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毕业论文从《格列佛游记》看乔纳森·斯威夫特的讽刺艺术院别语言学院专业名称英语班级学号6090128学生姓名伊凤指导教师刘兰2013年6月10日 东北大学秦皇岛分校毕业设计（论文）第II页毕业论文题目：从《格列佛游记》看乔纳森·斯威夫特的讽刺艺术毕业论文内容：乔纳森斯威夫特是伟大的讽刺作家，本文以《格列佛游记》为例，分析了小说中的讽刺现象，结合例子及与其他作家的对比，解读了斯威夫特的讽刺艺术。毕业论文起止时间:2012年7月16日—2013年6月10日指导教师：刘兰职称：副教授评阅人：苏剑光职称：讲师 东北大学秦皇岛分校毕业设计（论文）第II页从《格列佛游记》看乔纳森·斯威夫特的讽刺艺术摘要《格列佛游记》是18世纪英国伟大讽刺作家斯威夫特的代表作。这部小说以其高超的思想与艺术成就成为世界讽刺文学的典范。作品中由格列佛充当叙说者，讲述了他四次出海所经历的奇特的历险故事，集中反映了十八世纪英国资本主义社会的种种矛盾，揭露、批判了英国腐败的政治制度、对外扩张和对内压迫的殖民主义政策。本文主要讨论斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》的讽刺艺术。论文共分四章。第一章介绍了作家及作品。第二章介绍了这部作品的历史背景及有关的批评理论。第三章通过与其他作家做对比并结合例子分析了小说中的讽刺现象。第四章给出了结论。关键词：讽刺；乔纳森·斯威夫特；格列佛游记；儒林外史；鲁迅 东北大学秦皇岛分校毕业设计（论文）第Ⅲ页JonathanSwift’sSatiricArtinGulliver’sTravelsAbstractGulliver’sTravelsisamasterpieceofJonathanSwift,oneofthegreatestsatiricalwritersinBritaininthe18thcentury.Withitsoutstandingthoughtandartisticvalue,Swift’sGulliver’sTravelsispraisedasthemodelforworldsatiricalliterature.Inthiswork,Gulliveristhenarrativeauthor.WithGulliver’sdescriptionsofhisadventurousexperiencesonhisfourvoyages,thisnovelaimsatreflectingvariouscontradictionsinthecapitalistsocietyinthe18thcenturyBritain,exposingandrepudiatingthecorruptedpoliticalsystemsoftheBritishgovernment,criticizingthecolonialpoliciesofexpandingabroadandexploitationathome.ThethesisisintendedtodiscussthesatiricartofSwift’sGulliver’sTravels.Thethesiscontainsfourchapters:ChapterOneintroducesJonathanSwiftandhisGulliver’sTravels.ChapterTwoprovidesthehistoricalbackgroundofthenovelandrelatedcriticismonthenovel.ChapterThreepresentsanalysisoftheironicartinthenovel.Chapterfouroffersabriefconclusion.KeyWords:satire;JonathanSwift;Gulliver’sTravels；TheScholars;LuXun东北大学秦皇岛分校毕业设计（论文）第Ⅳ页 东北大学秦皇岛分校毕业设计（论文）第Ⅳ页CONTENTSⅠ.Introduction1Ⅱ.BackgroundInformationofGulliver’sTravels32.1SatiricReflectionoftheHistoricalBackgroundofGulliver’sTravels32.1.1TheStrugglebetweenToryandWhig32.1.2TheRapidDevelopmentofSocialLife42.1.3TheInfluencesoftheEnlightenment42.1.4TheContradictionBetweenBritainandItsColonyGrowingTense52.2CriticismonSwift’sGulliver’sTravels6Ⅲ.FeaturesoftheSatireinGulliver’sTravels83.1TypesoftheSatire93.1.1SatireConnectedwithHumanPride93.1.2SatireConnectedwithSocialWrongs103.1.3SatireofFate113.2TechniquesoftheSatire123.2.1Analogy123.2.2ComparisonoftheTechniquesofSatirewithTheScholars133.3DictionoftheSatireComparedwithLuXun143.3.1HumorousDiction143.3.2ConciseandSimpleDiction153.3.4Theadoptionofseriousdictionstodescribepettycharactersandtrivialstories16Ⅳ.Conclusion17Acknowledgments19Bibliography20 东北大学秦皇岛分校毕业设计（论文）第20页JonathanSwift’sSatiricArtinGulliver’sTravelsⅠ.IntroductionSwift'sgreatestsatire,Gulliver'sTravels,isconsideredworksinthehistoryoftheworldliterature.Firstofall,oneofthemostimportantitisanallegoricalnovel,adoptingsuchsatiricalwaysassatire,irony,innuendo.Thestylisticfeaturesofafictioncanreflecttheauthor'scircumstancesbetter.Itcanreflecttheculturaltraditionoftheauthor,theauthor'sattitudetowardshiswritings,whattheauthorthinksofhiswritingandwhatheintendshisreaderstothinkaboutandreflectonhiswritings.ThehistoricalperiodinwhichSwiftlivedisknowntobeanageingreatconfusionandtransition.Journalistscouldnotspeakfreelyatthebeginningoftheeighteenth-centuryinEngland.JacobiteTorypublicistsadoptedtheconstitutionalistattitudetocriticizethemonarchandtheregimeofhistyranny.Meanwhile,theyalsonoticedthecorruptionoftheofficialswhobetrayedpeople'strustandinterests.Themonarchshouldbemainlyresponsibleforwhattheofficialsdid.UndersuchsituationinEngland,anyonewhocriticizedthemonarchandthegovernmentwaschargedwiththetreasonablelibel.Swiftwasoneofthewriterswhointendedtousehismasterpiece,Gulliver'sTravels,asapolemicalactagainsttheWhiggovernmentandsatirizedonthecontemporaryEuropeancivilizationandimperfections,folliesandvicesofhumanity.Inordertoevadeprosecution,Swiftemployedmanyrhetoricaldevicestodisguisehisrealpurpose.Astheoutstandingrepresentativeofintellectualsinhisgeneration,Swiftfiercelyimpingestheblack,corruptedanddegeneratedstatusquoandtheso-calledhumanprideintheeighteen-centuryEnglandandEurope.Writtenintheformofatraveljournal,Gulliver'sTravelsisthefictionalaccountoffourextraordinaryvoyagesmadebyLemuelGulliver,whosignsontoserveasaship'ssurgeonwhenheisunabletoprovidehisfamilywithasufficientincomeinLondon.GulliverfirstarrivesatLilliput,anislandwhoseinhabitantsarejustsixinchestallandwherethepettinessofthepoliticalsystemismirroredinthediminutivesizeofits 