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1、ChapterSeventeenScienceintheCourseofStudy1.TheLogicalandthePsychological.Byscienceismeant,asalreadystated,thatknowledgewhichistheoutcomeofmethodsofobservation,reflection,andtestingwhicharedeliberatelyadoptedtosecureasettled,assuredsubjectmatter.Itinvolvesanintelligentandpersistentendeavortorevisecur
2、rentbeliefssoastoweedoutwhatiserroneous,toaddtotheiraccuracy,and,aboveall,togivethemsuchshapethatthedependenciesofthevariousfactsupononeanothermaybeasobviousaspossible.Itis,likeallknowledge,anoutcomeofactivitybringingaboutcertainchangesintheenvironment.Butinitscase,thequalityoftheresultingknowledgei
3、sthecontrollingfactorandnotanincidentoftheactivity.Bothlogicallyandeducationally,scienceistheperfectingofknowing,itslaststage.Science,inshort,signifiesarealizationofthelogicalimplicationsofanyknowledge.Logicalorderisnotaformimposeduponwhatisknown;itistheproperformofknowledgeasperfected.Foritmeanstha
4、tthestatementofsubjectmatterisofanaturetoexhibittoonewhounderstandsitthepremisesfromwhichitfollowsandtheconclusionstowhichitpoints(Seeante,p.190).Asfromafewbonesthecompetentzoologistreconstructsananimal;sofromtheformofastatementinmathematicsorphysicsthespecialistinthesubjectcanformanideaofthesystemo
5、ftruthsinwhichithasitsplace.Tothenon-expert,however,thisperfectedformisastumblingblock.Justbecausethematerialisstatedwithreferencetothefurtheranceofknowledgeasanendinitself,itsconnectionswiththematerialofeverydaylifearehidden.Tothelaymanthebonesareamerecuriosity.Untilhehadmasteredtheprinciplesofzool
6、ogy,hiseffortstomakeanythingoutofthemwouldberandomandblind.Fromthestandpointofthelearnerscientificformisanidealtobeachieved,notastartingpointfromwhichtosetout.Itis,nevertheless,afrequentpracticetostartininstructionwiththerudimentsofsciencesomewhatsimplified.Thenecessaryconsequenceisanisolationofscie
7、ncefromsignificantexperience.Thepupillearnssymbolswithoutthekeytotheirmeaning.Heacquiresatechnicalbodyofinformationwithoutabilitytotraceitsconnectionswiththeobjectsandoperationswithwhichheisfamiliar--
