked《谈谈写作英语科技论文——常见病句和句型》(续)a…ortwo:amileortwo=oneortwomiles(onemilesortwo是错误的表达方式)科技英语写作句型：名词：concentrationfield：浓度场twophasemixture:；两相混合coherentmixture：共格混合物misfit-generatedstrain：错配产生的应变hysteresis：n.滞后作用,[物]磁滞现象two-phaseregion：两相区heterogeneous：异构异类的homogenous：同质，均匀adj.[生]同质的,纯系的allotropy：n.同素异形(现象)latticemisfitstrain：晶格错配应变concentrationwave：浓度波meso-：中间，中央mesoscopic：介观microscopic：微观nanoscalephasefieldmicroelasticitytheory：纳米尺度相场的微弹性理论multiplication/annihilation：增殖，乘法/淹没，歼灭Multi-scalephasefieldapproach:多尺度相场法Phasefieldmicroelasticity：相场微弹性理论time-dependentkineticequation：时间相关的动力学方程martensitictransformation：马氏体相变transformation-inducedstrain：相变诱发应变externalload：外加应力three-dimensionalphasefieldmodel：三维相场模型multivariant：多变的多自由度的多变量[式]的homogeneousmodulusapproximation：？coherencystrain：共格应变cubic→tetragonal：立方-四方elasticmodulus：弹性模量semi-implicit：半隐式Fourier–spectral：傅里叶谱parentphases:母相productphaseandtheparentphases：子相和母相domainorientation：电畴取向first-orderapproximation：一阶近似，一级近似，一次逼近理论conjugategradientmethod：共轭梯度法perturbationmethod：微扰法realandFourierspaces：真实空间和傅里叶空间（倒易空间）diffuse-interfacephase-fieldmodelforelasticallyinhomogeneoussystems：用于不均匀弹性系统的扩散-界面相场模型diffuse-interface：扩散-界面描述elasticallyanisotropiccoherentsystems:弹性各向异性共格系统strongelasticinhomogeneity:强弹性非均匀性temporalevolution：时间演化coherentmulti-domain：共格多畴aerospaceandautomobileindustry：航空宇宙与汽车制造工业iterative-perturbationscheme：time-dependentGinzburg-LandauequationandtheCahn-Hilliardequation：time/spacevariable:时间/空间变量convergence：收敛性longrangeelasticinteraction:长程交互作用metastablephase：亚稳相criticalsize：临界尺度self-accommodating：弹性自适应aspectratio：长径比，高宽比semi-implicitFourierspectralmethod/Phase-fieldsimulations/fastFouriertransformsfrictionstirwelded:搅拌摩擦焊polarizationswitching：极化反转domainstructure：畴结构electrostaticenergy：静电能iterative-perturbationscheme：迭代微扰法magnetostrictive：磁致伸缩的iso-:表示“相等的,相同的”之义isostructuraltransformation:同构相变microscopicdiscrete:微观离散晶格cuboidal：adj.立方形的,骰子形的plate-like：盘状spherical：adj.球的,球形的analyticalsolutions:解析解spectralmethod：谱方法expansioncoefficient：膨胀系数miscibilitygap：溶解度间隙finelydispersedprecipitateparticles：均匀离散沉淀颗粒 形容词：adhoc：特别commensurate：adj.相称的,相当的stochastic：随机的phenomenological：现象的，现象学的saw-toothed：锯齿状的，成锯齿状的explicitly：adv.明白地,明确地significantly：adv.意味深长地,值得注目地，严重的，重要的simultaneously：同时的numerically：数值计算leading（主要的，）candidates：align：vi.排列vt.使结盟,使成一行parabolicfunction:eventually：最终strongly/significantly/dramatically/intensively/greatly/extensively：强烈的/巨大的potentially：adv.潜在地Weintroduceacircularprecipitatewithcomposition0.947andaradiusofR=10inasquaredomainofmatrix(256×256)withcomposition0.053：浓度为0.053的方形区域（256*256）PeriodicboundaryconditionsareappliedalongbothCartesianaxes：周期性条件应用于笛卡尔坐标系动词：explicitly/explore：takesintoaccount：考虑incorporate：adj.合并的,结社的,一体化的vt.合并,使组成公司,具体表现vi.合并,混合,组成公司vt.[律]结社,使成为法人组织affect（较常用）：影响associatedwith：关联的accompanying：伴随着implement：n.工具,器具vt.贯彻,实现v.执行representationof：代表Ontheonehand…ontheother:一方面。。。另一方面靠着,倚着examine：确保，检查，验证cutthroughv.抄近路走过,刺穿介词短语：against:prep.相反,反对,逆着,inageneralagreementwiththeexperimentalobservations：大体上与试验相符responsiblefor：有责任的，有关系的turnsouttobe：证明是itshouldbepointedoutthat,asfarastheauthorsareaware,thisisthefirsttimethatthekineticsofprecipitationoftwoorderedphasefromadisorderedmatrixhavebeenstudiedtheoretically,particularlyusingcomputersimulations.cutting-edge:高端的inelasticallyanisotropicsystemswithstrongelasticinhomogeneities:具有强不均匀弹性的弹性各向异性系统astimeproceeds:随时间延长soasto：为了atthecostof：以。。。为代价asthecoarseningproceeds：随着。。。的进行inthecourseof：在。。。过程中hence：因此，从此interpretation：interpretation：n.解释,阐明,口译,通译Inprinciple。。。however。。。therefore句型：1Wedescribeanarbitrarytwo-phasemicrostructureusingascalarconservationconcentrationfieldandamulticomponentnonconservedvectororderparameterfield.Theconcentrationfielddescribestheinhomogeneousconcentrationofcompositingdistributioninatwo-phasemixture2.Itisshownthatthemisfit-generatedstrainproducesamacroscopicenergybarrierbetweenthetransformingphases.3.Thedevelopmentofthetwo-phase(f.c.c.+L12)coherentmicrostructureintheprototypeNi±Alsuperalloyisstudiedbyusingthethree-dimensionalcomputersimulationtechnique. 4.Theinputparameters,thecrystallatticemisfit,elasticmoduli,interfacialenergyandequilibriumcompositionsofthecoexistingphasesaretakenfromthepublishedindependentmeasurements.5.Themodelisbasedontheexactsolutionoftheelasticityprobleminthehomogeneousmodulusapproximation6.Anefficientphase-fieldmodelisproposedtostudythecoherentmicrostructureevolutioninelasticallyanisotropic:各向异性(isotropic各向同性)systemswithsignificantelasticmodulusinhomogeneity.Itcombinesaniterativeapproachforobtainingtheelasticdisplacementfieldsandasemi-implicitFourier–spectralmethodforsolvingthetimedependentCahn–Hilliardequation.Eachiterationinouriterativenumericalsimulationhasaone-to-onecorrespondencetoagivenorderofapproximationinKhachatuyran’sperturbationmethod.Auniquefeatureofthisapproachisitsabilitytocontroltheaccuracybychoosingtheappropriateorderofapproximation.Weexamineshapedependenceofisolatedparticlesaswellasthemorphologicaldependenceofaphaseseparatedmulti-particlesystemonthedegreeofelasticinhomogeneityinelasticallyanisotropicsystems.Itisshownthatalthoughpriorcalculationsusingfirst-orderapproximationscorrectlypredictedthequalitativedependenceofatwo-phasemorphologyonelasticinhomogeneity,thelocalstressdistributionsandthusthedrivingforceformicrostructureevolutionsuchascoarseningwereinseriouserrorquantitativelyforsystemswithstrongelasticinhomogeneity.7.Themorphologicalevolutionandcoarseningkineticsoforderedintermetallicprecipitateswithcoherencystresswerestudiedusingadiffuse-interfacephase-fieldmodelintwodimensions(2D).8.Phase-fieldsimulationshavebeenextensivelyappliedtomodelingmicrostructureevolutionduringvariousmaterialsprocesses.9.Acomputationalmodelisproposedtopredictthestabilityofmagneticdomainstructuresandtheirtemporalevolutioningiantmagnetostrictivematerialsbycombiningamicromagneticmodelwiththephase-fieldmicroelasticitytheoryofKhachaturyan.10.Itshouldbepointedoutthat,asfarastheauthorsareaware,thisisthefirsttimethatthekineticsofprecipitationoftwoorderedphasefromadisorderedmatrixhavebeenstudiedtheoretically,particularlyusingcomputersimulations.11.forsimplicity,wewillignoretheeffectofelasticstrainenergyonthetwo-phasemorphology.Multiphasepolycrystallinematerials:/mufti-component/multiphase12： 