宾语从句和状语从句.doc

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宾语从句宾语从句是英语中用来充当宾语的句子。带有宾语从句的那个句子叫主句。宾语从句一般由“引导词+主语+谓语+其它”构成，其语序是陈述句语序。一、  that引导的宾语从句主句的谓语动词是say,think,tell,know,hear,see,feel,mean,hope,wish,remember,forget等时，或主句的谓语动词是由形容词afraid,glad,sure,sorry等作表语的系表结构时，后面常接that引导的宾语从句。e.g.Hesaysthathewantstospeaktotheheadmaster.I’msorry(that)heisn’thererightnow.注意:1.     that的省略：that引导的宾语从句用来陈述事实，that本身无词义，在从句中不作任何成分，在口语中或非正式文体中常常可被省略。e.g.Iguess(that)somebodyelsehasborrowedit.I’mafraid(that)you’llhavetowait.2.     宾语从句的否定转移：主句是I/Wethink/suppose/guess/believe等时，从句中的否定习惯上要转移到主句中。如：我认为鸡不会游泳。误：Ithinkchickenscannotswim.正：Idon’tthinkchickenscanswim.此外，上述情况在变成反意疑问句时，如果主句的主语是第一人称时，附加疑问句要看从句；如果主句的主语不是第一人称，则附加疑问句要看主句。试比较：Ithinkheiswrong,isn’the?Hethinksheisright,doesn’the?二、   if/whether引导的宾语从句if/whether都可作宾语从句的引导词，意为“是否”，在一般情况下可以互换。if多用于口语和非正式文体中，whether则多用于比较正式的文体中。如：e.g.Sheaskedmeif/whetherIcouldhelpherwithherEnglish.Idon’tknowif/whetheritisgoingtorain.注意:只能用whether的几种情况：1.     在带to的动词不定式前Hedoesn’tknowwhethertogotothecinemaortowatchTVathome.2.     在介词后I’mthinkingofwhetherweshouldgofishing.3.     与ornot连用时Idon'tknowwhetherIshouldgoornot.4.     在动词discuss后面的宾语从句中Wediscussedwhetherwouldhaveasportsmeetingnextweek.5.     宾语从句提前时只能用whetherWhetherthisistrueornot,Ican’tsay.6.     引导位于句首的主语从句或表语从句用whetherWhetherheisrightorwrongisaquestion.三、连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句 1.、构成：(1)宾语从句可由连接代词what,who,whom,which等引导，它们在宾语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语等，不能省略，从句用陈述句语序。Doyouknowwhowillcomethisafternoon?(作主语)Didyouhearwhathesaid?（作宾语）Idon’tknowwhosethatis.（作表语）Couldyoutellmewhichgatewehavetogoto?（作gate的定语）(2)宾语从句可由连接副词when,where,how,why等引导，它们在宾语从句中作状语，不可省略，句用陈述句语序。Wedidn’tknowwhenshewouldcomeback.CouldyoutellmehowIcangettothepostoffice?Nooneknowswhysheislateagain.2、难点：(1)避免重复出现连接代词或连接副词；e.g.*Ican’tseethatwhatisoverthere.（应去掉that）(2)从句中的语序为陈述语序；e.g.*Doyouknowhowoldisshe?(应改为：…howoldsheis)(3)从句中的时态与主句时态前后呼应。e.g.*Shedidn’ttellmewhenshewillcome.(应改为：…whenshewouldcome)3、宾语从句与简单句的转换：由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句可用“疑问代词和疑问副词＋todo”替代，转换成简单句。e.g.I’venoideawhatwe’regoingtodonext.=I’venoideawhattodonext.CouldyoutellmehowIcangettothepostoffice?=Couldyoutellmehowtogettothepostoffice?难点：宾语从句的时态主句中谓语动词是一般现在时，从句中谓语动词的时态不受限制，可根据具体情况选用适当的时态；主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句中也必须要用某种过去时态，以保持时态的前后呼应。特别要注意的是当宾语从句表示的是客观真理、科学原理、自然现象、名言时，则用一般现在时，不受主句时态的限制。试比较：Hesaysthathewantstoseehimassoonaspossible.Tomsaysthatheismendinghiscar.Tomsaidthathewasmendinghiscar.Theteachertoldusthattheearthgoesroundthesun.Theteachertoldusthatlighttravelsmuchfasterthansound.四、直接引语与间接引语(1)人称的变化　一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新　　　Shesaid,“Iamtired.”她说：“我累了。”　　→Shesaidthat__________tired.她说她累了。Theheadmastersaidtous,“Youmuststudyhardnow.”校长对我们说：“你们现在一定要努力学习。”→Theheadmastertoldusthat______hadtostudyhardthen.校长告诉我们，我们那时必须努力学习。 (2)引导词和语序直接引语间接引语引导词语序陈述句that(可省略)不变一般疑问句if/whether疑问语序改为陈述语序特殊疑问句wh类词疑问语序改为陈述语序直接引语改为动词不定式时，需同时将主句中的saytosb改为tell/asksb,构成tell/asksb(not)todosth句型。(3)时态的变化　　直接引语变为间接引语时，间接引语的时态要与主句的时态一致。