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1、IntellectualsandNewTechnologies,英语其它论文Criticalintellectualsweretraditionallythosewhoutilizedtheirskillsofspeakingandwritingtodenounceinjusticesandabusesofpower,andtofightfortruth,justice,progress,andotherpositivevalues.InthewordsofJean-PaulSartre(1974:28
2、5),"thedutyoftheintellectualistodenounceinjusticewhereveritoccurs."Themoderncriticalintellectual'sfieldofactionwaswhatHabermas(1989)calledthepublicsphereofdemocraticdebate,politicaldialogue,andthewritinganddiscussionofnewspapers,journals,pamphlets,andboo
3、ks.Ofcourse,notallintellectualswerecriticalorbyanymeansprogressive.Withtheriseofmodernsocieties,therewasadivisionbetweenphysicalandmentallabor,andintellectualsbecamethosewhospecializedinmentallabor,producinganddistributingideasandculture,withsomeopposing
4、andsomelegitimatingtheestablishedformsofsociety.Thus,intellectualsweresplitintothosecriticalandoppositionalindividualswhoopposedinjusticeandoppression,ascontrastedtothoseproducersofideologywholegitimatedtheformsofclass,race,andgenderdominationandinequali
5、tyinmodernsocieties.Inthefollowingreflections,Iwanttodiscusssomechallengesfrompostmoderntheorytotheclassicalconceptionsofthecriticalintellectualandsomeofthewaysthatnewtechnologiesandnewpublicspheresoffernewpossibilitiesfordemocraticdiscussionandintervent
6、ion,whichcallforaredefinitionoftheintellectual.Consequently,Iwilldiscusssomechangesintheconceptofthepublicsphereandhownewtechnologiesandnewspheresofpublicdebateandconflictsuggestsomenewpossibilitiesforredefiningintellectualsinthepresentera.ThePublicSpher
7、eandtheIntellectualJurgenHabermas'sconceptofthepublicspheredescribedaspaceofinstitutionsandpracticesbetweentheprivateinterestsofthoseincivilsocietyandtherealmofstatepower.Thepublicspherethusmediatesbetweenthedomainsofthefamilyandtheworkplace--whereprivat
8、einterestsprevail--andthestatewhichoftenexertsarbitraryformsofpoweranddomination.WhatHabermas(1989)calledthe"bourgeoispublicsphere"consistedoftherealmofpublicassemblies,pubsandcoffeehouses,literarysalons,andmeetinghallswhe