东北大学秦皇岛分校毕业设计（论文）第20页citizens.GulliverfinallyescapeLilliputandreturnsbrieflytoEnglandbeforeasecondvoyagetakeshimtoBrobdingnag.Therehefindshimselfdwarfedbyinhabitantswhoaresixtyfeettallandheisimperiledbydangerousencounterswithhugeratsarcacurioustoddler.HesoonembarksonhisthirdvoyagetotheflyingislandofLaputa,amysteriouslandinhabitedbyscientists,magicians,andsorcererswhoareengagedinabstracttheorizingandconductill-advisedexperimentsbasedonflawedcalculations.OnceagainGulliverreturnstoEnglandbeforeafinaljourneytothelandoftheHouyhnhnms,whoareasuperiorraceofintelligenthorses.ButtheregionisalsohometotheYahoos,avileanddepravedraceofape-likecreatures.GulliveriseventuallyexiledfromHouyhnhnmsociety.Afterthisfourthandfinalvoyage,hereturnstoEngland,wherehehasgreatdifficultyadjustingtoeverydaylife.AllpeopleeverywhereremindhimoftheYahoos.Thisclassicisafancifultaleworthyofanychild'searsaswellasasatiricallookatEnglishpoliticsandacriticalexaminationofman'sgreatestweakness.Gulliver'sTravelsgivesanunparalleledsatiricaldepictionofthevicesofhisage.Hesatirizestherealityandpresentstheidealbydescribingfictionalplots;Hedrawstheuglypracticesinlifewithhyperboliccaricaturetomakethesatirizedimagesmoreforcefulinexposingreality.WhenreaderswanttostudySwift'sGulliver'sTravels,inordertounderstandthenovelthoroughly,firstly,theyshouldhavesomeknowledgeofthehistoricalbackgroundofthattime.Butitisnotenoughtoknowsomethingaboutthebackgroundonly.Apartfromthetheme,thereadersshouldpaymoreattentiontoSwift'swritingstyle.Thethesisisdividedintofourparts.Bytakingapanoramicreviewofthewholestory;thepartofchapteroneintroducesJonathanSwift,hisGulliver’sTravelsandtheirstatusandthepurposeofthethesis.Chaptertwopresentsthehistoricalbackgroundofthenovel,includingthepolitical,economicandsocialinformation,andrelatedcriticismonGulliver'sTravels.ChapterthreemakesananalysisaboutthesatireinGulliver'sTravelsandcompareswithothersatiricalwriters.Chapterfive,theconclusionisdrawn 东北大学秦皇岛分校毕业设计（论文）第20页thatdifferentwritersindifferentculturesandsocialbackgroundswillexpresstheirthoughtsindifferentways.Swiftoncesaysthattherearemanyvicesandcrimesthatcannotbepunishedbythemeansoflawandcannotbemadecorrectedbythemeansofreligionandethics.Thesedeedsshouldbedisposedbythemostvehementwordssothattheycouldbedenouncedbythepeople.ThisisSwift'sliteralproposal,whichissuccessfullyrealizedinGulliver'sTravels.Ⅱ.BackgroundInformationofGulliver’sTravels2.1SatiricReflectionoftheHistoricalBackgroundofGulliver’sTravels2.1.1TheStrugglebetweenToryandWhigTheRevolutionof1688,whichbanishedthelastoftheStuartkingsandcalledWilliamofOrangetothethrone,markedtheendofthelongstruggleforpoliticalfreedominEngland.Nosoonerwerethepeopleincontrolofthegovernmentthantheydividedintohostileparities:theliberalWhigs,whoweredeterminedtosafeguardpopularliberty,andtheconservativeTories,withtendermemoriesofkingcraft,whowouldleaveasmuchauthorityaspossibleintheroyalhands.Thetwomainpartiesweresowellbalancedthatpowershiftedeasilyfromonetotheother.TooverturnaToryoraWhigcabinetonlyafewvoteswerenecessaryandtoinfluencesuchvotesLondonwasfloodedwithpamphlets.Evenbeforethegreatnewspapersappeared,thepresshadbecomeamightypowerinEngland,andanywriterwithatalentforargumentorsatirewasalmostcertaintobehiredbypartyleaderSwift,onoccasion,wasthewillingservantoftheWhigsandTories.SwiftbeganhiscareerasaWhigs,butbybutby1709theWhigrapprochementwiththedissentershaddisturbedhimgreatly,andwhenaToryministryreplacedtheWhigsin1710,heallowedhimselftoberecruitedbytheToryPrimeMinisterandrapidlybecamethechiefTorypamphleteerinthestrugglebetweenthetwopartiesforpublicfavor.ThroughthedescriptionofthefightbetweentheHigh-HeelsandtheLow-Heelsin 东北大学秦皇岛分校毕业设计（论文）第20页Lilliput,SwiftalludestothefightbetweentheWhigandtheTory,twopartiesintheBritishcourt.