2010年考研英语一真题及参考答案解析

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2010年考研英语一　　SectionIUseofEnglish　　Directions:　　Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblank.andmark[A]，[B]，[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)　　In1924AmericanNationalResearchCouncilsenttoengineertosuperviseaseriesofexperimentsatatelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlighting__1__workersproductivity.Instead，thestudiesended__2__givingtheirnametothe“Hawthorneeffect”theextremelyinfluentialideathevery__3__tobeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects’behavior　　Theideaarosebecauseofthe__4__behaviorofthewomenintheplant.Accordingto__5__oftheexperimentstheirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot__6__whatwasdoneintheexperiment.__7__somethingwaschangedproductivityrose.A(n)__8__thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe__9__toalterworkers'behavior__10__itself　　Afterseveraldecades，thesamedatawere__11__toeconometrictheanalysisHawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore12thedescriptionsonrecord，nosystematic__13__wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting　　Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmaybehaveletto__14__interpretationofwhathappened.__15__，lightingwasalwayschangedonaSundayWhenworkstartedagainonMonday,output__16__rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand__17__toriseforthenextcoupleofdays__18__，acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMonday,workers__19__tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycase，before__20__aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged“Hawthorneeffect”ishardtopindown　　1.[A]affected[B]achieved[C]extracted[D]restored　　2.[A]at[B]up[C]with[D]off　　3.[A]truth[B]sight[C]act[D]proof　　4.[A]controversial[B]perplexing[C]mischievous[D]ambiguous　　5.[A]requirements[B]explanations[C]accounts[D]assessments　　6.[A]conclude[B]matter[C]indicate[D]work　　7.[A]asfaras[B]forfearthat[C]incasethat[D]solongas　　8.[A]awareness[B]expectation[C]sentiment[D]illusion　　9.[A]suitable[B]excessive[C]enough[D]abundant 　　10.[A]about[B]for[C]on[D]by　　11.[A]compared[B]shown[C]subjected[D]conveyed　　12.[A]contraryto[B]consistentwith[C]parallelwith[D]peculiarto　　13.[A]evidence[B]guidance[C]implication[D]source　　14.[A]disputable[B]enlightening[C]reliable[D]misleading　　15.[A]Incontrast[B]Forexample[C]Inconsequence[D]Asusual　　16.[A]duly[B]accidentally[C]unpredictably[D]suddenly　　17.[A]failed[B]ceased[C]started[D]continued　　20.[A]breaking[B]climbing[C]surpassing[D]hitting　　SectionⅡReadingComprehension　　PartA　　Directions：Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A]，[B]，[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.“Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,”Newmanwrote,“thatIamtemptedtodefine‘journalism’as‘atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare.’”Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnow knownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEngland’sforemostclassical-musiccritics,astylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.IsthereanychancethatCardus’scriticismwillenjoyarevival?Theprospectseemsremote.Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.21.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that[A]artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers.[B]English-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews.[C]high-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders.[D]youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies.22.NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedby[A]freethemes.[B]casualstyle.[C]elaboratelayout.[D]radicalviewpoints.23.WhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?[A]Itiswriters'dutytofulfilljournalisticgoals.[B]Itiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.[C]Writersarelikelytobetemptedintojournalism.[D]Notallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.24.WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?[A]Hismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.[B]Hisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.[C]Hisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists.[D]Hiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.25.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A]NewspapersoftheGoodOldDays[B]TheLostHorizoninNewspapers[C]MournfulDeclineofJournalism[D]ProminentCriticsinMemory　　Text2　　Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshaveseengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Amazoncomreceivedoneforits“one-click”onlinepaymentsystem MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforlyingabox。　　Nowthenation’stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalehackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU.ScourtofAppealsforthefederalcircuitsaiditwoulduseparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is“averybigdeal”，saysDermis'D,CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents”　　Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-facebecauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithis1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusivepintstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbentthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfilmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice。　　TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt’sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould“reconsider”itsstatestreetBankruling。　　TheFederalCircuit’sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupreme.Countthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApril,forexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor“inventions”thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare“reactiontotheanti-patenttrendatthesupremecourt”saysHaroleCWegner,apartendattorneyandprofessoratWashingtonUniversityLawSchool。　　26.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof　　[A]theirlimitedvaluetobusiness[B]theirconnectionwithassetallocation　　[C]thepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting[D]thecontroversyoverauthorization　　27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?　　