其规律一般是：一般现在时——一般过去时一般过去时——过去完成时一般将来时——过去将来时现在进行时——过去进行时　　现在完成时——过去完成时　过去完成时——不变(4)指示代词、时间和地点状语等的变化this—that　these—thosenow—then　today—thatday　tonight—thatnightthisweek(year,term)—lastweek(year,tern)yesterday—thedaybeforelastweek(year,term)—theweek(year,term)beforetwoyearsago—twoyearsbeforetomorrow—thenext(following)daynextweek(year,term)—thenextweek(year,term)　here—there中考真题回顾：1、Couldyoutellme_______ameetinginGuangzhounextweek?A．iftherewasgoingtobeB．ifthereisgoingtobeC．whetheristheregoingtobeD．whetherthereisgoingtohave2、.—Iwonder____________at8:00lastnight?—IwaswatchingNBA.A.WhatwereyoudoingB.WhatdidyoudoC.whatyouweredoingD.Whatareyoudoing3、.----Dad,pleasetellmewhenMum_______.Imissherverymuch.----Shewillreturnwhenshe____hertask.Andshewillbringanicepresentforyou.A.returns;finishesBreturns;willfinishC.willreturn;finishesD.willreturn;willfinish4、Ididn’tunderstand_____.SoIraisedmyhandtoaskA.whatmyteachersaysB.whatmyteachersayC.whatmyteachersaidD.whatdidmyteachersay5、----Couldyoutellme________?----AttheendofJuly.A.howoftenheheardfromhispenpalB.howsoonhewillbehereC.thathewentonvacationD.whenyouwillstartyourvacation6、—I’mhungrynow.Couldyoupleasetellme______?—Sure.Followme,please.A.wherethere’sagoodplacetohavefunB.thewaytothepostoffice C.whereIcangetadictionaryD.wherethere’sagoodplacetoeat7、Idon’tthinkhewillcomehereontime,?A.won’theB.willheC.doesheD.ishe8、Doyouknow_____Isawyesterday?Itwasmyfavoritestar,Jackie!A.whomB.whenC.whereD.how9、—Excuseme.Couldyoupleasetellme__________?—Sure.There’sabookstoreonBridgeRoad.A.whereIcangetadictionaryB.wherecanIgetadictionaryC.wheredidIcangetadictionaryD.whereIgotadictionary10、OurgeographyteachertoldusthatJapantheeastofChina.A.isinB.wasinC.istoD.wasto11、Nobodyknowshe’llcomeornot.A.thatB.ifC./D.whether12、Canyoutellme______?A.howmuchistheredsweaterB.howmuchtheredsweaterisC.what’sthepriceoftheredsweaterD.howmanytheredsweateris状语从句状语从句是副词性从句，其句法功能是修饰谓语或整个句子等，在句中作状语，通常由从属连词引导。一、时间状语从句（一）引导词1)when,表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时(这种情况也可用while)或先后发生，意为“当…时”。e.g.Whenyougetoffthebus,youmustn’tpushothers.Fatherwascleaningthecar______Iwasplayingcomputergames.2)before,表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之前，意为“在……之前”。e.g.Don’tsayanythingbeforeyoulookatthepicture.3)after,表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之后，意为“在……之后”。e.g.Theytalkedaboutthepartyafterthepeopleleft.4)until,表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之前，意为“直到……为止”。主句用肯定式，谓语是延续性的动词，表示动作一直延续到until所表示的时间为止)e.g.Iwillwaituntilhecomes.注意：until用于否定句时，主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前，并且谓语动词是非延续性动词，表示某一动作到until所表示的时间才发生。not…untill意为“直到……才……”。）e.g.Shewon’tgotobeduntilshefinishesherhomework.5)assoonas,表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之后，意为“一……就”。)e.g.MybrotherwentoutassoonasIgothome.（二）主句和从句之间的时态1)主句一般将来时，从句用一般现在时：e.g.Theboywillbeawriterwhenhegrowsup.2)主句含有情态动词，从句用一般现在时：e.g.Whenthelightsarered,thetrafficmuststop. 3)主句为祈使句时，从句用一般现在时：e.g.Pleasedon’tgotobedbeforeyoufinishyourhomework.4)主句为一般过去时，从句也用过去时态：e.g.IlikedreadingwhenIwasyoung.二、条件状语从句条件状语从句通常由if或unless(=ifnot)引导，从句中常用一般时代替将来时，即if或unless后的句子谓语用一般现在时或一般过去时。但是，主句则通常用将来时，情态动词或祈使句。e.g.Ifhedoesn’tcomeontime,wewon’tknowwhattoknow.Hemustcomeifheistold.Pleaseletmeknowifhecomesback.I’llgothereunlessitrains.