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1、32HumanNeeds,HumanRights*Massimo RenzoI.HumanRights: NaturalisticandPoliticalConceptionsThelanguageofhumanrightshasbecomethemaincurrencyinwhichallthemostimportantissuesofinternationaljusticearenormallycashedout.Theneedtoprotecthumanrightsisinvoked,amongotherthings,t
2、odefendthelegitimacyofmilitaryintervention,tojustifytheinstitutionofinternationalcourtsandtribunals,andtoassesstheeligibilityofcountriestobepartofinternationalagreementsortoreceiveaidtheydesperatelyneed.Theroleplayedbyhumanrightsatthedomesticleveltendstogetlessatten
3、tion,butisequallysignificant.Allofthemostimportanthumanrightsareembodiedindomesticlaw,andstatesbearprimaryresponsibilityfortheirprotec-tionandtheirenforcement.Indeed,accordingtomany,itispreciselythetaskofpro-tectingandenforcinghumanrightsthatultimatelyjustifieswhate
4、verauthoritystateshave.1Anotionthatplayssuchapervasiverolebothatthedomesticandattheinternationallevelisinneedofjustification,andtothistaskphilosophershaveturnedinrecentyears.Initially,theobviousmoveinexplainingwhathumanrightsareandwhatjustifiestheirexistencehasbeent
5、olookatthenaturallawtradition,andinparticularatthenotionofnaturalrights: rightsthatallhumanbeingspossesssimplyinvirtueoftheirhumannature.2Thecrucialelementofthis“naturalistic”approach,whoserootcanbefoundinthethoughtofGrotius,Pufendorf,andLocke,istheclaimthathumanrig
6、htsareenti-tlementsthateveryhumanbeinghasagainsteveryotherhumanbeing,independentlyoftheexistenceofinstitutionalarrangementsorspecificpractices.Althoughthespecificformthathumanrightswilltakeindifferentsocio-historicalcontextsmightchangedependingontheinstitutionalback
7、groundwithinwhichtheyareinvoked(whichexplainswhy,forexample,thehumanrighttoeducationinAncientGreecetakesadifferentformthanthehumanrighttoeducationinBritaintoday),thereisasetofabstractlydefinedhumanrights(forexample,thehumanright*IamgratefultoSimonCaney,RowanCruft,Lu
8、araFerracioli,SimonHope,MatthewLiao,SaladinMeckled-Garcia,andMatthewNoah-Smithforveryhelpfulcomments,ThanksalsotoaudiencesatCAPPE,King’sCo