“AVoyagetoLilliput”,takesthecorruptionoftheBritishrulingclassandtheconflictsbetweentherulinggroupsasitstargetofsatire.2.1.2TheRapidDevelopmentofSocialLifeAnotherfeatureoftheagewastherapiddevelopmentofsociallife.InearlieragesthetypicalEnglishmanhadlivedmuchbyhimselfhishomewashiscastle,andinithedevelopedhisintenseindividualism:butinthefirshalfoftheeighteencenturysomethreethousandpubliccoffeehousesandalargenumberofprivateclubsappearedinLondonalone;andthesociabilitywastypicalofallEnglishcities.Meanwhilecountrylifewasinsoreneedofrefinement.Theinfluenceofthissociallifeonliteraturewasinevitable.Nearlyallwritersfrequentedthecoffeehouses,andmattersdiscussedtherebecamesubjectsofliterature;SwiftwasamemberofScriblerusClub.Thepurposeoftheclubwastosatirizethefoolishnessofmodernman.Eachmemberwasgivenatopic;Swift’swastosatirizethecurrentboomintravelliterature.Thefinalresult,tenyearslaterin1726whenhewasdeanofSt.Patrick’sCathedralinDublin,wasGulliver’sTravels.2.1.3TheInfluencesoftheEnlightenmentWiththeadventofthe18thcentury,inEngland,asinotherEuropeancountries,theresprangintolifeapublicmovementknownastheEnlightenment.Theenlightenersfoughtagainstclassinequality,stagnation,prejudicesandothersurvivalsoffeudalism.Theyattemptedtoplaceallbranchesofscienceattheserviceofmankind.The18thEnglandwitnessedunprecedentedtechnicalinnovationswhichequippedindustrywithsteam,thenewmovingforce,andnewtools,andrapidgrowthofindustryandwhichinfluencedthewayoflifeasawhole.Swiftwasanupper-class.HehadlittleuseforabstractscienceortechnologywhichhesatirizedunmercifullyinthethirdbookofGulliver’sTravels,thevoyagetoLaputa,buthewasnotopposedtoscienceortoscientificexperimentifitcouldbeusefultomankind.Hewasnotanti-intellectual,buthewaspassionatelyopposedtotheuselessfolliesofthecharlatansthequacks,the 东北大学秦皇岛分校毕业设计（论文）第20页cheatsandtherestofthatspeculativetribewhowastedtimeandmoneyinvainandextravagantexperimentation.2.1.4TheContradictionBetweenBritainandItsColonyGrowingTenseTheviewofIrelandcompelledSwift’sattentionthatIrelandwasanexploitedcolonialdependencyratherthanequalkingdomoftheBritishcrown.Swift’sengagementinthedefenseofIreland’seconomicinterestsbeganwithhispublicationin1720ofhisproposalfortheuniversaluseofIrishManufacture.TheninJuly1722theleaderofthenewWhigadministrationatWestminstersoldapatenttooneWilliamWoodfortheproductionofadebasedcoppercurrencyforcirculationinIreland,whichenragedthewholeIrishestablishmentbecauseofitsinsulttoIrelandasitspredictedthreattotrade.SwiftwroteSevenDrapierLetters,thenitbecamesuchasuccessfulchallengetothegovernmentthatinAugust1725thepatentwaswithdrawn.Swift’smostfamousIrishtractAModestProposalPreventingtheChildrenofIrelandFromBeingaBurdentoTheirParentsorCountry(1729),inwhichhesuggeststhepoorkillandcooktheiryoungchildrentogivetotheroyalclass.Noauthorhaswrittensomemorablyintheserviceofhumanity.ThesourcesofGulliver’sTravelsareliterary,moralandpsychologicalaswellasHistorical.YetitisclearthatthehistoricalandpoliticaleventsofSwift’slifetimetooContributetohisbook.ThetimeSwiftlivedinwasfullofgreatchanges,theconsolidationofbourgeoisieregime,thepreparatoryfigurationofcommercialsocietyandthebeginningofindustrialrevolution.WiththedevelopmentofEnlightenmentMovementin18th,theEnglishliteraturehasmadeexpeditiousprogress.SwiftwasonethewriterswhointendedtousehisworksasanactagainsttheWhiggovernmentandsatirizedonthecontemporaryEuropeancivilizationandimperfections,folliesandvicesofhumanity.Swift’sGulliver’sTravelswasjustsetintheabovesituation.WhathedescribedinthebookrespondedthingsandpersonsinBritainandEurope. 东北大学秦皇岛分校毕业设计（论文）第20页2.2CriticismonSwift’sGulliver’sTravelsFromthemomentofitspublicationsin1726,Gulliver’sTravelshasmetbothapprovalanddisapprovalfromcritics.Besidescharminggenerationsofreadersandinspiringlotsofadaptations,ithasalsokindledalmostcontinuousdebateastothepreciseobjectsofitssatire,itsmoraltendency,anditsultimatesignificance.Between1945and1985,nearly500booksandarticlesdevotedtheirattentiontoGulliver’sTravels,andthiscriticaltiderunsonunabated.Howtoclassifyaworkwhichhasvariouslybeenregardedasachildren’stale,afantasticvoyage,amoralallegoryandevenasanovelisaquestion.Inthepastcenturies,amongthecritics’differentopinions,themostcontradictoryonesoccurwhentheytrytoputthenovelinaspecificgenre,toclarifywhetherSwiftisamisanthropistoraphilanthropist,todistinguishwhichcountryinGulliver’sTravelsisSwift’sutopiaandwhichishisdystopiaandtoexplainwhySwiftrejectsthedefinitionofmanasa“rationalanimal”,infavorofthedefinitionofmanasan“animalcapableofreason”.Foronegroupofcritics,the“soft”schoolofinterpretation,theconclusionofGulliver’sTravelsisessentiallycomic.ThesereadersviewGulliverasamadmanwhosemisanthropyisbornofthatexperience.ThushecanhardlyberegardedasSwift’ssatiricalterego.GulliverandnotSwiftisthemisanthropy,andthereforethereaderismeanttolaughatGulliver’sextremeattitudes.Moreover,theHouyhnhnmsrepresentafalsestandard,andasKathleenWilliams(1958:86)argues,“theHouyhnhnmsareasmuchsubjecttoironictreatment”asanyothercharacterinGulliver’sTravels.ReadersgenerallyfindtheHouyhnhnms“remote,unsympathetic,andintheendprofoundlyunsatisfying”.Opposedtothislineofinterpretationisthe“hard”schoolofcriticsledbyCrane,who,accordingtoClifford,emphasize“theshockanddifficulty”ofGulliver’sTravelsandinsistthat“theHouyhnhnmsdoindeedrepresentsomekindofanideal”,and“arenotbeingsatirizedorattackedinthesamemannerastheYahoos”.Thereisnothingeitherutopianorhyper-rationalabouttheHouyhnhnms’convictionthat“Reasonaloneis 东北大学秦皇岛分校毕业设计（论文）第20页sufficienttogovernarationalcreature”.