13.Theeffectofelasticstrainenergyoncoherentprecipitatemorphologyanditstemporalevolutionhasbeenasubjectofextensiveexperimentalandtheoreticalstudies14.Therehavebeenanumberofapproachesproposedformodelingtheelasticeffectonprecipitatemorphologyincoherentsystemswithasignificantelasticinhomogeneity.15.theatomsmanagetofitthemselvesontoacommonlattice,buttheycanachievethisonlyatthecostofsignificantdistortionofthelattice16.inanickel-basealloyannealedwithoutexternalstresstheprecipitatesareapproximatelycubesandarearrangedinacubicarray,17.Therefore,controllingtheprecipitatemorphologyisoneofthemostimportantmethodsfordevelopingnewtypesofprecipitation-strengthenedalloys.18.Theeffectsofelasticenergiesonthephasetransformationorphaseequilibriaareattractingconsiderableattentionfromboththeexperimentalandthetheoreticalpointofview19.Forcomparingtheresults,thenumberoftimestepstorelaxtheprofileisnotparticularlyimportantsinceweusethesameprofileforthetwoindependentcalculations.20.westudytheshapeevolutionofasingleprecipitateandexaminetheshapedependenceofaprecipitateonelasticinhomogeneity.TheshapeevolutionofanisolatedparticletowardsequilibriumisobtainedbysolvingtheCahn–Hilliarddiffusionequationwithelasticstress.动词：incorporatedinto：favoure：awayfrom：manifest：manifest：adj.显然的,明白的vi.出现vt.表明,证明confirmed：被确认，被证明的promote：vt.促进,发扬,提升,提拔,晋升为via：prep.经,通过,经由ruledout：排除resideon：居住endothermic/exothermicadj.吸热(性)的,[动]温血的/adj.[化]发热的,放出热量的regarding：关于parameterize：参数化hinderadj.后面的v.阻碍,打扰microalloying：微合金化addressing：寻址,选择,选址underestimate：低估overestimate：高估govern：v.统治,支配,管理ascribeto：归因于beattributedto：n.属性,品质,特征,加于,归结于alter：v.改变impaire：消弱deteriorate：v.(使)恶化dependstrongly：强依赖investgate：研究，调查Involve卷入，有，发生,situatedin位于，conducted（执行，操作），coexist共存Pathway：路径constructedon：建立在proceed：进行via：经由，通过extract：提炼，汲取assume：认为，假设Restrictedto：限定在upto一直到,等于correspondingto：响应，和什么…有关relatedto：adj.叙述的,讲述的,有关系的Available：adj.可用到的,可利用的,有用的,有空的,可见的like：可能的unlike：不大可能的bymeansof:借助于，通过betakenas：被认为timeevolution：随时间演化的takesplace：发生isproposedtodescribe：被提出demonstratedthat：显示出…first,followedby…首先，然后…summarized：总结，归纳coherently：定向的，有条理的accompany：伴随着beinterpreted:用…解释ignore：忽视represent：表示，代表given：假定的，假设的dependon：依赖，依靠determine：确定，决定obtain：得到labeled：标识conserve：守恒contain：包含assigning：包含，分配depict：表示，说明arrange:排列hexagonalfashion：六边形deplete：耗尽plot：绘制indicate：表示reverse：相反promote：vt.促进,发扬,提升,提拔,晋升为Required：需要的indicatethat：表示，显示出，表明了distinguish：区别出restrict：vt.限制,约束,限定undertake：vt.承担,担任,许诺,保证v.采取convertsinto：vt.使转变,转换...,使...改变信仰becontained：被包含进去beclassifiedinto：被归类到，被划分到propagatev.繁殖,传播,宣传perform：vt.履行,执行,表演,演出 v.完成任务invert：adj.转化的vt.使颠倒,使转化n.颠倒的事物elucidate:vt.阐明,说明differentiate：v.区别,区分Thecloseproximityof：adoptvt.采用,收养采用acquired:adj.已获得的,已成习惯的,后天通过自己的努力得到的bemappedout:vb.映射,绘制...之地图,计划utilize：vt.利用sufferfrom：经受，遭受derivedfrom：演化，来自emphasize：强调concernedwith：关注，关心devotedto：致力于asisnecessitated：…必要eliminate：vt.排除,消除v.除去carryout：执行，计算出issetto：被设定成illustrate：vt.举例说明,图解,加插图于,阐明vi.举例tedious：adj.单调乏味的,沉闷的,冗长乏味的computationally：计算的represent/display:显示，代表，表示enhance：强化features：特点、特性quantify：vt.确定数量v.量化gobeyond：超出attributeto：归因于associatewith：联合，与…有联系interpret：v.解释,说明,口译,通译,认为是...的意思correspondto:相应符合wantneedrequireestablishevaluateidentifyIncreasingtheCrlevel/enhanced:增加Cr的数量displace：移走，挤走create/produce：创造（缺陷）moreantisitedefectTideficiency：贫Tisurplus：过剩的speculate推测,思索,做投机买卖/Itwasspeculatedthatassociatedwith：和。。。相关的，相联系的alleviatevt.使(痛苦等)易于忍受,减轻TheTideficiencyinhypostoichiometricalloysisalleviatedbyenhancedsubstitutionofCronbsites.InperfectlyorderedstoichiometricA3BwiththeL12structure,allBatomsresideontheb(corner)siteandallAatomsresideonthethreea(facecenter)sites.accommodate：容纳motivatedcorrelatedto：和。。。相关，有联系examined/study：研究recognized：被认为correlatedto/relatedto/associatedwith:和。。。有关系establish：建立plus：有一个，和，多一个interpenetrating：交叉，交互concentrationfield：浓度场twophasemixture:；两相混合coherentmixture：共格混合物misfit-generatedstrain：错配产生的应变hysteresis：n.滞后作用,[物]磁滞现象two-phaseregion：两相区heterogeneous：异构异类的homogenous：同质，均匀adj.[生]同质的,纯系的allotropy：n.同素异形(现象)latticemisfitstrain：晶格错配应变concentrationwave：浓度波meso-：中间，中央mesoscopic：介观microscopic：微观nanoscalephasefieldmicroelasticitytheory：纳米尺度相场的微弹性理论multiplication/annihilation：增殖，乘法/淹没，歼灭Multi-scalephasefieldapproach:多尺度相场法Phasefieldmicroelasticity：相场微弹性理论time-dependentkineticequation：时间相关的动力学方程martensitictransformation：马氏体相变transformation-inducedstrain：相变诱发应变externalload：外加应力three-dimensionalphasefieldmodel：三维相场模型multivariant：多变的多自由度的多变量[式]的homogeneousmodulusapproximation：？