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【标题】《格列弗游记》中乔纳森?斯威夫特的讽刺艺术【作者】李洁【关键词】讽刺艺术；讽刺小说；英国社会；人性【指导老师】程琼项谊【专业】英语【正文】Ⅰ.Introduction A.ABriefIntroductiontotheAuthor AsafamousIrishpoet,pamphleteer,satiristandwitofAugustanAge,JonathanSwiftwasborninDublin,Irelandon30November1667,anddiedon19October1745,aged78.Hisfatherdiedsomesevenmonthsbeforehisbirth.BeforeSwiftwasayearold,hewastakentoEnglandbyhisnurse,andremainedapartfromhismotherforthreeyears.SwiftlivedapoorlifeandwasdependentuponhisuncleGodwin,whotookprimaryresponsibilityforhisstudyingandsenthimtoKilkennyGrammarSchool (1674-82).ThenhestudiedatTrinityCollegeinDublin (1682-89),learningphilosophyandtheologywhichheshowednointerestsatall.HereceivedhisB.A.in1686andM.A.in1692atTrinityCollege. Aftergraduation,heleftDublinforBritainandbegantoworkasasecretarytoSirWilliam,aretireddiplomat,atwhoseplacehemetmanyimportantpoliticiansandcametoknowmuchofthedishonestpoliticsoftheday,whichhavebecomethesourcesofsomecharactersoreventsinhisworks.ButwhenSirWilliamdiedin1699,JonathanwaslefthuntingforajobandeventuallyfoundoddChurchpositionsinIreland. “However,withhisexperienceandwritingskills,hesoonbecameaveryfashionablesatiricwriterinDublin.”1 From1707to1709andagainin1710,SwiftwasinLondon.Hewentonwithhispursuitasachurchmanandpoliticaljournalist.In1710,hetookovertheToryjournal,TheExaminer,attackingtheWhiggovernmentforitsinabilitytoendtheprolongedwarwithFrance.WiththerepressionofGeorgeI,theTorieslostpoliticalpower.Therefore,hehadtoreturntoIrelandandbecamethedeanofSt.Patrick’sCathedral.Hedevotedhimselftohisnewpost. “HebecamethechampionofIreland’sinterestandledtheattackagainstthebridlingpoliciesoftheBritishgovernment;hedefendedthelowerclergyagainstthebishops;heassociatedhimselfwithmostofDublin’scharitableinstitutionsandissuedavarietyoftractsandpamphlets.”2 DeathbecameafrequentfeatureinSwift’slife,butheleftbehindagreatmassofpoetryandprose,chieflyintheformofpamphlets.Ofhisnumerous writings,themostforcefulandthebestknownpiecesare:TheTaleofaTub (1704),TheBattleoftheBooks (1704),JournaltoStella (1710-11),TheDrapier’sLetters (1724),Gulliver’sTravels (1726),AModestProposal (1929).B.ABriefIntroductiontotheNovel AsSwift’smasterpiece,Gulliver’sTravelsisanoutstandingsatiricalfiction,whichispraisedasthemodelofworldfamoussatiricalliteratureduetoitsoutstandingthoughtandartisticvalue.ItreflectsthecontradictionsofBritishsocietyinthe18thcentury,sharplysatirizingandcriticizingthecorruptionandthedirtyofBritishpoliticalsystem,revealingthedarknessandsinofthepalace,thecolonialpolicies,thereactionaryreligiousforces,thepolice,thejudicatory,theculture,thescienceandeventhehumanityasawhole,italsoruthlesslycondemningBritishruler’sbloodyexploitation.Thedeepideologicalcontent,therealityofthesocietyandthesatiricartsmakethenovelwidelyreadallovertheworld.Thesuccessfuluseofsatireinthenovelexposedthesinofcapitaliststothepublic,makingthemcondemnedbythejustice.Itincludesfourparts:BookI-IV,eachofwhichdealswithoneextraordinaryadventureandtellsthestoryofLemuelGulliver’sadventuringexperience.Bymeansoftheseexperiencesdescribedwiththesatiricskill,Swiftreflectstheconflictsinthe18thcenturyBritishsociety,exposingthecorruptionsoftherulingclassandsatirizingtheirrobberyandexploitationduringthecapitalaccumulation. Thefirstpart,AVoyagetoLilliput,isthemostimaginativeandentertainingpartbecausethestorytakesplaceinanationfullofdwarfs. ThesecondpartistitledAVoyagetoBrobdingnag,describingGulliver’svisittoalandofgiants,orBrobdingnag.WithasharpcontrastagainstLilliput,everythinginBrobdingnagisofahumongoussize,almostbeyondGulliver’simagination.ThethirdparttalksaboutAVoyagetoLaputa,Balnibari,Glubdubdrib,Luggnagg,andJapan.Duringthatvoyage,themostimpressiveplacesareLaputaandGlubbdubdrib.Laputaisaflyingisland,onwhichacurious-lookingraceofphilosophersandmathematicianslive.Glubbdubdribisanationofmagicians,whocansummonthedeadfromthepast.ThelastpartisAVoyagetotheCountryoftheHouyhnhnms,whichtakesreaderstoastrangenationwherethemastersarethesmarthorsesbuttheservantsarethehuman-likecreatures,namely,theevilandstupidYahoos.Ⅱ.TheSatireoftheStrugglingPartiesofBritainandthePoliticalSystemofBritainA.TheSatireoftheStrugglingPartiesofBritainInthefirstpartofGulliver’sTravels,LilliputisthefirstcountrythatGullivertraveledto.Althoughitisamini-countrywithasmallareaandpeoplearesixinchestall,thesystemoftheirsocietyismature,whichisamockingofEnglandatthattime.Gulliverbeginshisadventureona shipwhichrunsagroundonasubmergedrock.Heswimstoaland,andwhenheawakens,hefindshimselftieddowntotheground,andsurroundedbymanypeopleonlysixinchestall,theLilliputians.Thesepeopleareverycuriousatfirst,butthengetusedtoGulliverbeingaroundandhelpingwhereneeded.BydescribingorstatingthecircumstanceofLilliput,iteasilyremindsusofthesituationinEnglandatthattime.ThetwopoliticalpartiesinLilliputaredistinguishedbytheheightoftheirshoeheels:theconservativeHighHeelswhodepicttheTories,andtheprogressiveLowHeels,orWhigsrepresentthepoliticalpartiesoftheEnglishgovernment. “AlthoughtheHighheeledTramecksansareinthemajority,theEmperorandhischiefministerdeterminetouseofonlylowHeelsintheministerofgovernment.Theheirtothecrown,tohavesometendencytowardstheHigh-Heels:atleastwecanplainlydiscoveroneofhisHeelshigherthantheother,whichgiveshimaHobbleinhisGait”3.SwifthasadoptedsymbolismtosatirizethestrugglesbetweenBritainparities.Inthispart,LilliputisthesymbolismofBritainandtwostrugglingpartiesinthisempireTramecksanandSlamecksanrepresentToryandWhiginSwift’sday,because “Reldresal,principalsecretarytoldhim…thatforaboutseventymoonspasttherehavebeentwostrugglingpartiesinthisempire,underthenamesofTramecksanandSlamecksan,fromthehighandlowheelsoftheirshoes,bywhichtheydistinguishthemselves.”4.SymbolismbetweenpartiesinLilliputandthoseinBritainimpliesthatthereisactuallynodisparitybetweenthem.Throughintroducingthosetwoparties,SwiftsatirizesthetwobourgeoisiepartiesinBritain,whichareonlytoolsformeetingtheinterestsofthedifferentinterestgroupsofthebourgeois. Inaword,Swiftusestheartisticsymbolismtotransformhisideasintovividimages,thusavoidingpeopleboredbythecurtandemptydescription,enhancingtheartisticexpressionandforminganoutstandingsatirethroughthecombinationofideologyandartistry.B.TheSatireofthePoliticalSystemofBritain CorruptionofpoliticalsystemsisoneoftheprimarythemesinGulliver’sTravels.SwiftexperiencesmanycorruptionsanddegeneratepracticesinBritain,whichannoyshimsodeeplythatheobservesthesocietywiththeviewofasatiristtowardalltheunreasonablemalpracticesmercilessly.Thiscorruptionisaresultofselfishnessaswellastheinabilitytoseethingsfromanyotherperspectiveratherthanone’sown.Heeversaidthatthereweremanyevildeedsthatcouldnotbepunishedbythemeansoflawandcouldnotbecorrectedbythemeansofreligionandethics.Thesedeedsshouldbedisposedbythefiercestwordssothattheycanbeaccusedbypeople.ThesecondChapter,AVoyagetoBrobdingnagisofatypicallyallegoricalandexaggeratedsatireonthepoliticalsystemsofEnglandandEuropeintheearly18thcentury.1.TheCourtand