(Irvin1964)Rather,theHouyhnhnmsonlyservetoechoacommonplaceofclassicalandChristianthoughtfamiliartoSwift’scontemporaries.AsCurtZimanskycomments,“Swift’sreadersbelievedthatmanisdistinguishedfromtheanimalsbyhisgiftofreason,andisnobetterthanabeastunlessheusesthatreason”.Wherethe“soft”schoolcitesthePortugueseCaptainPedrodeMendezasSwift’smelioristidealforhumanbehavior,the“hard”schoolemphasizestherationalbehaviorpersonifiedbyHouyhnhnms.AnotherissueofcontroversycriticshaveoftenraisedaboutGulliver’sTravelsisitsUtopianism:WhethertheHouyhnhnmsocietyrepresentsarationalutopia,orwhetheritissetupmerelyasafoiltosatirizehumansociety.JohnTraugottarguesthatreaderscanneverbecertainwhetherthegameofutopiaisseriousormerelyaslyjokebecauseSwiftisalwaysshiftingbetweenidealismandplayfulness.Theabovementionedarejustsomeofthecriticsrelatedtothenovel.Actually,aworklikethisdeservesmulti-directionaltreatments.Ifthereadersareopen-mindedenough,theyshouldwelcomethecross-disciplinaryperspectivesinordertoeliminatetheblindspotsfromtheirowninsights.WiththepublicationofGulliver’sTravels,Swift’shasalsobecomeacontroversialfigurethroughouttheworld.Amongthosecritics,thenovelistThackeraymaybethefiercestone,heevencalledSwift“adevil”and“amisanthrope”.ButthetolerantandoptimisticviewofhumannatureinHoraceisturnedintoGulliver’sbitterdisgust.Anderson’sviewisthatSwiftportraysGulliverasafoolishAdamwhofallsfromadistortedgraceandisbanishedfromhisbelovedEdenofHouyhnhnmland.TheambivalentauthorialintentionofGulliver’sTravelsisaanotherdebatablecriticalissue.InalettertoAlexanderPope(29,Sep.1925),SwiftindicatesthathispurposeofwritingGulliver’sTravelsisto“vextheworldratherthandivertit”.R.S.CranepraisesthatSwiftisacleversatiristwhoproduces“afineshocktohisreaders’complacencyashumanbeingsbyinventingaworldinwhichhorsesappearedwherethelogicianshadputmenandmenwheretheyhadputhorses.”Generallyspeaking,SwiftandGulliver’sTravelshavearousedsomanycriticisms, 东北大学秦皇岛分校毕业设计（论文）第20页whetherpositiveornegative.Asapieceofgreatwork,Gulliver’sTravelsisdefinitelyworthyofattentionandappraisal.Thecharactersinthisnovelhavetheiruniquewaytodisplaythedistortedrelationshipamongpeoplein18thBritain.Thetheoryofironycanbeappliedtoanalyzethework,whichisofgreatvaluetocontemporarywriterstoadopttheironicart.Ⅲ.FeaturesoftheSatireinGulliver’sTravelsWhentalkingaboutsatire,thefamousChinesewriterLuXunoncesaidthatsatireshouldberealistic;satireshouldnotonlyexposethehideous,butalsogivedirection;andinsatire,thereshouldn'tbeunreasonableexaggeration(J.Wang44-49).AllthesecanclearlybeseeninGulliver'sTravels.AccordingtoTheNewOxfordDictionaryofEnglishofLiteraryTerms,satireistheuseofhumor,irony,exaggeration,orridiculestoexposeandcriticizepeople'sstupidityorvices,particularlyinthecontextofcontemporarypoliticsandothertopicalissues.Swiftisfirstandforemostapoliticalwriter,andonewhoisnotafraidtospeaktruthtopower.Swifteversaidthatthereweremanyevildeedsthatcouldnotbepunishedbythemeansoflawandcouldnotbecorrectedbythemeansofreligionandethics.Thesedeedsshouldbedisposedbythemostvehementwordssothattheycanbedenouncedbypeople.Swift'stopicalsatireinGulliver'sTravelsisdirectedagainstthemonarch,aswellastheministry.Therope-dancingepisodeinPartIofGulliver'sTravelsisageneralsatireonthepoliticsofintrigueandrequirementandtheincongruitybetweenqualificationortalentandofficeinthecorruptstate.InPartII,mostofthetime,however,GullivereitherisimpenetrablyinnocentorembracestheprideandthefollyofEuropeancivilizationwithinsatiablezeal-allintheinterestofthemostmordantsatire. 