coherencystrain：共格应变cubic→tetragonal：立方-四方elasticmodulus：弹性模量semi-implicit：半隐式Fourier–spectral：傅里叶谱parentphases:母相productphaseandtheparentphases：子相和母相domainorientation：电畴取向first-orderapproximation：一阶近似，一级近似，一次逼近理论conjugategradientmethod：共轭梯度法perturbationmethod：微扰法realandFourierspaces：真实空间和傅里叶空间（倒易空间）diffuse-interfacephase-fieldmodelforelasticallyinhomogeneoussystems：用于不均匀弹性系统的扩散-界面相场模型diffuse-interface：扩散-界面描述elasticallyanisotropiccoherentsystems:弹性各向异性共格系统strongelasticinhomogeneity:强弹性非均匀性temporalevolution：时间演化coherentmulti-domain：共格多畴aerospaceandautomobileindustry：航空宇宙与汽车制造工业iterative-perturbationscheme：time-dependentGinzburg-LandauequationandtheCahn-Hilliardequation：time/spacevariable:时间/空间变量convergence：收敛性longrangeelasticinteraction:长程交互作用metastablephase：亚稳相criticalsize：临界尺度self-accommodating：弹性自适应aspectratio：长径比，高宽比semi-implicitFourierspectralmethod/Phase-fieldsimulations/fastFouriertransformsfrictionstirwelded:搅拌摩擦焊polarizationswitching：极化反转 domainstructure：畴结构electrostaticenergy：静电能iterative-perturbationscheme：迭代微扰法magnetostrictive：磁致伸缩的iso-:表示“相等的,相同的”之义isostructuraltransformation:同构相变microscopicdiscrete:微观离散晶格explicitly/explore：takesintoaccount：考虑incorporate：adj.合并的,结社的,一体化的vt.合并,使组成公司,具体表现vi.合并,混合,组成公司vt.[律]结社,使成为法人组织affect（较常用）：影响associatedwith：关联的accompanying：伴随着implement：n.工具,器具vt.贯彻,实现v.执行representationof：代表形容词：solely：adv.独自地,单独地preferentially：adj.先取的,优先的,特惠的unsettledissues：未解决的问题preliminary:预备的，初步的surplus/deplete：富/贫asymmetric:不对称的，不匀称的attractive/repulsive：吸引/排斥twofold:两部分的，双重的criticalimportance：非常重要appreciablydifferent:稍有不同additional：额外的accommodate：vt.供应,供给,使适应,调节,和解,向...提供,容纳,调和vi.适应crucial：关键，重要，决定性的incipient：adj.初始的interpenetrating互相贯穿的[物]穿插的eg：Bulkb-NiAliscomposedoftwointerpenetratingsimplecubiclatticesfreeof:没有conversely：adv.倒地,逆地counterintuitive：adj.违反直觉的complemented：adj.有补助物的,[数]有余格的postulate：n.假定,基本条件,基本原理vt.要求,假定vi.要求intensifyvt.加强vi.强化destabilization：扰动,不稳定emerging：新兴的，新出现的siteselections:占位选择hostlattic：主体晶格preconditioned：预处理的welldocumented：完备记录的otherwiseadv.另外,否则,不同地,别的方式adj.另外的,其他方面的optimized：优化的，最佳的alternating：adj.交互的indispensable：n.不可缺少之物adj.不可缺少的,绝对必要的rigorously：adv.严厉地,残酷地well-defined：轮廓分明的energeticallyveryunfavorable：能量不济extensively：广泛地essential：基本的，重要的refinement：精巧，精致，文雅incoherent：非相干，非共格coherent：共格dissimilar：不同的，相异的delocalize：vt.使离开原位novel：新颖的Qualitative：定性，定性分析asmallamountof：一点representativeof：n.代表adj.典型的,有代表性的Themainobjectiveof：主要目的computationallyadvantageous:计算优势straightforwardanddesirable：直观的，具体的non-equilibrium：非平衡subsequent:接着的，稍后的practically：adv.实际上,事实上,在实践上adv.几乎,简直simultaneously：adv.同时地，自发地metastable：亚稳的deterministic：确定性的uncorrelated：非束缚的，非关联的arbitrarily：adv.武断地,任意地,专横地indefinitely：adv.不确定地local-global:局部的-全局的final：最终的qualitative：adj.性质上的,定性的symmetric：adj.相称性的,均衡的ractable：adj.易驾驭的,驯良的,易管教的,易处理的reliable：可信的fixed,periodicboundaryconditions：固定的，周期性边界条件quitedifferent：非常大的不同nonequivalent非等价[数]的somewhat：adv.稍微,有点,有些fortuitous：adj.偶然的,幸运的apparently：adv.显然地energetically:adv.精力充沛地,积极地Favored：能量上有利...extensively：adv.广阔地qualitative：adj.性质上的,定性的automatically：adv.自动地,机械地substantial：adj.坚固的,实质的,真实的,充实的exclusively：adv.排外地,专有地antisymmetric：adj.反对称的dramatically：adv.戏剧地,引人注目地instantaneous：adj.瞬间的,即刻的,即时的essentially：adv.本质上,本来essential：本质的long-standing：长期存在的comparable：adj.可比较的,比得上的underlying：adj.在下面的,根本的,潜在的,[商]优先的unambiguouslygreatly/significantly：大大地amenable:顺从的，可加工的comprehensivestudy：综合研究However,aswillbenoted,Specifically：特别的，明确的ingeneral：大体上，unrecognizedimplicitassumptions：不清楚的假设anomalous:不规则，反常的Thepurposeof：目的Noevidenceof：没迹象表明negligible：可忽视的critically：批评的，严格的 extensively：广泛的essentially：主要的modest：adj.谦虚的,谦让的,适度的Morerecently：最近adhoc：特别commensurate：adj.相称的,相当的stochastic：随机的phenomenological：现象的，现象学的saw-toothed：锯齿状的，成锯齿状的explicitly：adv.明白地,明确地significantly：adv.意味深长地,值得注目地，严重的，重要的simultaneously：自发的，同时的numerically：数值计算leading（主要的，）candidates：align：vi.排列vt.使结盟,使成一行parabolicfunction:介词、副词：responsiblefor：和。。。有联系Incomparison：对比来看apossiblereplacement：一个可能的替代品dueto、for：由于，因为predicting：预测likewise：adv.同样地,照样地,又,也n.同样地appreciably（slightly）：略微，有一点asurplusof：一个多余的。。。Correspondingto：对应，相应，相当于inthevicinityof(adjacentto)：接近，临近，Furthermore：此外，而且remainupto：保持asafunctionoftemperatureandcomposition：温度和成分的函数currentlyinservice：当前使用的intheproximityof：在…附近Inadditionto：除。。。之外Itisworthnotingthat：值得注意的是。。。inaccordancewith：和。。。一致compriseof（consistsof）：prep....的,由...制成的,离,关于,对于inexcessof：超过，较。。。为多Itmaybepointedoutthat：。。。。dueto：由于，因为Incontrastto：为了和…对比whereas然而Forsimplicity:简单起见withrespectto：至于，关于Itisassumedthat：通常认为，假设beproportionalto：和…成比例asafunctionof：…的方程relatedto：和…有关Ithasbeenshownthat:显示Since：既然，即使Inparticular：特别地aslongas：只要,在...的时候insensitiveto：对...不敏感的,不受...影响的,不易感受...的aswellas：同样，也beconsistentwith:和…一致consistingof：包含，由…组成agreewith：和…一致，相同aswell：也，同样As…vt:随着…Itcanbeseenthat：可以看出superlatticereflection：超晶格反射Aswewilldiscusslater：稍后讨论Itisclearthat:显而易见bethecase：是这样的，确实是，正确soitisimportanttopointoutthat：非常关键的一点again：又一次ontheotherhand：此外，另外一方面aresimilarto：和…相似ingeneral：通常Yet：adv.仍,至今,益发,更conj.然而,但是berelevantto：relevant：adj.有关的,相应的itisexpectedthat：预期的，可预测的，期望的Itshouldbepointedoutthat：应指出的是…inthesensethat:从…意义上来说via：prep.经,通过,经由ontheorderof：属于...一类的,与...相似的hasbeenfoundtobeapowerful：被认为是一种强大的…playsanimportantrolein：起重大作用isindeedthecase：的确如此Schematicrepresentationofthe：图表示…inthiscase:在这个例子中Asusual：和平常一样，通常theadequacyof：足够的Itisnoteworthythat：值得注意的是Astrikingresultof：一个显著的结果differentiate：v.区别,区分Thecloseproximityof：adoptvt.采用,收养采用acquired:adj.已获得的,已成习惯的,后天通过自己的努力得到的wenotethat:注意到Itwasshownthat：显示temporalandspatialevolutionofthemorphology：形貌的时间和空间演化fundamental:基本的interestto：？？？inprinciple：原则上，大体上aslinearlyproportionalto：线性相关Furthermore：此外、而且takenintoaccount：考虑进去subsequently：adv.后来,随后virtually：adv.