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1、ChapterTwoEducationasaSocialFunction1.TheNatureandMeaningofEnvironment.Wehaveseenthatacommunityorsocialgroupsustainsitselfthroughcontinuousself-renewal,andthatthisrenewaltakesplacebymeansoftheeducationalgrowthoftheimmaturemembersofthegroup.Byvariousagencies,unintent
2、ionalanddesigned,asocietytransformsuninitiatedandseeminglyalienbeingsintorobusttrusteesofitsownresourcesandideals.Educationisthusafostering,anurturing,acultivating,process.Allofthesewordsmeanthatitimpliesattentiontotheconditionsofgrowth.Wealsospeakofrearing,raising,
3、bringingup--wordswhichexpressthedifferenceoflevelwhicheducationaimstocover.Etymologically,thewordeducationmeansjustaprocessofleadingorbringingup.Whenwehavetheoutcomeoftheprocessinmind,wespeakofeducationasshaping,forming,moldingactivity--thatis,ashapingintothestandar
4、dformofsocialactivity.Inthischapterweareconcernedwiththegeneralfeaturesofthewayinwhichasocialgroupbringsupitsimmaturemembersintoitsownsocialform.Sincewhatisrequiredisatransformationofthequalityofexperiencetillitpartakesintheinterests,purposes,andideascurrentinthesoc
5、ialgroup,theproblemisevidentlynotoneofmerephysicalforming.Thingscanbephysicallytransportedinspace;theymaybebodilyconveyed.Beliefsandaspirationscannotbephysicallyextractedandinserted.Howthenaretheycommunicated?Giventheimpossibilityofdirectcontagionorliteralinculcatio
6、n,ourproblemistodiscoverthemethodbywhichtheyoungassimilatethepointofviewoftheold,ortheolderbringtheyoungintolike-mindednesswiththemselves.Theanswer,ingeneralformulation,is:Bymeansoftheactionoftheenvironmentincallingoutcertainresponses.Therequiredbeliefscannotbehamme
7、redin;theneededattitudescannotbeplasteredon.Buttheparticularmediuminwhichanindividualexistsleadshimtoseeandfeelonethingratherthananother;itleadshimtohavecertainplansinorderthathemayactsuccessfullywithothers;itstrengthenssomebeliefsandweakensothersasaconditionofwinni
8、ngtheapprovalofothers.Thusitgraduallyproducesinhimacertainsystemofbehavior,acertaindispositionofaction.Thewords"environment,""medium"denot