东北大学秦皇岛分校毕业设计（论文）第20页3.1TypesoftheSatire3.1.1SatireConnectedwithHumanPrideHumanbeingsareconceitedcreatures.Notonlymankindthespeciesasawholeregardsitselfasthemostimportantandintelligentoneintheuniverse,butindividuals,particularlyprincessorothermenofhighstatus,alsoconsiderthemselvesmuchsuperiortoallotherpeople.SeeapassageinadocumentpresentedtoGulliverbyLilliputianministers:GlobastoMomarenEvlameGurdiloShefinMullyUllyGue,mostmightyEmperorofLilliput,delightandterroroftheuniverse,whosedominionsextendfivethousandblustrugs(abouttwelvemilesincircumference)totheextremitiesoftheglobe;monarchofallmonarchs,tallerthanthesonsofmen;whosefeetpressdowntothecenter,andwhoseheadstrikesagainstthesun;atwhosenodtheprincesoftheearthshaketheirknees;pleasantasthespring,comfortableasthesummer,fruitfulasautumn,dreadfulaswinter.HismostsublimeMajestyproposethtotheMan-Mountain,latelyarrivedtoourcelestialdominions,thefollowingarticles,whichbyasolemnoathheshallbeobligedtoperform.(Gulliver’sTravels:37-8)TheverboseappellationcontributedtotheEmperorofLilliputrevealstheself-centeredvisionofLilliputians,whoareactuallyutterpigmiescomparedtoGulliver,andGulliverisinturnapigmyhimselfwhenlivingamongthegiantsinBrobdingnag.ThereisaChineseidiomdescribingextremelyarrogantpeople:夜郎自大,referringtoasmall-sizedbackwardcountryinancientChinawhichregardsitsterritorybroaderthananyothernations.Unfortunately,thislocalvisionisvulnerabletobecomethebuttofironicsatirewhenputinalargercontext.Moreover,theironycanbeextendedtoallmonarchswhoalwaysholdthemselvesasthecenteroftheworld,“delightandterror”oftheuniverse.Obviously,attheheartofGulliver’sTravelsliesSwift’sdenunciationofhumanpride. 东北大学秦皇岛分校毕业设计（论文）第20页3.1.2SatireConnectedwithSocialWrongsWithinthisframework,verylittleofhumansocialbehavior,pretensions,orsocietalinstitutionsescapethedeflatingpricksofSwift'sarrows.Ewald(1954:151)statesthat,“Asasatire,themainpurposeofGulliver'sTravelsistoshowcertainshortcomingsin18thcenturyEnglishsociety...”Muchofthefirstvoyageridiculescourtintrigueandthearbitraryficklenessofcourtfavor(Eddy1963:110).TherankandfavoroftheLilliputianministersbeingdependentonhowhightheycanjumpoveraropeliterallyillustratesthisfigurativepoint.GulliverhimselffallsoutoffavorbecausehedoesnotpandertotheKing'sthirstforpower.ThetwopoliticalpartiesbeingdifferentiatedbytheheightoftheirheelspointsouthowlittleessentialdifferencetherewasbetweenWhigandTory,andsimilarly,thereligiousdifferencesaboutwhethertheHostwasfleshorsymbolisreducedtothepettyquarrelbetweentheBig-EndiansandtheSmall-Endians.Therefore,themajestyandpowerbestowedinpoliticalauthoritiesisquiteincongruouswiththetrivialityinpoliticallife,thusemittingatraceofironicbitternesstowardsEnglishpolitics.SwiftalsohighlightsthepretensionsofpoliticsbyinformingthereaderofsomeofthelaudableandnovelidealsandpracticesofLilliputiansocietysuchasrewardingthosewhoobeythelaw,holdingabreachoftrustasthehighestoffense,andpunishingfalseaccusersandingratitude,butshowsthat,likehumans,eventheLilliputiansdonotliveuptotheirownstandardswhentheyexhibitingratitudeforGulliver'shelpandaccusehimofhightreason.InLuggnagg,Gulliverisconfinedandthensenttocourt,wherehesufferstheetiquetteoflickingthefloorbeforetheKing.ItissaidthatwhentheKingwantstoputanyofhisnoblestodeath,hewillcommandtohavethefloorstrewnwithapoisonouspowder.Gullivermentionsparticularlythe“greatclemency”oftheKingandurgesmonarchsofEuropetoimitatehim:…itmustmentionedforhishonour,thatstrictordersaregiventohavethe 东北大学秦皇岛分校毕业设计（论文）第20页infectedpartsofthefloorwellwashedaftereverysuchexecution;whichifhisdomesticsneglect,theyareindangerofincurringhisroyaldispleasure.Imyselfheardhimgivedirections,thatoneofhispagesshouldbewhipped,whoseturnitwastogivenoticeaboutwashingthefloorafteranexecution,butmaliciouslyhadomittedit;bywhichneglectayounglordofgreathopescomingtoanaudience,wasunfortunatelypoisoned,althoughtheKingatthattimehadnodesignagainsthislife.Butthisgoodprincewassograciousastoforgivethepoorpagehiswhipping,uponpromisethathewoulddosonomore,withoutspecialorders.