事实上,实质上Theonlyexceptionseemstobe：唯一的例外似乎是squarewith：(使)与…相符[一致]使…得到…的认可[同意]Itisquiteclearthat：非常显然namely：adv.即,也就是itappearsthat：显示出Itstartswith：以…开始Itseemstobethecasethat：看起来是…itisquiteobviousthat:非常显然Itappearsthattherateof：似乎是Theyconcludedthat：总结Itisfoundthat：发现alongwith：连同...一起,随同...一起accountfor：v.说明,占,解决,得分inageneralagreementwiththeexperimentalobservations：大体上与试验相符responsiblefor：有责任的，有关系的turnsouttobe：证明是itshouldbepointedoutthat,asfarastheauthorsareaware,thisisthefirsttimethatthe kineticsofprecipitationoftwoorderedphasefromadisorderedmatrixhavebeenstudiedtheoretically,particularlyusingcomputersimulations.cutting-edge:高端的incomparisonto：和…相比·功能词汇：关于：onaboutconcerningregarding多的：lotofadequatesufficientcompletereliablepreciseexactvaluabledetailed少的：scarceinadequateinsufficientincompletelittlefewunreliableinvaluablepoorunevenpreliminary现状:inliteratureatpresentincurrentliterature程度副词:quiteextremelyobviously拥有:haveposse来源:comefromhascomefrombeobtainedfromisprovidedfromhasbeenobtainedhasbeenprovidedby结果：toindicatetosuggesttopermittoallow图表：scheme/colorscheme:彩色图解、方案比较词：precede：优于，isequivalentto：和…相当名词： translationalmotion:平移运动hypostoichiometric：亚理想配比hyperstoichiometric:超化学计量比off-stoichiometric：非化学计量比nonstoichiometry非化学计量性非定比性,非理想配比性flowstress：流变应力generalizedperturbationmethod:广义微扰法homogeneityrange：均匀范围 homogeneity：均匀性，同质性，均匀度 thermodynamicactivity:热力学活性，热力学活度implementation:执行gradientenergy：梯度能Thetime-dependentGinzburg-Landauequations：G-L方程的时间相关性thermalspike:热峰positronlifetimespectraof：正电子寿命谱finitetemperature：有限温度discretevariationalmethod:离散变分法tetragonaldistortion:四方畸变discontinuousprecipitation:不连续析出，不连续沉淀equationofstate:状态方程，物态方程，态方程impactparameter：碰撞参数，冲击参数solid-solution：固溶densityofstate（DOS）：态密度generalizedgradientapproximation：广义梯度近似dopingspecies：掺杂类型tie-line：电力系统联络线channellingpattern：通道花样reciprocity：n.互惠inflectionpoints：拐点aeroengine：航空发动机，turbineblade：涡轮叶片，汽轮机叶片，叶片powerplant：电厂，发电厂，电站complexcomposition：络合物组成platinumgroup：铂族，铂系partition：划分，分配，分区multitude：量normalized：归一化，规范，规范化dilutesolution：稀溶液ternaryalloyingelements：第三合金化元素/ternaryelementadditions:第三组元添加元素bondcoat：粘结层，out-diffusion：外扩散prerequisiten.先决条件adj.首要必备的discrepancy：n.相差,差异,矛盾endeavor：n.<英>尽力,竭力transition-metal:过渡族金属cohesivestrength：粘结强度内聚强度结合强度symmetricaltiltboundaries：对称倾侧晶界bulk：体，体内，体积implications:含义boundaryplane：边界面，界平面atomisticsimulation：原子尺度模拟intergranularfractures：晶间断裂polycrystal：多晶体jetengines：喷气发动机consensus：n.一致同意,多数人的意见,舆论feasibility：n.可行性,可能性spectrometer：n.[物]分光计flowbehavior：流动特性，流动性为，流变行为bulkdiffusion：体扩散stoichiometry：化学计量法creepmechanism：蠕变机制，蠕变机理aerospace：航空宇宙superalloy：超耐热合金precipitationhardened multi-componentmaterials：沉淀强化多元材料yieldstress：屈服应力yieldstrength：屈服强度conjugate-gradient：共轭梯度 Convergence：收敛性，收敛self-consistent：自洽，自洽场，自洽的partitionfunction：配分函数配分函数的statistical-mechanical:统计力学atomicrelaxations：原子弛豫alloystoichiometry：合金元素化学配比ensemble：系综mass-balance：质量平衡，质量平衡计算，总体平衡constraint：约束finitedifferencing:有限差分Spin-polarized：自旋极化implementation：n.执行，实施，执行methodology：n.方法学,方法论complex：adj.复杂的,合成的,综合的n.联合体residencetime：滞留时间phononband：声子（能）带L12(Ni3Al,γ’)andDO22(Ni3V,θ)Configuration：组态structurefactor：结构因子SmallAngleScattering（SAS）：小角散射homogeneous：均匀的，齐次的，均质Ordereddomains：有序畴antiphasedomainboundaries：反相畴界orderingandclustering：有序化和偏聚eutectoidreaction：共析反应lamellarmixture:板条状组织variants：不同的，类，变量？?incompatibility:不兼容的，不相容的predictions/predict:预测预言experimentalobservations：试验验证，试验观察atomicconfigurationsandthemorphology：原子组态和形貌concentrationamplitudes：浓度幅fractionalCartesiancoordinate：直角坐标Component:组元Fouriertransform：傅立叶变换species：样品，例子concentrationwave：浓度波coefficients：系数positivedefinite：正定的explicitforwardeulertechnique:显式欧拉向前法Ni3Vstoichiometry：Ni3V的化学计量比浓度variation：变化variationalderivatives：变分求导perturbation：微扰，扰动temporalevolution：时间演化、动态演化diffractionpatterns衍射图样diffractionintensity：衍射强度grey-levels：灰度：lowerleftinset：左下角upperrightinset：右下角drivingforces：驱动力thermalfluctuation：热涨落noiseterm：噪声项adhoc：专案intersect：vt.横断vi.(直线)相交,交叉firstderivative/first-orderderivative:一阶导数second-derivative：二阶导数coupledgraingrowth：耦合晶体生长Ostwaldripening：奥斯瓦尔德熟化polycrystalline：多晶enthalpy:焓dumbbel：哑铃状anisotropy各向异性[植]各向异性spontaneousadj.自发的,自然产生的amorphization：非晶化spontaneousrecombination：自发复合motivation：n.动机，目的displacementevent：…事octahedral：adj.有八面的,八面体的asymmetry：n.不对称argument：变元，变量，论证 自变量;自变数;理由;辐角;幅度;幅角;论点;论证;变元crowdion：挤列，挤列子，挤子category：类possibility:可能性coincidence：n.一致,相合,同时发生或同时存在(尤指偶然)的事implicationn.牵连,含意,暗示proportionality：比例(性)均衡(性)相称inhomogeneousunstablesystem：各向异性不稳定系统clustercorrelationfunctions：dependency：n.依靠,信赖,从属,从属物,属国,属地localatomicconfiguration：局域原子组态assumption：n.假定,设想,担任,承当,假装,作态Bernoulliprobabilitydistribution：伯努利概率分布translationalsymmetry:平移对称性schematicdraw：图解complex：adj.复杂的,合成的,综合的n.联合体localatomicarrangement：局部原子排列variousdiffusionalphasetransformationkinetics：不同的扩散相变动力系abinaryalloyonatwo-dimensionalsquarelatticewithfirst-andsecond-neighborpairwiseinteraction：productofsums：和single-siteapproximation：numericalsolution：数值解single-sitedistribution：单格点分布？？Acompletelyblack/whitecirclerepresents:全黑或全白的圈代表…barrierlesshomogeneousnucleationandsubsequentgrowthofordereddomains:无障碍各向同性形核和随后的有序畴的长大…snapshot：n.快照,急射,简单印象reducedtime：约化时间coalescence：n.合并,接合,联合spatiallong-rangeparameterdistribution：长程序参数的空间分布Bright/darkregions:亮/暗的区域congruentordering：等成分有序化incubationstage（period）：孕育期orderingstage：有序化阶段decompositionstage：分解阶段coarseningstage：粗化阶段Onsager-andLangevin-type：昂撒各和郎之万型compositiongradient：浓度梯度morphological patterns：形貌花样synchrotron：同步加速器latticevibrations：晶格振动phonondispersion：声子色散bondlength：键长键距bondstiffness：键强度interpretation：n.