chapter 8 pragmatics 语用学 语言学教程 胡壮麟

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1、Chapter8LanguageinUseTheScopeofPragmaticsSpeechActTheoryConversationalImplicatureSpeaker’smeaning(utteranceorcontextualmeaning)–theinterpretationofasentencedependsonwhothespeakeris,whotheheareris,whenandwhereitisused.Inaword,itdependsonthecontext.Thedisciplinewhichconcentrateonthiskindofm

2、eaningiscalledPragmatics.Pragmaticsisthestudyofthoserelationsbetweenlanguageandcontextthataregrammaticalized,orencodedinthestructureofalanguage.Pragmaticsisthestudyofallthoseaspectsofmeaningnotcapturedinasemantictheory.Pragmaticsisthestudyoftheabilityoflanguageuserstopairsentenceswiththec

3、ontextsinwhichtheywouldbeappropriate.Pragmaticscanbedefinedasthestudyoflanguageinuse.(Hu)Pragmaticscanbedefinedasthestudyofhowutteranceshavemeaningsinsituations.(Leech)ContextandMeaningWhatiscontextualmeaning?Itisthemeaningalinguisticitemhasincontext,forexamplethemeaningawordhaswithinapar

4、ticularsentence,orasentencehasinaparticularparagraph.ThequestionDoyouknowthemeaningofwar?forexample,mayhavetwodifferentcontextualmeanings:(1)itmaymeanDoyouknowthemeaningofthewordwar?,whensaidbyalanguageteachertoaclassofstudents.(2)itmaymeanWarproducesdeath,injury,andsuffering,whensaidbyan

5、injuredsoldiertoapoliticianwhofavorswar.Themeaningofaverysimplestatementdependsonwhosaysit,whotheyarespeakingtoandwherethetwopeopleare.Becausethepeoplearebothinthesituation,themeaningiscleartothem–itdoesnotneedtobesaid.E.g.Thedoorisopen.Pleasediscussthemeaningofthissentencebylistingthepeo

6、pleandthesituationinvolvedinit.meaningcontextYouforgottolockitagain,idiot!Abankmanagertoaclerkstandinginfrontofthesafe.Whatarelief!Idon’thavetowaitforsomeonetocomehome.Apersonarriveshomewithoutakey.Hetriesthedooranditopens.NowonderI’mcold.Apersonsittinginaroomthatisfreezingcold.Shutthedoo

7、r.Twopeopleinanoffice.It’snoisynextdoorbutthespeakerdoesn’twanttogetup.Pleasecomein.Areceptionistinanoffice;someonehasrungthebellorknocked.(1)Theroomismessy.Possiblecontext:(a)Amildcriticismofsomeonewhoshouldhavecleanedtheroom.(b)Inalanguageclasswhereastudentmadeami