JudicatoryInGulliver’sTravels,SwiftusesalotofironytoachievetheeffectofsatireanditsapplicationfullyembodiesSwift’switofhumor.Ironyusedinthenovelcanbedividedintotwotypes:structuralironyandverbalirony.Theformermeanstheuseofthestructuralfeaturewithtwomeanings.Themostcommonskillinstructureironyistocreateanaiveherooranarrator,whosepurityandslownessresultinavigilantreaderwhohaveknowntheauthor’srealintentioninwriting. InBrobdingnag,thecourtandjudicatoryarecriticized.AfterobtainingtheKingandtheQueen’strustandadmirationinBrobdingnag,GullivergotachancetotalkabouthiscountrybeforetheKing.Hesaid “Ourdominionsconsistedoftwoislands,whichcomposedthreemightykingdoms,underonesovereign,besideourplantationsinAmerica…theconstitutionofanEnglishparliament;partlymadeupofanillustriousbodycalledtheHouseofPeers;personsofthenoblestblood,andofthemostancientandamplepatrimonies…”5 However,theKingmakescommentsonBritainandBritishpeople.HeexposesandcriticizesBritishcourt,judicatory,sectarian,politicalparties,entertainmentandsoon.HealsomakesabittersatireagainstBritishsenators,chancellors,thejudges,thepadres,andtheofficers.Theking’squestions,like “Whatmethodswereusedtocultivatethemindsandbodiesofouryoungnobility,andinwhatkindofbusinesstheycommonlyspentthefirstandteachablepartsoftheirlives?Whatcoursewastakentosupplythatassembly,whenanynoblefamilybecameextinct?”6WhentheKinghearsoftheaccountofthehistoricalaffairsatthattime,healsoproteststhat “itwasonlyaheapofconspiracies,rebellions,murders,massacres,revolutions,banishments,theveryworsteffectsthatavarice,faction,hypocrisy,perfidiousness,cruelty,rage,madness,hatred,envy,lust,malice,andambition,couldproduce…”7.Inthispart,thekingpointsouttheillsandevilthatinhereinEnglishlife,andconcludesthatthebulkoftheEnglishpeoplearethemostperniciousraceoflittleodiousverminthatnaturehaseversufferedtocrawluponthesurfaceoftheearth.Afteratwo-yearstaythere,heleavesthegoodpeople.WithsucharesponsetowardBritain,SwiftexpresseshisownviewpointtowardhiscountrythattheBritishhistoryistheresultofgreed,strugglingparties,hypocrisy,inhumanity,anger,hate,envy,lust,blacknessandambition.ItcannotbedeniedthatheusedGulliver’smouthtomakeasatiretowardBritishhistory.TheconversationbetweenKingandGulliverseemstoshowGulliver’spatriotism,whereasactuallytheyareusedtosatirizeGulliver’snarrownationalconsciousnessandlackofforesight.Swiftadoptedthestructuralironymeanttosuggestreadersunderstandingoppositely.Thelattermeanswhatthespeakersaidisdifferentfromwhatheintendstoconvey.Inotherwords,anironicstatementmayseeminglyexpressthespeaker’sattitudeorcomments,butitalsoimpliedanothertotally differentattitudeorcomments. Forexample,inChapterIII,PartVIII,Swiftsharplypointsout “Iwaschieflydisgustedwithmodernhistory.Forhavingstrictlyexaminedallthepersonsofgreatestnameinthecourtsofprinces,forahundredyearspast,Ifoundhowtheworldhadbeenmisledbyprostitutewriters,toascribethegreatestexploitsinwar,tocowards;thewisestcounsel,tofools;sincerity,toflatterers;Romanvirtue,tobetrayersoftheircountry;piety,toatheists;chastity,tosodomites;truth,toinformers:howmanyinnocentandexcellentpersonshadbeencondemnedtodeathorbanishmentbythepracticeofgreatministersuponthecorruptionofjudges,andthemaliceoffactions...”8Inthispart,theauthormakesbitterironiestowardsthoseprostitutewriterswhodistorthistory.Whenhesayshehasalowopinionofhumanwisdom,infact,heaimsatcriticizingthosestupidwritersandthestupidjudicatory.Britishsocietywasreflectedinthenovel,butSwifthadexplainedthathehopedheneedn’ttodeclaretothereaderseverythinghetoldabouthereisnotinvolvedwithmycountry.However,itisundoubtedlytheauthorwantstotellthereadersthatiswhatBritainlookslike.Theuseofverbalironyreallyattractedreaders’attentionandarousetheirinterestsinthenovel. 