(Gulliver’sTravels:225)HereGulliverthenarrator’stoneiscalmandobjective,thoughthecontentisshockingtomostreaders.Facingwithsuchambiguity,itistemptingtoreconciletheconflictingelementsbygoingbeyondthenarrator,andrefusetotakethenarrator’sopencommentaryontrust.TheKingisnot“good”and“gracious”atall;hetreatsthelivesofhissubjectssocarelesslythatreaderswillquicklydetectthesatiricironyinthispassage.SinceSwiftusesthoseimaginarytripstoreflecttherealitiesinhishomeland,andmonarchsofEuropeareevenlesscommendableinthisaspect,onecannotbutfeeldesperateforthewelfareofpeopleunderdarkreignsatthattime.3.1.3SatireofFateOneofthemostinterestingcommentsonthehumanconditionisthedescriptionoftheimmortalStruldbrugsinVoyageThree.Swift’streatmentofthesubjectofimmortalityischaracteristicallypracticalanddowntoearth.Whatwoulditreallybeliketoliveinperpetuity?Hisanswer:Alivingdeath.Themainproblemisthatthehumanbodyagesandisnotafitvesseltohouseaperpetualconsciousness.Inrelatingthisepisode,Swiftaffirmswithcuttingprecisionthatwehavemuchincommonwiththerestofearth'screatures;anysuperiorreasonwemaypossess,andthepridewetakeinit,doesnotexemptusfromthenaturallawsofphysicaldeathandregeneration.InBookThree,Swiftnotonlyshowsthepossibleperversionsofreasoninthedoingsatthe 东北大学秦皇岛分校毕业设计（论文）第20页AcademyofLagado,butalsoshowsitslimitationsinshieldingusfromthenaturalconsequencesofphysicallife.Here,heimpliesimmortalityisbutinvainandreasoninadequate.Thecolduniverseislaughing.Yetonthesurface,Bookfourseemstoarguethatreasonistheonequality.Butironicallyitisthehorse-likeHouyhnhnmsthatpossessthisperfectdevelopmentofreason,whereastheYahoosareprimitiveandbeastly.EwaldclaimsthatVoyageFourcontainsSwift'sclearestattackonhumanpride.Indeed,thequalityofreasononlyenableshumans“toaggravatetheirnaturalcorruptionsandtoacquirenewoneswhichNaturehadnotintended”.Evenadispassionateviewofhumanhistorywouldfinditdifficulttodisputethisconclusion.WhereastheattacksonhumannatureinthefirstthreeVoyagesdealwithactionsthataresymptomaticofman'snature—“thecorrosivesatireofthelastvoyageisconcernedwiththespringsandcausesofaction”(Ross1964:80),inotherwords,theessenceofman.Theobjectoftheironicattackinthelastvoyageismanhimself:itisGulliverandthereader.However,allvictimscanfindasenseofsolidarityinsuchakindofsatire.IronygivesformtothemalicioussatisfactionofGodthecreatoratthefailureofman’sweakrebellionsagainsthismighty,yetworthlesscreationand,totheinexpressiblesufferingofGodtheredeemerathisinabilitytore-enterthatworld.Irony,theself–surmountingofasubjectivitythathasgoneasfarasitwaspossibletogo,isthehighestfreedomthatcanbeachievedinaworldwithoutGod.(Lukács1971:92-3)3.2TechniquesoftheSatire3.2.1AnalogyAsRichetti(1969:73)remarks,“Gulliver'sTravelswasinspiredinpartbySwift’scontemptforthevulgarcredulitythatnourishedapopularformlikethetravelaccount.”NowhereisSwift’scontemptforthecredulityoftheagemoreclearlymarkedthaninGulliver’sdirectandcontinuousengagementofthe“gentlereader”, 东北大学秦皇岛分校毕业设计（论文）第20页the“candidreader”,andaboveallthe“curiousreader”,whoseavidityforstrangeadventuresisassumedtoequalGulliver’sown.CuriosityiswhatdrivesGullivertotravellongafterhehasachievedrelativefinancialsecurity,andthereader'scuriosityisthestandardwhichguidesGulliverinhischoiceofnarrativedetails.WhileheremarksthathisdescriptionsofdomesticlifeinLilliputareintendedto“divertthecuriousreader”,healsodeterminesnotto“troublethereaderwithaparticularaccount”ofhisreturntoEngland.Likemanyeighteenth-centurynarrators,Gulliverseemsinordinatelyself-consciousaboutthenumberandkindsofdetailsheincludes:“AlthoughIintendtoleavethedescriptionofthisEmpire(Lilliput)toaparticulartreatise,”hewrites,“inthemeantimeIamcontenttogratifythecuriousreaderwithsomegeneralideas.”Here,muchinthemannerofDefoe,Swifttantalizesthereaderwithpromisesofsequelstocome.Likeahacknovelist,Gulliverwhetsthereader’sappetiteforfurtheradventures,eventhoughhehassolemnlyswornelsewherethatheneverintendedforhistravelstobepublishedinthefirstplace.ThroughoutGulliver'sTravels,Gulliver’sauthorialpersonaischaracterizedbythedefenseofhisownveracityandhisearnesteffortstonaturalizethepreposterous.Forexample,GulliverdescribeshowthemasterHouyhnhnmliftedhishoofsothatGullivermightkissit.“Detractorsarepleasedtothinkitimprobable,”Gulliverremarks,“thatsoillustriousapersonshoulddescendtogivesogreatamarkofdistinctiontoacreaturesoinferiorasI.NeitherhaveIforgothowaptsometravelersaretoboastofextraordinaryfavourstheyhavereceived.”Gulliver'smisplacedemphasis,hisnaiveinsistenceuponhisownveracity,andhisearnestdescriptionofequinenoblenessclearlymarkthispassageasyetanotherparodicgibeatthecharacteristichabitsofthetravelwriter,andaspartofanelaborateliteraryjoke.3.2.2ComparisonoftheTechniquesofSatirewithTheScholarsWhenreferringtothetechniquesofsatire,SwiftusesfrequentexaggerationinhismasterpieceGulliver'sTravelswhileWuJingzihardlyusesexaggeration,hepaysmuch 