解释,阐明,口译,通译Formalism：形式方法projectionschematicdiagram：投影图functionalmaterials:功能材料highperformancematerial：高性能材料trialuminide三元Al化合物（Al3X）structuralmaterial：结构材料linecompound：线形化合物tensileductility：拉伸塑性Discrepancy：差异，不同accuracy：精度scatteringfactor：散射因子predominantdefect：主要缺陷configuration：配置，组态、结构application：用途hybrid：混合，杂交，杂种debate：争论，争辩summary/conclusionsinternalfrictionpeaks:内耗峰promisingcandidate：最可能的替代constitutionalvacancies/thermalvacancy:组分空位/热空位stress-free：应力自由electricalresistivity：电阻率specificheat：比热、比热容exhibit：显示，展示Strainageing：应变时效，形变时效strain-ratesensitivity：应变率敏感性dislocationpinningprocess：位错钉扎过程dislocationlocking:位错钉扎latticefriction：晶格摩擦A:accuracyB:brevityC:clarityweak:弱的，不太明显的，近似的technicalterms:术语容易混淆用的词汇：Alternatively(二者选一的)–alternately（交替地，隔一个地）;centre–middle;degree–extent;either-both;except-unless;generally-usually;homogenous-homogeneous;length–long;limited-slight;major–great;minor–little;natural–normal;optimistic–hopeful;optimum–highest;percentage–some;providedthat–if;quite–rather;rudimentary–vestigial;several–some;same–similar;singular–rare;often–inmanypalaces;sometimes–insomepalaces;superior–betterthan;view–opinions;virtually–almost;volume–amount;weather–climate;while–although;主观词汇Perhapsmaybelikelysuggestsitseemspossiblyprobably（少用）描写程度的词：substantialadequateconsiderableactuallyquiteratherfairlyextremelymostlyrelativelycomparativelyunduly(慎用)关于推测，观点之类的相似的词语：speculationsuppositionconfectionideasurmiseexpectationimpressionassumptionpresumptionguessopinionviewnotionhypothesistheorylaw避免同义重复：能用单词代替的短语就用单词代替，能用短语代替的长句就用短语Latinate–Anglo-saxonaccomplish–do;acquire–get;additional–extra;alteration–change;anticipate–expect;assistance–help;avoirdupois–fat;application–use;cessation–stop;commence–start,begin;concerning–about;consequently–so;considerable–much;construct–build;demonstrate–show;disclose–show;elevated–raised,high;encounter–meet;equivalent–equal;exhibit–show;fabricate–build;haemorrhage–bleed;identical–same;illuminate –light;indication–sign;inquire–ask;invariably–always;magnitude–size,amount;magnify–enlarge;maximum–highest,largest;nocturnal–night;numerous–many;optimum-best;perform-do;possess–have;present–show;priorto–before;provide–give;purchase–buy;regarding–about;renumeration–pay;render–make;reveal–show;sentiment–feeling;sanguineous–bloody;similarto–like;sufficient–enough;termination–end;transplant–graft;vertebral,column–backbone;vigorous–lively;vulnerable–weak;写引言：提到过去的研究报道时，一般用现在完成时被动语态：ithasbeenreported…ithasbeenpointedoutby…ithaspreviouslybeenprovedthat…muchhasbeenstudiedconcerning…或者用过去时主动态：J.Kanereported/fount/discover…过去已肯定的东西时，用一般现代时：谈到过去报道中具体内容时，用一般过去时：引言中谈到本研究的目的时，用一般现代时主动态或被动态：Acomparativestudy…isreported/Thusitisofconsiderableinteresttostudy…提到本研究的具体方法和结果时，用一般过去式：《谈谈写作英语科技论文》连词和连接短语：a.增加、继续或引进additionally,also,and,anotherway,asecondmethod,aswellas,besides,equableimportant,finally,first,further,furthermore,ifdesired,inaddition,last,lastly,moreover,oncefurtherremarkisappropriatehere,remember,second,subsequently,third,tobegin,withtheaboveb.比较afterall,alternately,assimilaranalysisshows,but,however,inasimilarmanner,incomparison,incontrast,infmanyproblems,inpractice,instead,inlikemanner,inthelattercase,inthisconnection,likewise,nevertheless,nonetheless,notwithstanding,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,otherwise,similarly,still,whereas,worse,yetc.详述（举例，阐述）asanapplication,asanexample,basically,forexample,forinstance,generally,ingeneral,inparticular,namely,often,specifically,thatisd.反复again,asbefore,asecondtime,ashasbeenstated,asIhavesaid,inotherwords,inreview,oncemore,thanis,toreiteratee.转化arenowgiven,becomes,canbewritten,from,gives,produces/create,reducesto,replacedby,thisleafsto,yieldsf概括ineffect,inessence,inotherwords,inshort,insummary,letusbrieflyreviewthestepsintheanalysis,severalremarksneedtobemadeatthispoint,summarizing,theforegoingdiscussionillustrates,tosumup g位置Adjacentto,beyond,here,near,ontheotherside,oppositeto,formerh目的forthispurpose,forthisreason,inorderto,tothisend,towardthisobjective,withthisgoalI结果accordingly,areviewoftheliteraturerevealsthat,asaresult,consequently,hence,inasmuch,inconsequence,inspiteof,inviewoftheseconsiderations,sofar,theforegoingdiscussionillustrate,therefore,thus,thusfar,tomeetthisadditionaldifficulty,whereforej赞同admittedly,certainly,conclusively,fortunately,hopefully,indeed,inanyevent,infact,inreality,obviously,ofcourse,ordinarily,perhaps,tobesure,truly,undeniably,withoutanyquestionsK时间afteranhour,day,year,……afterward,alittlelater,aswillbeseen,atlength,atpresent,atthispoint,earlier,finally,here,heretofore,immediately,inthemeantime,inthosedays,inwhatfollows,meantime,meanwhile,presently,recently,sofar,then,today,ultimately,willnowbedeveloped,willnowbeillustrated,willnowbeinvoked《谈谈写作英语科技论文——常见病句和句型》(续)a…ortwo:amileortwo=oneortwomiles(onemilesortwo是错误的表达方式)科技英语写作句型：图表：时间：句型：1.Empiricalmany-bodycentralforcepotentials（罗列）oftheFinnis-SinclairtypehavebeenconstructedforB2NiAlbyfittinganumberofequilibriumpropertiesofthisalloyandreproducingtheasymmetricbehaviourofconstitutionalpointdefectsinoff-stoichiometricNiAl.2.Itis,therefore,reasonabletoassumethatinNiAlpolycrystalscrackswillbeeasilyinitiatedatAl/Alboundaries,andleadtointergranularfractures.3.onewayinwhichPtmayaffectdiffusionisbyalteringtheformationenergiesofdefectclustersinvolvedindiffusionpathways.3.Modificationstoalloychemistryareoftenusedtotailortheintrinsicflowbehaviorofstructuralmaterials.4.However,thebodyofknowledgeregardingthesematerialsisstillsomewhatlimitedincomparisontomaterialsthatarecurrentlyinservice5.Thismethod,originallyintroducedbyTeteretal.,hasbeenextendedtotreatmetalsandhasbeenusedpreviouslyincalculationsoftheformationenergiesandlatticerelaxationofpointdefectsinLiandAl.6.e.g.antisitedefectsformedbyatomslocatedonthewrongsublattice(TiAl,AlTi)orvacanciesformedbyremovinganatomfromitsregularlatticeposition(VaAl,VaTi).HereiaiontheasublatticeandVadenotesvacancy.7.Atfinitetemperatures,thermaldefectswillalsobeactivatedinadditiontotheconstitutionalones. 