民主主义与教育英文版Chapter08

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1、ChapterEightAimsinEducation1.TheNatureofanAim.Theaccountofeducationgiveninourearlierchaptersvirtuallyanticipatedtheresultsreachedinadiscussionofthepurportofeducationinademocraticcommunity.Foritassumedthattheaimofeducationistoenableindividualstocontinuetheireducation--orthattheobjec

2、tandrewardoflearningiscontinuedcapacityforgrowth.Nowthisideacannotbeappliedtoallthemembersofasocietyexceptwhereintercourseofmanwithmanismutual,andexceptwherethereisadequateprovisionforthereconstructionofsocialhabitsandinstitutionsbymeansofwidestimulationarisingfromequitablydistribu

3、tedinterests.Andthismeansademocraticsociety.Inoursearchforaimsineducation,wearenotconcerned,therefore,withfindinganendoutsideoftheeducativeprocesstowhicheducationissubordinate.Ourwholeconceptionforbids.Weareratherconcernedwiththecontrastwhichexistswhenaimsbelongwithintheprocessinwh

4、ichtheyoperateandwhentheyaresetupfromwithout.Andthelatterstateofaffairsmustobtainwhensocialrelationshipsarenotequitablybalanced.Forinthatcase,someportionsofthewholesocialgroupwillfindtheiraimsdeterminedbyanexternaldictation;theiraimswillnotarisefromthefreegrowthoftheirownexperience

5、,andtheirnominalaimswillbemeanstomoreulteriorendsofothersratherthantrulytheirown.Ourfirstquestionistodefinethenatureofanaimsofarasitfallswithinanactivity,insteadofbeingfurnishedfromwithout.Weapproachthedefinitionbyacontrastofmereresultswithends.Anyexhibitionofenergyhasresults.Thewi

6、ndblowsaboutthesandsofthedesert;thepositionofthegrainsischanged.Hereisaresult,aneffect,butnotanend.Forthereisnothingintheoutcomewhichcompletesorfulfillswhatwentbeforeit.Thereismerespatialredistribution.Onestateofaffairsisjustasgoodasanyother.Consequentlythereisnobasisuponwhichtosel

7、ectanearlierstateofaffairsasabeginning,alaterasanend,andtoconsiderwhatintervenesasaprocessoftransformationandrealization.Considerforexampletheactivitiesofbeesincontrastwiththechangesinthesandswhenthewindblowsthemabout.Theresultsofthebees'actionsmaybecalledendsnotbecausetheyaredesig

8、nedorconsciouslyintended,b