东北大学秦皇岛分校毕业设计（论文）第20页attentiontothetechniqueofobjectivedescriptions.Gulliver'sTravelscaricaturestherealisticlife,usingfantasyplotsandbizarreimagetoreflecttherealitiesinhishomeland.Inthenovel,Swiftemploysthetechniqueofexaggeration.Theauthorisgoodatenlargingornarrowingpeople’suglinesstomaketheimageabsurdandfurthermoretoironicallyhighlightthevices.Forexample,inLilliput,thetwopartiesbeingdifferentiatedbytheheightoftheirheelssatireshowlittleessentialdifferencetherewasbetweenWhigandTory.TherankofLilliputianministersdependsonhowhighthecanjumpoveraroperidiculesinanexaggeratedwaytheficklenessofcourtfavor.However,realisticsatiricnovel"thescholars"(儒林外史)directlyportraysthereallife,sotheauthorWuJingziskillfullyusesobjectivedescriptions,scarcelyusingexaggeration,toachievethepurposeofsatire.Inchaptertwoandthree,theauthorusesconcisewordstodescribetwopedants’movement:cryandlaugh.WhenChouChinawokeandsawwherehewas,hecriedloudlyandstruckhisheadontheplateagain.CryingOvertheNameBoardisafarceheperformedanditrevealedakindoftwistedpersonalityofanundignifiedscholarinfeudalChina.FanChinclappedhishandsandroaredwithlaughter,shoutedcrazily：“I’mchoosentobeascholar.”withhishairloose,afullfacesiltedandoneshoeoff.Hedidn’twakeupuntilhisfather-in-law,ButcherHu,madeaslaponhisface.Thefeudalimperialexaminationsystemhaddeprivetheintellectuals’dignity.3.3DictionoftheSatireComparedwithLuXunThelanguageofSwift’ssatireinGulliver'sTravelsarehumorous,sharpandconcise.LuXun’ssatireisforcefulandirresistible,calmyetfullofpassion,sharpyetstrong.InhissatirewecanfindthesimplehumorandmockerycommontoChinesepeasantsandfolkliterature.LuXun’sgeniusinthisfieldalonewinshimanoutstandingplaceinthehistoryofChineseliterature.3.3.1HumorousDictionThelanguageswhichSwiftusedtosatireinGulliver’sTravelsarehumorous.Book 东北大学秦皇岛分校毕业设计（论文）第20页Ⅰ，inAVoyagetoLilliput,theLilliputiancourtisascaled-downBritishone.Therulingclassisexpandingtheirarmsandpreparingforwar.Theyaredividedintotwoparties-Tramecksan(orHigh-Heels)andSlamecksan(orLow-Heels).Theydistinguishjustfromthehighandlowheelsontheirshoes.Thedwarfsalsostartwaronreligiousdispute.TheLilliputianandblefuscuiansareinawarwithanothertrivialcause—theydon’tagreewitheachotheronwhethertheyshouldbreakthelargerendorthesmallerendofeggsbeforetheeatthem.Theauthor’shumormakesuslaughheartily.Swiftwritesfantasticastruewhichstrengthensthesatireeffortsoftheworks.LuXun’slanguageishumoroustoo.Thiskindofhumorisnotarelaxedandhappyjoke,butthedeepgriefunderthesurfaceofhumorous.Letuslookatthisbelow:Thisevening,however,hefounditveryhardtoclosehiseyes,beingstruckbysomethingoddabouthisthumbandfirstfinger,whichseemedtobesmootherthanusual.Itisimpossibletosaywhethersomethingsoftandsmoothontheyoungnun’sfacehadstucktohisfinger,orwhether.AhQjusttouchedthefaceoftheyoungnun,thenhethoughthishandswereslipthanusual,andstillregardedthathisfingershadbeen“rubbed”smoothagainsthercheek.LuXunhasshownAhQ’signorancehumorously.3.3.2ConciseandSimpleDictionSwift’sstyleofwritingissimpleandterse.InGulliver’sTravels,SwiftdescribesLilliput’syard.HesaysLilliputisabouttwentyyards.Itdemonstratesauthor’ssincereandpracticalnarrationstyle.Heseemstohavenointentiononthecommentwithit,hejustexplainsLilliput’syardforreadersobjectivelyandtruly.Heoncedeclared:“Iprefertonarratetheordinaryfactoutwiththesimpleststyleofwriting,becausethepurposethatIwritethisbookistomainlyreporttoyou,butnotforyourpleasure.”[19]LuXundoesnotdescribepersonage’simageorstoryplotspecifically,notwiththeaidofthelyricalordiscussrevealingdirectlyeither.Hejustusestheterseandsincerelanguage,especiallythepreciseandappropriateverboradjective,toreflecttheessentialcontradictionsimplyandaccurately.Thereareonlyveryfewwords,buttheyareworthusthinkingdeeply.Forexample， 东北大学秦皇岛分校毕业设计（论文）第20页“ThenKongYijiwouldflush,theveinsonhisforeheadstandingoutasheremonstrated:“Takingabookcan’tbeconsideredstealing...Takingabook，theaffairofascholar,can’tbeconsideredstealing!”[21]“Stealing”isaformallanguage.LuXunusesthiswordtoshowthepedanticofKongYiji.Forthesecond,itexpressestheideaofKongYijithat“taking”bookislighterthan“stealing”,doingthewrongthinganddoesnotadmitit.Thetone“taking”islighterthan“stealing”.ItismoreconciseandpropertoreproducethepsychologythatKongYijidesalinizedthebehaviorofstealingonpurpose.ThelanguagesinTheTrueStoryofAhQaremostlyrefinedfromthespokenlanguage,soitisextremelypopular,refineandhighpersonality.Forexample，“Whatistheworldcomingtonowadays,withsonsbeatinghisparents”[22],“Areyourbonesitching?”