8.Intheformercase,theformationofanantisiteatomononesublatticeisassociatedwiththesimultaneousformationoftwovacanciesontheothersublattice,whileinthelattercaseitisassociatedwithanotherantisiteatomontheothersublattice.9.ThediscrepanciesinpublishedresultsrangefromthesitepreferenceoftheternaryadditionstowhetherornotamiscibilitygapexistsbetweenNiAlandRuAl.10.Therearetwoprimaryphasespresentinsuchanalloy,thematrixcphase(basedonnickel,fcc)whichsurroundstheprecipitatec0phase(basedonNi3Al,L12).11.Knowledgeofthesublatticesitethatadopingspecieswithinr0occupiesisimportantinunderstandingr–r0latticemisfitandmicrostructuralevolutionaswellasdesigningimprovedalloys.Forexample,elementsthatpreferAlsitesinc0maygiverisetoanincreaseinprecipitateformation;whereasthosethatpreferNisitesmaypromotematrixformation.12.Thesuperalloysderivetheiroutstandinghigh-temperaturestrengthmostlyfromsolid-solutionhardenersinthecmatrixandorderedstrengtheninginthec0precipitatedphasethatisanordered(cubicL12)structurewithnickelatomsatfacecentersandaluminumatomsatcubecorners.13.Toanalysemorecarefullythesitepreferenceofselectedmetals,athermodynamicformalismaccountingfortheactivitiesofNiandAl,aswellasthelatticeparameterandconcentrationdependenceofatomicinteractions,hasbeenapplied.14.TheexperimentaldataconcerningsolidsolutionhardeningwerereanalyzedandtheadditionalcontributionstohardeningbesidestheconventionalsizemisfitmechanismwereshowntobeofimportanceforTiternaryadditions.15.Alltheexperimentswerecarriedoutusingtheradiotracermethodcombinedwithaserialsectioningtechnique.16.ThesiteoccupanciesofV,Cr,Mn,Fe,Ni,Zr,Nb,Mo,Ta,GaandSn(1–5 at.%)inTiAlalloyswithdifferentcompositions,andinTi3AlwiththecompositionsofTi–26 at.%Al–(1–2 at.%)X,weremeasuredbytheatomlocationchannellingenhancedmicroanalysis(ALCHEMI)method17.TheelectronicstructureandbindingenergyofanumberofNiAl-Xalloysystems(X=Ti,V,Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Zr,Nb,Mo,Hf,Ta,W,Si,Ga,orGe)werecalculatedusingthediscretevariationalclustermethodbasedonthelocaldensityapproximationofthedensityfunctionaltheory。18.TheadditionofternaryalloyingelementstoFeAlandNiAlbasedintermetalliccompoundscouldpotentiallyinfluencetheirmechanicalpropertiesinasignificantmanner.19.Knowledgeofthesiteoccupanciesofdifferentspeciesintheseternarycompoundsisofimportancesinceitinfluencesthebondingcharacteristicsandconsequentlythemechanicalproperties.20.Atomisticmodelingbasedondensityfunctionaltheorywithintheframeworkofthegeneralizedgradientapproximationisusedtoshowthetrendsintheenergeticsandtheelectronicpropertiesofsingle,double,andtriple-likedefectsinB2-FeAlalloy,withoutphasetransformation.21.Amulti-phase-fieldmodelforthedescriptionofthediscontinuousprecipitationreactionisformulatedwhichtakesintoaccountsurfacediffusionalonggrainboundariesandinterfacesaswellasvolumediffusion.22.Althoughinanumberofcasestheexperimentalobservationscontradicteachother,generallythepredictedsitepreferenceagreewellwiththeavailableexperimentaldata.23.Theremainderofthispaperhasbeenorganizedasfollows.InSec.IIweconsiderthe computationalmethodsutilizedinthiswork,givingasummaryoftheutilizedTBSMAmodel,theadopteddefinitionsfortheevaluationofpointdefectexcessfreeenergiesandthecorrespondingthermalequilibriumconcentrations,andtheutilizedfree-energymethods.TheobtainedresultsarediscussedinSec.IIIandweconcludewithasummaryinSec.IV.1.Moredetailsabout……areavailablein…...2.ThekineticsofdiffusionphasetransformationsinthepseudobinaryNi3Al±Ni3Vsystemwerestudiedusingacomputersimulationtechniquebasedonmicroscopediffusionequations.3.InstageI…followedbystageII…StageIII…Andfinally,instageIV…4.Itshouldbepointedoutthat,asfarastheauthorsareaware,itisthefirsttimethat…particularlyusing…5.Since…itisconvenientandevencomputationallyadvantageousto6.A…B…andC…aswellasD7.Thecolorassignedtoeachlatticesiteisamixtureofred,greenandblue,inthesameproportionastheratiosoftheoccupationprobabilityatthatsiteofaluminum,vanadiumandnickel，respectively。Thus,iftheoccupationprobabilityofaluminumatanysiteis1.0,thenthatsiteisassignedthecolorred,andsoon.8.Whenthecompositionisbelowoneoftheinstabilitylinesandabovetheother,9.Aninitiallyhomogeneousdisorderedf.c.c.ternaryalloy(Ni75Al25-xVx)intoatwo-phasemixtureofL12(Ni3Al)andDO22(Ni3V)orderedphases10.arealternatingNiandAl：Ni、Al相间排列11.ThisasymmetryisillustratedinFig.2,whereitcanbeseenthat：（如何提到图）12.DuetothelargedifferenceinatomicsizebetweenNiandAl：由于Ni和Al尺度相差很大13.inonecase…intheother:一个…另一个14.Dumbbells,however,arefavored.15.Inthefirstcase,NiatomscollidewithAlatomsandviceversa;inthesecondcase,16.Either…or…whether….or17.Thisagaincanbedueeitherto…or…18.First,thecrowd-ion,ratherthanthe(100)dumbbell,isproducedinlowenergyeventsalongsome(110)events.Moreover,other…lastly…18.Acomputersimulationtechniquebasedonmicroscopicmasterequationsisdevelopedformodelingthedynamicsofmorphologicalevolutionduringdiffusionalphasetransformationsinbinarysolidsolutionsincludingbarrierlessnucleationofordereddomains,subsequentdomaingrowthandcoalescence（长大，溶合）,coarseningofantiphasedomains,compositionalphaseseparation,Ostwaldripening,andkineticsofsimultaneousorderingandphaseseparation.19.isnotonlyoffundamentalinteresttophysicists,materialsscientistsandappliedmathematiciansbutisalsoimportantintheprocessingoftechnologicallyadvancedmaterials.20.Formationofvirtualphasesandstrain-inducedmorphologicaltransformationduringdecompositioninquenchedbinaryalloysystems.Thehighlynonlinearandnonequilibriumdynamicsofphasetransformationsinatwo-dimensionalsquarelatticebyassumingadirectexchangemechanism：21.TheearliestapplicationofaMaster-EquationbasedapproachtodiffusionaltransformationsinsolidsappearstobetheworkofIidaonshort-andlong-rangeorderinhomogeneousNi3Fealloys22.Themorphologicalevolutionfollowingorderingisantiphasedomaincoalescenceand