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1、MarkTwain(1835-1910)BornSamuelLanghorneClemens,hewasanAmericanauthor,ahumorist,narrator,andsocialobserver.TwainisunsurpassedinAmericanliterature.HisnovelTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn,amasterpieceofhumor,characterization,andrealism,hasbeencalledthefirst(andsometimesthebest)modernAmericannov
2、el.Afterthedeathofhisfatherin1847,youngClemenswasapprenticedtoaprinterinHannibal,theMississippiRivertownwherehespentmostofhisboyhood.Hefirstbeganwritingforhisbrother’snewspaperthere,andlaterheworkedasaprinterinseveralmajorEasterncities.In1857,ClemenswenttoNewOrleansonhiswaytomakehisfortunei
3、nSouthAmerica,butinsteadhebecameaMississippiRiverpilot—hencehispseudonym,“MarkTwain,”whichwastherivercallforadepthofwateroftwofathoms（测量海水深度单位，约6英尺）.TheCivilWarputanendtorivertraffic,andin1862ClemenswenttoCarsonCity,wherehefailedinseveralget-rich-quickschemes.HeeventuallybeganwritingfortheV
4、irginiaCityExaminerandlaterwasanewspapermaninSanFrancisco.Soonthehumorist“MarkTwain”emerged,awriteroftalltalesandabsurdanecdotes.Hefirstwonfamewiththecomicmasterpiece“TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty,”（卡拉维拉斯县驰名的跳蛙）Thestorywasfirstpublishedin1865intheNewYorkSaturdayPressandlater(186
5、7)usedasthetitlepieceforavolumeofstoriesandsketches.Hesetoutworldtour,travelinginFranceandItaly.Hisexperienceswererecordedin1869inTheInnocentsAbroad,whichgainedhimwidepopularity,andpokedfunatbothAmericanandEuropeanprejudicesandmannersWhenhereturnedfromatriptoHawaiiin1866,Twainbecameasuccess
6、fulhumorouslecturer.ItssuccessgaveTwainenoughfinancialsecuritytomarryOliviaLangdonin1870.TheymovednextyeartoHartford.,wherethefamilyremained,withoccasionaltripsabroad,until1891.TheAdventureofHuckleberryFinn(1884)wasfirstconsideredadultfiction.HuckFinn,whichpaintedapictureofMississippifronti
7、erlife,wasintendedasasequeltoTomSawyer.Huck,whocouldnotpossiblywriteastory,tellsusthestory.BothworksstandhighonthelistofeminentwriterslikeStevenson,Dickenswhohonestlydepictedyoungpeoplewithoutanycondescension（傲慢，俯就）ormoralizing.Inthe1890sTwainlostmostofh