[23]，“ImitationForeignDevil”[24]，“fallasleepassoonashisheadtouchedthepillow”[25].Thesewordsareconciseandsimple.LuXuncanportrayathingorapersonagevividlyusuallyusesoneword.3.3.4TheadoptionofseriousdictionstodescribepettycharactersandtrivialstoriesSwiftisgoodatusingseriousdictionstodescribepettycharactersandtrivialstories;thenarrationofhistoryofLilliputisagoodexample.LuXunisalsogoodatusingseriousdictionswhichareusedtoexpressmajorissuesandspeakdailymatters,usingseriouswordswhichareusedtodescribeimportantpersontosaytheordinarypeople,evenusedtodescribesomeboringactsandthoughts.AmongthepersonageswhomLuXundescribed,IjusttakeTheTrueStoryofAhQforexample:AhQoftenstaresangrily,buttimidresistingintheaction;theauthorcallsthat“glaringeyes”doctrine.Accordingtotherequirement,AhQwenttokowtowandmadeanapologytoMasterZhao,theauthorsaythat“fulfillsthetreaty”;thepersonofapigtailiscalled“thepigtailfamily”.Sothatfamilies“resolve”、AhQ“theory”etc,whicharewithseriouscolor,areusedtodescribeAhQ.Thiskindoftechniqueofexpressionmakestheresultmoreexceedthantheapplicationofothertactics. 东北大学秦皇岛分校毕业设计（论文）第20页Ⅳ.ConclusionGulliver'sTravelsspeakspowerfullyandsignificantlytoeachgeneration,anditneveryieldsitsfullmeaning.Anyrereadingisanewexperience.Probablyanexactrereadingisinfactimpossiblesinceeveryreadingisapttoyieldrevelationthatturnsthebookintoadifferentone.NodoubttheTravels'meaninganditsimpactarenotexactlythesameforallreaders,foreachreadermustinevitablyrespondsomewhatdifferentlytoanyliterarywork.InGulliver’sTravels,beingputagainstthesatirizedreality,theauthor’sidealsocietycanclearlybeseen.ThisisalsoadistinguishedfeatureoftheironyinGulliver’sTravels.Swift’ssatireissharp.InSwift’slifetime,heseestoomanycorruptionsanddegeneratepractices,whichdissatisfieshimsostronglythatheobservesthesocietywiththeviewofa“misanthropist”andsatirizesalltheunreasonablemalpracticesmercilessly.Swiftoncesaysthattherearesomanyevildeedsthatonecannotbepunishedbythemeansoflawandcannotbecorrectedbythemeansofreligionandethics.Thesedeedsshouldbedisposedbythemostvehementwordssothattheycouldbedenouncedbythepeople.TheironyinGulliver’sTravels,especiallyinvolumesⅢandⅣ,isundoubtedlysternandmerciless,whichmakesthosearesatirizedextremelyawkward.Forinstance,whenSwiftmockstheBritishgovernmentdepartments,heusesmanysarcasticphrases:hecomparestheSenatetoaflockofdullgeese;theroyalcourttoacesspitandtheMinistryofFinancetoabottomlesspit.ThusSwiftcastigatesthewholeBritishsocietyandmakestherulingclasstremblewithfear.Atthesametime,Swiftalsoputsforwardhispositivesocialandpoliticalideals.InGulliver'sTravels,SwiftgivesadescriptionofcountriesliketheCountryofGiantsandtheCountryoftheHouyhnhnms,inwhichheputsforwardaseriesofreasonablesocialidealsandcontraststhemwiththeexistingsociety.Swiftisbothpracticalandromantic.Byrightofhisoutstandingimaginationandloftysatiricalskills,hesuccessfullycreatesacolorfulandcomicalworldbyconsolidatingfancyandreality.Ononehand,itexposehumanity’svicesandsocialwrongs;onthe 东北大学秦皇岛分校毕业设计（论文）第20页otherhand,theauthorbelievesinthepossibilityofsocialprogressresultingultimatelyintheperfectibilityofhumannatureandsociety.WhatSwiftconcernsistogivehopeandlighttothepeopleintheturbulenceandleadthemtoseekadreamofabetterlifeofbeing.Inall,bothworksmentionedabovetakepainstoexposehumanity’svicesandfoibles,andironyplaysanindispensableroleinrealizingthisintentioninamoresubtleandtemperateway.ByanalyzingtheironicstyleofSwift’sworks.wecanfindhowtherhetoricaldeviceisemployedsuccessfullyandgivethefollowingwriterssomehintsinwriting. 东北大学秦皇岛分校毕业设计（论文）第20页AcknowledgmentsFirstly,Iappreciatethisopportunitytoexpressmydeepgratitudetomysupervisor,Dr.LiuLan,whoseinvaluablesuggestions,enlighteninginstructions,endlesspatience,supplyofmaterialsandcriticalrevisionshavegreatlyhelpedmeinthecourseofmythesiswriting.Withoutherhelpthisthesiswouldnothavemadethisappearance.Secondly,IamalsogreatlyindebtedtoallmyteachersintheEnglishDepartmentofNortheastUniversityatQinhuangdao,whoselecturesonEnglishlanguageandliteraturepavemethewayforensuringstudyandresearch.Theywillbebeneficialtomeinallmylife.Mysincerethanksalsogotomyclassmatesfortheircompanionshipandhelp.Finally,Iowemyheartfeltthankstomyfamilyandbestfriends.Thankstotheirtendercare,firmsupportandunderstanding,Iwasabletoenjoythosedaysandaccomplishmystudy. 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