coarseningresultinginthesingledomainstateshowninFig.2(d).23.Figure3showstheevolutionofthelong-rangeorderparametervaluessquaredwiththesameinitialconditionbutwithalargercomputationalcellof256x256latticesites.24.Whetherthesystemsizeissufficientornotlargelydependsonthewavelengthoftheconcentrationdomainswhichinturndependsontheannealingtemperatureandannealingtime.25.However,thissingle-phaseisunstablewithrespecttothesubsequentdecompositionintoatwo-phasemixtureoforderedanddisorderedphases26.Oneisthelong-rangeorderparameterasdefinedintheorderingexampleandtheotheristhecompositionalorderparameterasdefinedinthespinodaldecompositionexample.26.Itappearsthattherateofdecompositionofanorderedphaseintoamixtureoforderedanddisorderedphasesissignificantlyenhancedbytheexistenceofantiphasedomainboundariesinthecongruentlyorderedsingle-phase.27.TwoofthemajorassumptionsintheOnsager-andLangevin-typekineticequationsarethelinearproportionalityoftherateofchangetothethermodynamicdrivingforceandtheconstantvalueoftheproportionalitycoefficient.28.ThecommonmethodofregressionfittingcalculatedandmeasuredX-raydiffractionintensitiesusingasinglewavelengthisshowntobeunabletodefinethetwoindependentorderparametersunambiguously,callingintoquestiontheresultsofsuchpreviousstudiesontheseternaryalloys.29.Onlyifanassumptionismadethatonetypeofsitesubstitutiondominatestheantisiteformationcanthemethodbeusedtoestimatethesolutionforthedominantbehavior.30.Fourcompositionswereinvestigated,twostochiometricalloyswitheither9or12at.pct.Cr,andtwonnonstoichiometricalloyswith10at.pct.Crandeither23or27at.pct.Ti.31.TheTideficiencyinhypostoichiometricalloysisalleviatedbyenhancedsubstitutionofCronbsites.However,theexcessTiinhyperstoichiometricalloysgreatlydecreasesanyCrsubstitutiononbsite32.Ithasbeenknownforsometimethat33.Systematicchangesinstructureandpropertieswiththenatureoftheternaryadditionsuggestthatalloyinge.ects,relatedtoatomicandelectronicstructure,areimportantforunderstandingthesephases34.However,aswillbenoted,acomprehensivestudyoftheoccurrenceandnatureofpointdefectsisneeded,particularlyinrelationtosolutesitepreferencesandnonstoichiometry.35.Fouralloyswerechosenforthisstudy.Twoofthealloys,referredtoasCr9andCr12,hadthestoichiometricamountofTitogetherwith9and12at.pct.Cr,theothertwoalloys,Ti23andTi27,had36.at.pct.Crwith23and27at.pct.Ti,respectively.37.inthecompositionrangebetween45and55at%Alandinthetemperaturerange800±2000K38.thesevacancies,sincetheyoriginateprimarilyduetoo.-stoichiometry,arereferredtoasconstitutionalvacancies[5].39.However,thisviewischallengedbyKogachiandhiscoworkers[18±20]basedonbothexperimentalobservations[13±17]andtheoreticalarguments.1Wedescribeanarbitrarytwo-phasemicrostructureusingascalarconservationconcentrationfieldandamulticomponentnonconservedvectororderparameterfield.Theconcentrationfielddescribestheinhomogeneousconcentrationorcompositingdistributioninatwo-phasemixture2.Itisshownthatthemisfit-generatedstrainproducesamacroscopicenergybarrierbetweenthe transformingphases.3.Thedevelopmentofthetwo-phase(f.c.c.+L12)coherentmicrostructureintheprototypeNi±Alsuperalloyisstudiedbyusingthethree-dimensionalcomputersimulationtechnique.4.Theinputparameters,thecrystallatticemisfit,elasticmoduli,interfacialenergyandequilibriumcompositionsofthecoexistingphasesaretakenfromthepublishedindependentmeasurements.5.Themodelisbasedontheexactsolutionoftheelasticityprobleminthehomogeneousmodulusapproximation6.Anefficientphase-fieldmodelisproposedtostudythecoherentmicrostructureevolutioninelasticallyanisotropic:各向异性(isotropic各向同性)systemswithsignificantelasticmodulusinhomogeneity.Itcombinesaniterativeapproachforobtainingtheelasticdisplacementfieldsandasemi-implicitFourier–spectralmethodforsolvingthetimedependentCahn–Hilliardequation.Eachiterationinouriterativenumericalsimulationhasaone-to-onecorrespondencetoagivenorderofapproximationinKhachatuyran’sperturbationmethod.Auniquefeatureofthisapproachisitsabilitytocontroltheaccuracybychoosingtheappropriateorderofapproximation.Weexamineshapedependenceofisolatedparticlesaswellasthemorphologicaldependenceofaphaseseparatedmulti-particlesystemonthedegreeofelasticinhomogeneityinelasticallyanisotropicsystems.Itisshownthatalthoughpriorcalculationsusingfirst-orderapproximationscorrectlypredictedthequalitativedependenceofatwo-phasemorphologyonelasticinhomogeneity,thelocalstressdistributionsandthusthedrivingforceformicrostructureevolutionsuchascoarseningwereinseriouserrorquantitativelyforsystemswithstrongelasticinhomogeneity.7.Themorphologicalevolutionandcoarseningkineticsoforderedintermetallicprecipitateswithcoherencystresswerestudiedusingadiffuse-interfacephase-fieldmodelintwodimensions(2D).8.Phase-fieldsimulationshavebeenextensivelyappliedtomodelingmicrostructureevolutionduringvariousmaterialsprocesses.9.Acomputationalmodelisproposedtopredictthestabilityofmagneticdomainstructuresandtheirtemporalevolutioningiantmagnetostrictivematerialsbycombiningamicromagneticmodelwiththephase-fieldmicroelasticitytheoryofKhachaturyan.10.Itshouldbepointedoutthat,asfarastheauthorsareaware,thisisthefirsttimethatthekineticsofprecipitationoftwoorderedphasefromadisorderedmatrixhavebeenstudiedtheoretically,particularlyusingcomputersimulations.11.Forsimplicity,wewillignoretheeffectofelasticstrainenergyonthetwo-phasemorphology.Multiphasepolycrystallinematerials:/mufti-component/multiphase方法：highresolutionelectronmicroscopy(HREM):高分辨电镜ACFabsorptioncorrectionfactor吸收校正因子A/Danalogtodigital(converter)ADFannulardarkfield环形暗场AEManalyticalelectronmicroscope/microscopy分析电子显微镜/学AESAugerelectronspectrometer/spectroscopy俄歇电子光谱仪/学AFFaberration-freefocus无像差焦点ALCHEMIatomlocationbychanneling-enhancedmicroanalysis APBanti-phasedomainboundary反相畴界ATWatmosphericthinwindowBFbrightfield明场BFPbackfocalplane后焦面BSEbackscatteredelectron背散射电子BSEDbackscattered-electrondiffraction背散射电子衍射BZBBrillouin-zoneboundaryC(1,2,etc..)condenser(l,2,etc.)lens第1，2...聚光镜CBcoherentbremsstrahlungCBEDconvergent-beamelectrondiffraction会聚束电子衍射CBIMconvergent-beamimaging会聚束成像CCDcharge-coupleddevice电荷耦合装置CCFcross-correlationfunction互相关函数CCMcharge-collectionmicroscopyCDFcentereddarkfield中心暗场像CFcoherentFennel/FoucaultCFEGcoldfield-emissiongun冷场发射枪CLcathodeluminescence阴极发光CRTcathode-raytube阴极射线管CScrystallographicshear晶体学切变CSLcoincident-sitelatticeDFdarkfield暗场DOSdensityofstates态密度DPdiffractionpattern衍射花样DQEdetectionofquantumefficiency量子探测效率DSTEMdedicatedscanningtransmissionelectronmicroscope专业扫描透射电子显微镜DTSAdesktopspectrumanalyzerEBICelectronbeam-inducedcurrent/conductivityEELSelectronenergy-lossspectrometry电子能量损失谱EFIenergy-filteredimaging能量过滤成像ELNESenergy-lossnear-edgestructure能量损失近边结构ELPenergy-lossprogram(Gatan)EMMAelectronmicroscopemicroanalyzerEMSelectronmicroscopyimagesimulation电子显微学图像模拟EPMAelectronprobemicroanalyzerESCAelectronspectroscopyforchemicalanalysisESIelectronspectroscopicimagingEXAFSextendedX-rayabsorptionfinestructure扩展X射线吸收精细结构EXELFSextendedenergy-lossfinestructure扩展能量损失精细结构FCFfluorescencecorrectionfactor荧光校正因子FEGfield-emissiongun场发射枪FETfield-effecttransistor场效晶体管FFTfastFouriertransform快速傅立叶变换FOLZfirst-orderLauezone 一阶劳埃区FSEfastsecondaryelectronFTPfiletransferprotocol文件传输协议FWHMfullwidthathalfmaximum半极大处全宽度半峰全宽FWTMfullwidthattenthmaximumGBgrainboundary晶界GCSgeneralizedcrosssectionGIFGatanimagefilterGantan图像过滤GOSgeneralüedoscillatorstrengthHAADFhigh-angleannulardarkfield高角环形暗场HOLZhigher-orderLauezone高阶劳埃区HPGehigh-puritygermanium高纯GeHRTEMhigh-resolutiontransmissionelectronmicroscope/microscopy高分辨透射电子显微镜/学HVhighvacuum高真空HVEMhighvoltageelectronmicroscope/microscopy高压电子显微镜/学IDBinversiondomainboundary反相畴界IEEEInternationalElectronicsandElectricalEngineeringIGintrinsicGeIVEMintermediatevoltageelectronmicroscope/microscopy中等电压电子显微镜/学K-MKossel-MöllenstedtLEEDlow-energyelectrondiffraction低能电子衍射LLSlinearleast-squares线性最小二乘LUTlook-uptable对照表MCminimumcontrast最小衬度MCAmultichannelanalyzer脉冲高度分析仪MDMminimumdetectablemassMLSmultipleleast-squaresMMFminimummassfractionMSDSmaterialsafetydatasheetsNCEMSSNationalCenterforElectronMicroscopysimulationsystemNIHNationalInstitutesofHealthNISTNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnologyORorientationrelationshipOTEDPoblique-texturedelectrondiffractionpatternPBphaseboundary相界P/Bpeak-to-backgroundratio峰背比PEELSparallelelectronenergy-lossspectrometer/spectroscopy并联电子能量损失谱仪/学PIMSPrecisionIon-MillingSystemPIPSPrecisionIon-PolishingSystemPMphotomultiplier光电倍增器POAphase-objectapproximation相位物近似QHRTEMquantitativehigh-resolutiontransmissionelectronmicrosc.定量高分辨透射电子显微学RBtranslationboundary(yes,itdoes!)RCProcking-beamchannelingpatternsRDFradialdistribution functionREMreflectionelectronmicroscope/microscopy反射电子显微镜/学RHEEDreflectionhigh-energyelectrondiffraction反射高能电子衍射RHFrelativisticHartree-FockRHFSrelativisticHartree-Fock-SlaterSADselected-areadiffraction选区衍射SEsecondaryelectron二次电子SEELSserialelectronenergy-lossspectrometer/spectrometry串联电子能量损失谱仪/学SEMscanningelectronmicroscope/microscopy扫描电子显微镜/学SFstackingfault堆垛层错SHRLIsimulatedhigh-resolutionlatticeimages程序的名称SIMSsecondaryionmassspectrometryS/Nsignal-to-noiseratio信噪比SOLZsecond-orderLauezone二阶劳埃区SRMstandardreferencematerialSTEMscanningtransmissionelectronmicroscope/microscopy扫描透射电子显微镜/学STMscanningtunnelingmicroscope/microscopy扫描隧道电子显微镜/学TBtwinboundary挛晶界TEMtransmissionelectronmicroscope/microscopy透射电子显微镜/学TMBAtoomanybloodyacronymsUHVultrahighvacuum超高真空UTWultrathinwindow超薄窗口V/Fvoltagetofrequency(converter)VLMvisible-lightmicroscope/microscopyWBweakbeam弱束WBDFweak-beamdarkfield弱束暗场WDSwavelength-dispersiveWPwholepattern全图WPOAweak-phaseobjectapproximation弱相位物近似WWWWorldWideWebXANESX-rayabsorptionnear-edgestructureX射线吸收近边结构XEDSX-rayenergy-dispersivespectrometerX射线能量色散谱仪XRDX-raydiffractionX射线衍射YBCOyttrium-barium-copperoxide钇钡铜氧YAGyttrium-aluminumgarnet钇铝石榴石ZAFatomicnumber,absorption,fluorescencecorrectionZAPzone-axispatternZOLZzero-orderLauezone零阶劳埃区方法：Supercellplanewavemethod:基于平面波的超元胞方法transmissionelectronmicroscopy(TEM)：透射电镜X-raydiffractionmeasurements：X射线衍射技术microscopicmasterequationapproachclusteractivationmethod： PathProbabilityMethod：TransmissionElectronMicroscopy(TEM)：透射电镜Appliedhomogeneousstrainfield核磁共振(NMR)powderdiffraction：粉末衍射extrapolationtechnique：外推技术、外推法、外推算法动词：
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