2.BritishColonialPoliciesOneoftheformsofpoliticalsatireisembodiedinBritishcolonialpoliciesismetbyGulliver.TheLilliputiansaretheembodimentofEnglandofthetimeperiod.TheLilliputiansaresmallpeoplewhocontrolGulliverthroughmeansofthreats. “wheninaninstantIfeltaboveahundredarrowsdischargedintomylefthand,whichprickedmelikesomanyneedles;andbesidestheyshotanotherflightintotheair,aswedobombsinEurope”9.EnglandwasasmallcountrythathadEurope (representedbyGulliver)andmanyotherpartsoftheworldundertheircontrol.Inthispart,symbolismandexaggerationareusedinGulliver’sTravelstoachievesatire.Forinstance, “itseemsthemindsofthesepeoplearesotakenupwithintensespeculations,thattheyneithercanspeak,norattendtothediscoursesofothers,withoutbeingrousedbysomeexternaltouchupontheorgansofspeechandhearing;forwhichreason,thosepersonswhoareabletoafforditalwayskeepaflapperintheirfamily,asoneoftheirdomestics;noreverwalkabroad,ormakevisits,withouthim.”10 Theformalnarrativemodeandfunnycontentformaneffectofsatire.Swiftusestheliterarystyleandwordswithmerrylaughorangrycursepushedsneerandcondemntothesummitofspiritualculture,conveyinghisdenial toBritishcolonialpolicy. Inthenovel,Gulliveristoldthatifanytownshouldengageinrebellionormutiny,fallintoviolentfactions,orrefusetopaytheusualtribute,thekingcanreducethemtoobediencebykeepingtheislandhoveringoversuchatown,hecandeprivethemofthebenefitofthesunandtherain,andconsequentlyafflicttheinhabitantswithdearthanddiseases.SwiftattackstothesupervisoroftheislandinLaputa.Infact,LaputaistherepresentativeofIsland,andtheKingsymbolizesBritain.ThemanagementoftownsinLaputaisthesymbolismoftheBritishcolonialismoverIsland.Inthisway,thesatireeffectistotallyachieved. 3.ReactionaryReligiousForces Inthefirstpart,AVoyagetoLilliput,theLilliputianstellhimastory:InLilliput,manyyearsago,peopleoncebrokeeggsonthebigend.However,thepresentking’sgrandfatheroncecuthimselfbreakingtheegginthismanner,sotheKingatthetime,issuedadecreethatallthepeopleweretobreaktheeggsonthesmallend.Ofcourse,toGulliver,suchanargumentwouldbecompletelyridiculous,becausehecouldhardlydistinguishthedifferenceintheendsoftheireggs.ForSwift,LilliputisanalogoustoEngland,andBlefuscutoFrance.WiththiseventofthestorySwiftsatirizesthebickeringandfightingreligiousforces. SwiftadoptssymbolismtosatirizereligiousforcesinBritain.HesatirizesextremeCatholicismandProtestantsalike.TheLilliputianBigEndersandLittleEnderseachwantstoexterminatetheotherbecauseofthewaytheybreaktheireggs,thoughtheirsacredbooksays,“Andwhichistheconvenientend,seems,inmyhumbleopiniontobelefttoeveryman’sconscience,oratleastinthepowerofthechiefmagistratetodetermine.Now,theBig-endianexileshavefoundsomuchcreditintheemperorofBlefuscu’scourt,andsomuchprivateassistanceandencouragementfromtheirpartyhereathome…”11LikewisebothCatholicsandProtestantsprofessChrist’sreligionofbrotherlyloveandseektolivebyessentiallythesamesacredtext,yettheyarewillingtokilleachothertoprovethatonlytheyhavetherightinterpretationofit.Swiftusestheconflictsbetween “theSmall”and “theBig”toimplythosebetweenProtestantsandCatholics.BeforethegrouprepresentedbytheMajestywasgoingtoeateggs,theywouldbreakthesmallerendoftheegg.SwiftsatirizeshypocrisyEnglandchurchandwarscausedbyunnecessaryconflictsamongreligions.Strugglesamongreligions,likethoseamong “theSmall”and “theBig”,areignorant,shamelessandmeaningless.