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1、外文文献翻译译文一、外文原文原文：CommercialBankRiskManagement:anAnalysisoftheProcessWhatTypeofRiskIsBeingConsidered?Commercialbanksareintheriskbusiness.Intheprocessofprovidingfinancialservices,theyassumevariouskindsoffinancialrisks.Overthelastdecadeourunderstandingoftheplaceofcommercialbankswith
2、inthefinancialsectorhasimprovedsubstantially.Overthistime,muchhasbeenwrittenontheroleofcommercialbanksinthefinancialsector,bothintheacademicliteratureandinthefinancialpress.Theseargumentswillbeneitherreviewednorenumeratedhere.Sufficeittosaythatmarketparticipantsseektheservicesoft
3、hesefinancialinstitutionsbecauseoftheirabilitytoprovidemarketknowledge,transactionefficiencyandfundingcapability.Inperformingtheserolestheygenerallyactasaprincipalinthetransaction,Assuch,theyusetheirownbalancesheettofacilitatethetransactionandtoabsorbtherisksassociatedwithit.Tobe
4、sure,thereareactivitiesperformedbybankingfirmswhichdonothavedirectbalancesheetimplications.Theseservicesincludeagencyandadvisoryactivitiessuchas(i)trustandinvestmentmanagement,(ii)privateandpublicplacementsthrough"bestefforts"orfacilitatingcontracts,(iii)standardunderwritingthrou
5、ghSection20Subsidiariesoftheholdingcompany,or(iv)thepackaging,securitizing,distributingandservicingofloansintheareasofconsumerandrealestatedebtprimarily.Theseitemsareabsentfromthetraditionalfinancialstatementbecausethelatterrelyongenerallyacceptedaccountingproceduresratherthanatr
6、ueeconomicbalancesheet.Nonetheless,theoverwhelmingmajorityoftherisksfacingthebankingfirmisinon-balance-sheetbusinesses.Itisinthisareathatthediscussionofriskmanagementandthenecessaryproceduresforriskmanagementandcontrolhascentered.Accordingly,itisherethatourreviewofriskmanagementp
7、rocedureswillconcentrate.WhatKindsOfRisksAreBeingAbsorbed?Theriskscontainedinthebank'sprincipalactivities,i.e.,thoseinvolvingitsownbalancesheetanditsbasicbusinessoflendingandborrowing,arenotallbornebythebankitself.Inmanyinstancestheinstitutionwilleliminateormitigatethefinancialri
8、skassociatedwithatransactionbyproperbusi