三、其他状语从句从句名称引导词地点状语从句where,wherever(无论哪里)原因状语从句because,since(既然),as，for目的状语从句sothat(以便),inorderthat(为了，目的是)让步状语从句though(虽然),although(虽然),evenif＝eventhough(即使)比较状语从句than,as…as…，notso/as…as…结果状语从句that,sothat,so…that,such…that(如此……以至于……)e.g.1.I’llgowhereveryougo.2.Sincealotofpeoplemakemistakesinlife,Mr.SmithwantedtogiveJohnachance.3.Hegotupmuchearlierthanusualsothathecouldcatchthefirstbus.4.Thoughhetriedmanytimes,hefailedtoworkitout.5.ThisquestionisnotsodifficultasIthought.Themoreheheardthesong,thelesshelikedit.6.Hemadesuchagoodreportthateverybodywaspleased.中考真题回顾：1.Itwillbehardforustogetupinthemorningifwe____tobedtoolate．A．goB.wentC.willgoD.havegone2.Iffarmerstreesandforests,giantpandasnowheretolive.A.cutdown;haveB.willcutdown;willhaveC.willcutdon;haveD.cutdown;willhave3.IfNancy_______theexam,shewillgotoAustraliaforEnglishstudy.A.passB.passedC.passesD.willpass4.Henrywillgiveusareportassoonashe_.A.arrivesB.arrivedC.isarrivingD.willarrive5.I’llgotovisitmyauntinEngland_____thesummerholidaysstart.. A.whileB.since.C.untilD.assoonas6.Iftheweather______fine,we_____haveasportsmeetingthisweekend.A.willbe,willB.is,willC.was,wouldD.is,would7.Ifitdoesn’traintomorrow,we_____swimming.A.goB.willgoC.wentD.wouldgo8._____hewasexercisingattheparkyesterdaymorning,hefoundapurseunderthetree.A.WhileB.BeforeC.ThoughD.After9.We’retalkingabout“ChinaDream”thesedays.It’s_____attractive______alloftheChinesepeopleareinterestedinit.A.such;thatB.so;thatC.too;toD.as;as10.Heis______acutebaby_______wealllikehim.A.so,thatB.such,thatC.very,thatD.so,because11.LiNaisfamousallthetennisfansinChinaknowher.A.too;toB.enough;toC.as;asD.so;that12.Whenyou________atarestaurant,pleaseorderjustenoughfood.A.ateB.willeatC.eatD.haveneaten巩固：1.Thedininghallis________tohold300people．A．enoughbigB．enoughsmallC．smallenoughD．bigenough2.Ihave___totellyou.Maybeyouwillbe_____init.A.interestingsomething;interestedB.somethinginteresting;interestingC.somethinginteresting;interestedD.somethinginterested;interesting3.—ThereisasmileonMissGao’sface.Shemustbe_______withSam’swork..—Ithinkso.Noonedidas__ashiminourclass.A.angry:wellB.pleasing;goodC.strict,goodD.pleased;well[来源:学,科,网]4.Davidwassoexcitedatthegoodnewsthathecouldsayaword.A.nearlyB.hardC.everD.hardly5.Theyhavejustcleanedthewindows,sotheroomlooks______.A.brightestB.leastbrightC.lessbrightD.muchbrighter6.Thenewkindofcaris_____dear,Idon’thave_____money.A.toomuch;muchtooB.muchtoo;toomuchC.toomuch;toomuchD.muchtoo;muchtoo7.—Howareyoutoday,Mike?—I’mnow.Idon’tthinkthismedicineisgoodforme.A.badlyB.betterC.wellD.worse8.－Manyboystudentsthinkmathis______English.－Iagree.I’mweakinEnglish.[中#国*教育%&出版网@]A.muchdifficultthanB.sodifficultasC.lessdifficultthanD.moredifficultthan]9.ShealwaysdoesverywellintheEnglishexams.Butshecan_____understandEnglishradioprograms.A.alwaysB.hardlyC.alreadyD.easily10.Haveyoufoundyourkeys____?Yes,Ihavefoundthem____.A.yet;yetB.already;yetC.yet,alreadyD.already;already11.I’mhungry.Couldyoupleasegiveme?A.threepiecesofbreadB.threepieceofbreadsC.threepiecesofbreadsD.threepieceofbread 12.Lastweek,wehavelearnUnit,andtodaywearegoingtolearnunit.A.Eleven;thetwelfthB.Eleven;thetwelvethC.theeleventh;twelve