Ⅲ.TheSatireofScienceandTechnology SwiftsoonembarksonhisthirdvoyagetotheflyingislandofLaputa,amysteriouslandinhabitedscientists,magicians,andsorcererswhoareengagedinabstracttheorizingandconductill-advisedexperimentsbasedonflawedcalculations.InAVoyagetoLaputa,Balnibari,Glubdubdrib, Luggnagg,andJapan,Swiftrefreshedthereaderswithhisstraightforwardandextremelycompetitivesatiricskills.Swiftisanupper-classconservative,whoundoubtedlylookeddownuponmechanistsandscientistsexemplifiedbythemembersoftheRoyalSociety.Hehaslittleuseforabstractscienceortechnology,butheisnotopposedtoscienceortoscientificexperimentifitcanbegenuinelyusefultomankind.Heisnotanti-intellectual,butheispassionatelyopposedtothe “aerialstudies”ofthechemists,mathematicians,projectors,andtherestofthatspeculativetribewholostthemselvesinuselessabstractions,whowastedtimeandmoney.InthethirdvoyagetoLaputa,theflyingisland,ascathingattackuponscienceandtechnologyintheeighteenthcenturyofBritainrevealsSwift’sthoroughacquaintancewiththePhilosophicalTransactionsoftheRoyalSociety,theleadingpublicationofthescientificcommunityofhisday.ThethirdvoyageclearlymanifestsSwift’scontemptanddisdain,forabstracttheoryandideologyisnotofpracticalservicetohumans.Swiftsatirizesthetendencyofseparatingthescientificresearchfrompracticeandthoseso-called “scholar”inthe18thcenturyBritain,like“ThefirstmanIsawwasofameageraspect,withsootyhandsandface,hishairandbeardlong,ragged,andsingedinseveralplaces.Hisclothes,shirt,andskin,wereallofthesamecolor.Hehasbeeneightyearsuponaprojectforactingsunbeamsoutofcucumbers...”12 Obviously,fromSwift’sviewpoint,theintegrityofpoliticsandscienceisnotonlyabsurd (suchaspeopleontheflyingislandsoconcernedabouthowtheearthwillbeswallowedbythesun)butalsoterrible,becauseeveryoneontheflyingislandliveinahigh-techspacestationowingtomodernscientificresearchandachievements.Theygraduallylosthumanity,becomingamachine.Therefore,inthispart,Swiftcontinuestosatirizetechnologyandmodernscientists’madnessandfantasy.Ⅳ.TheSatireofHumanity A.TheSatireofGreed,InsincerityandAtrocity AsSwift’sstoryofGulliverunfolds,thesatirebeginstotakeamuchmoregeneralfocus:humanityasawhole.Headoptedthecomparativeskillstomakesatiretowardhumanbeing’sgreed,insincerityandatrocity.WhileinLilliput,Gulliverhasbeentreatedwithrespect,largelyduetohissize,butthenGullivermanagestoescapethelandofLilliput,afterabriefstayinEngland,hereturnstotheseaagain,hefindshimselfinastrangeland,Brobdingnag,butthistime,witheverythingaroundhimisgigantic,heisthesmallone.UnliketheLilliputians,however,heisaloneinthisworld.hereinthislandofgiants,Brobdingnag,heistreatedasacuriosity,forcedtoperformshowsforpublicamusement,hedescribesas, “ScaredandconfoundedasIwas,Icouldnotforbeargoingonwiththesereflections,whenoneofthereapers,approachingwithintenyardsoftheridgewhereIlay,mademeapprehendthatwiththenextstepIshould besquashedtodeathunderhisfoot”13.Thoughheisunhappy,hehadtoperformthatheiswillingtopleasethemightymonarch.Thisisoneofthemanyattacksonhuman’sinsinceritythatSwift'ssatirewillperform. ItisduringGulliver’sfourthjourneythatSwift’ssatirereachesitspoint,where “Swiftputhismostbiting,hardlines,thatspeaksagainstnotonlythegovernment,buthumannatureitself ”14.Inthelastpart,AVoyagetothecountryoftheHouyhnhnms,inwhichcreatureslooklikehorsesbuthavetheabilitytoreason.Swifttakesastabathumanitybysimultaneouslycriticizingphysiological,mental,andspiritualaspectsofhumans.HemakesacomparisonbetweenHouyhnhnmsandYahoos,thereadersarebroughtintoastrangenationinwhichthemastersarethehorseswhiletheservantsarethehuman-likecreatures:theYahoos.TheYahooslookeverybithumanbutbehaveexactlylikeanimals.TheyhaveallthebeastlyqualitiesthatthebeastlyhumansofGulliver’sownBritishcountrymenhave,namely,violent,evil,anddespicable,butthehorsespossessallthevirtuesthebestoftheCaptain’sownracehave—reason,wisdom,knowledge,manners,andselfcontrol.ThehorsesocietycanprobablydestroytheYahoosatanytime.Thoughthisistruetheychoosenotto,becausetheyrealizethatitwouldmakethemnobetterthantheirfoe.However,theYahooshavestrongdesireforpossession.Theyoftenquarrelforowningthecoloredstone.Oncetheylostthosestones,theywillwail,biteeachother,andeatnothing.ThesatiretothegreedandatrocityofYahoosislaughingatthatofhumanbeings. Throughcomparison,Gulliveradmitsthevirtueofthisgroupof “outstandingfour-leggedanimal”15，whoismuchmorenobleandbeautifulthancorruptivehumanbeing.Inthenovel,hewouldratherlivewiththehorsesratherthanwithhumanbeings.Suchacomparisonamongprimitive,kindHouyhnhnmsandcorruptiveBritainjustshowsthedistancebetweenSwift’sbeautifuldreamsandthecruelreality.HehatesnobilityandbourgeoisiesomuchthatheborrowsYahoo’sgreedyimagetorevealandsatirizebourgeoisie’suglyfacesinBritishsociety. B.MoneyRelationsItcanbesaidthatGulliver’sfirstvoyageisacommentaryonthemoralstateofEngland.Thereisageneralsatireonthepettinessofhumandesiresforwealthandpower,andadepictionoftheeffectsofunwarrantedprideandself-aggrandizement.InthefirstpartofGulliver’sTravels,bythedescriptionofsuchridiculousactions,Swiftillustratesthefactthatthetwomajorpoliticalpartiesareseparatedbyverysubtleandinsignificantdifferencesorthereisnoessentialdifferencebetweenthem,butbothofthemaredrivenbythesameselfishinterests.Thatistheloveofpowerandmoney.Howeverinthegiantslandtherearenoclassdifferencesandpartyconflicts,whichissomethingthatprobablySwiftwantstointroducetotheBritishsystem.ItisalsoapparentthatfromchapterIIIon,oneofSwift’spurposesistopackhisnarrationwithslyallusiontotheEnglish politicalscene.AsGulliverdisplayshisaccountofthestateofLilliput,thereareobviousresemblancesbetweenthetrivialcustomsoftheselittlepeopleandthoseofSwift’scontemporaries.Ofhisday,thecapitalismisinprimitiveaccumulation.Bourgeoispursueprofits,withunlimitedworshipofthemoneyandstrongsenseofpossessionofwealth,becomingakindofnewreligion-fetishism.Inordertogetmoremoney,theydisobeytheirconscience.Asaresult,moneycorruptedthebourgeois’spirit.Swifthasadeepfeelingtowardsuchsocialtrend. InpartIV,whenHouyhnhnmsareconfusedabouthumanbeing’sgreedytomoney,Gulliverexplainstheunlimitedmagicofmoneyincapitalsociety.Hesays “WhenaYahoohadgotagreatstoreofthisprecioussubstance,hewasabletopurchasewhateverhehadamindto;thefinestclothing,thenoblesthouses,greattractsofland.Thereforesincemoneyalonewasabletoperformallthesefeats,ourYahoosthoughttheycouldneverhaveenoughofittospend,…”16 ItisnothardtonoticethatSwiftiswiseenoughtonarratethestoriesofcapitalismwiththevivideventsandrevealstheoppressionoftherichoverthepoorandthegreatgapbetweenthem.Swifthasseenhowthemoneyinthecapitalsocietyleadspeopletocorruption.HeconveyshisdisappointmentanddisgusttowardsHumanbeings’moneyworship.Ⅵ.ConclusionGulliver’sTravelsisagreatsatiricalwork,whichisbothamusingandmeaningful.Itiswarmlywelcomedbyreadersofallagessinceitspublication.Ithasbeentranslatedintoscoresoflanguagesandisfamiliartotheentireworld.ItisagreatworkinthehistoryofBritishliteratureandamasterpieceintheworld.Award-winningauthorMartinJenkinshasskillfullyabridgedtheoriginalnovel,remainingtruetoitstoneandhumorwhilemakingitaccessibletoyoungerreaders.HeisbrilliantlyassistedbyKateGreenawayMedalistChrisRiddell,whobringstolifethepeople,creatures,andkingdomsofSwift’ssearingimaginationinwonderfulpanoramicdetail. Inthenovel,Gulliverisdepictedintoamanwhocomesfromrealbutcorruptivesociety.Throughfourvoyages,Lilliput,Brobdingnag,Laputa,Houyhnhnms,heexposesthestrugglingparties,thepoliticalsystem,thescienceandtechnology,thegreedyhumanbeingandtheworshiptomoney.Infact,itisbytalkingaboutGulliver’sexperiencethattheauthormirrorsBritishsocietyintheeighteenthcentury,andpresentsthethemeofthenovelandhisviewpoints.Gulliver’sfourvoyagesshapetherealitiesoftheeighteenthcenturyinBritain.Asamodelofworldsatiricalliterature,Gulliver’sTravelsdistinguishedfeatureistheapplicationofsatire.JonathanSwiftshowshistalentinmakingsatire.Differentwritersindifferentcultureswillexpresstheirthoughtsindifferentways.SwiftadoptsvarioussatiretechniquestocriticizetheBritishsocietyofhisday.HehasadoptedsymbolismtosatirizethestrugglesbetweenBritain parities,hehasusedcomparativeskillstomakesatiretowardhumanbeing’sgreed,insincerityandatrocity,also,hehasusedalotofironytoachievetheeffectofsatireanditsapplicationfullyembodiesSwift’switofhumor.Ofcourse,theapplicationofallkindsofsatiricaltechniquesinGulliver’sTravelsisintendedtomakeasatirewhichisamostforcefulexposureofthesocialevilsatSwift’stime. Duetohisroughlifeandpoliticaldisappointment,Swiftexertshiswritingtorealizehisimaginativepursuitandgettemporaryspiritualconsolation.Hewantstosetupakindofhopewithsocietalpeace,justiceandhumanity.Theimportanceisnotitscontentbuthisspirittoleadmantomakeforabeautifultomorrow.AndunderJonathanSwift’spen,wewillgetadeepimpressionontheBritishdegeneratedsocietybythesatirenovel.ThroughtheanalysisofthesatiricskillsusedinJonathanSwift’sGulliver’sTravels,peoplecanunderstandsatiricartsbetter. Notes1 张英伦. 《外国名作家传》中册. 北京：中国社会科学出版社,1979,43.2IanCampbellRoss.JonathanSwift:ACommemorativeAddress(Dublin:StPatrick’sCathedral.,1995),57.3JohnRechetti.TheColumbiaHistoryoftheBritishNovel. 北京：外研社,2005,41.4JonathanSwift.Gulliver’sTravels.(NewYork:W.W.Norton &Company,2001),20.5Ibid ,66.6Ibid ,67.7Ibid ,69.8Ibid , 106.9Ibid ,5.10Ibid ,84.11Ibid ,21.12Ibid ,95.13Ibid ,37.14http://www.csulb.edu/~percept/cac/sigkids/gulliver.html/15Ibid ,3.16JonathanSwift.Gulliver’sTravels.(NewYork:W.W.Norton &Company,2001),136.BibliographyConnery,BrianA.TheorizingSatire:ABibliography.Michigan:OaklandUniversity,2002.Forster,E.M.AspectsoftheNovel.London:EdwardArnoldLtd.,1974:17 –18.http://www.csulb.edu/~percept/cac/sigkids/gulliver.html/Ross,IanCampbell.JonathanSwift:ACommemorativeAddress.Dublin:StPatrick’sCathedral,1995.Rechetti,John.TheColumbiaHistoryoftheBritishNovel. 北京：外研社, 2005.Swift,Jonathan.Gulliver’sTravels.NewYork:W.W.Norton &Company,2001.UofKentuckyP.TheModernSatiricGrotesque.Lexington:UofKentuckyP,1991.张英伦. 《外国名作家传》中册. 北京：中国社会科学出版社,1979.曾忠禄. 《外英国文学新牛津词典》. 长沙：湖南人民出版社,1987.