[A]Itsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisions[B]Itinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransaction 　　[C]IthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuit[D]ItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S。　　28.Theword“about-face”(Line1,Paro3)mostprobablymeans　　[A]lossofgoodwill[B]increaseofhostility　　[C]changeofattitude[D]enhancementofdisunity　　29.Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatents　　[A]areimmunetolegalchallenges[B]areoftenunnecessarilyissued　　[C]lowertheesteemforpatentholders[D]increasetheincidenceofrisks　　30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?　　[A]Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatents　　[B]Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders　　[C]Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents　　[D]Aprevailingtreadagainstbusiness-methodpatents　　Text3　　InhisbookTheTippingPointMalcolmAladuellarguesthatsocialepidemicsaredriveninlargepartbytheactingofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluentialswhoareunusualinformed,persuasive,orweconnect.Theideaisintuitivelycompellingbutitdoesn'texplainhowideasactuallyspread。　　Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausiblesoundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthe"tow-stepflowofcommunication".Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecameitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofpeoplewaswearing,promotingordevelopingwhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecalldrivetrends。　　Intheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.Infact,theydon’tseemtoberequiredofall.Theresearchers'argumentstemsfromasimpleobservationaboutsocialinfluence,withtheexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey-whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinterpersonalinfluence-eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon'tinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebratinginfluentialswhoaccordingtothetwo-step-flowtheoryaresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccurhowevereachpersonsoaffectedmusttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirsandsoonandjusthowmanyothers payattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplefromtheinitialinfluential,proveresistant,forexamplethecascadeofchangewon'tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople。　　Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingofpopulations,manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople’sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobe。　　31.BycitingthebookTheTippingPointtheauthorintendsto　　[A]analyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemics　　[B]discussinfluentials’functioninspreadingideas　　[C]exemplifypeople’sintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemics　　[D]describetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials　　32.Theauthorsuggeststhatthe“two-step-flowtheory”　　[A]servesasasolutiontomarketingproblems　　[B]hashelpedexplaincertainprevalenttrends　　[C]haswonsupportfrominfluentials　　[D]requiressolidevidenceforitsvalidity　　33.Whattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyshowsthat　　[A]thepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialinteractions　　[B]interpersonallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthemedia　　[C]influentialshavemorechannelstoreachthepublic　　[D]mostcelebritieaenjoywidemediaattention　　34.Theunderlinedphrase“thesepeople”inparagraph4referstotheoneswho　　[A]stayoutsidethenetworkofsocialinfluence　　[B]havelittlecontactwiththesourceofinfluence　　[C]areinfluencedandtheninfluenceothers　　[D]areinfluencedbytheinitialinfluential　　35.Whatistheessentialelementinthedynamicsofsocialinfluence?　　[A]Theeagernesstobeaccepted[B]Theimpulsetoinfluenceothers　　[C]Thereadinesstobeinfluenced[D]Theinclinationtorelyonothers　　Text4　　Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.Behindthescenes,theyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelsetheaccountingstandard-setters.Theirrules,moanthebanks,haveforcedthemtoreportenormouslosses,andit’sjustnotfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch。 　　Unfortunately,banks’lobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailsmaybeunknowable,buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised.And,unlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult.AfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,America’sFinancialAccountingStandardsBoard(FASB)rushedthroughrulechanges.Thesegavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong0termassetsintheirincomestatement.BobHerz,theFASB’schairman,criedoutagainstthosewho“questionourmotives。”Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbygrouppolitelycalls“theuseofjudgmentbymanagement。”　　EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(IASB)dolikewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallplanning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrongCharlieMcCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warnedtheIASBthatitdid”notliveinapoliticalvacuum”but”intherealword”andtheEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules。　　Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanet,withaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets.Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,becausetheyLargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyextentofbaddebts.Thetruthwillnotbeknownforyears.Butbank’ssharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,suggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses,yetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains。　　Togetthesystemworkingagain,lossesmustberecognizedanddealtwith.America’snewplantobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetstolevelswhichbuyersfindattractive.Successfulmarketsrequireindependentandevencombativestandard-setters.TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythat,cleaninguprulesonstockoptionsandpensions,forexample,againsthostilityinterests.Butbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinvitingpressuretomakemoreconcessions。　　36.Bankerscomplainedthattheywereforcedto　　[A]followunfavorableassetevaluationrules[B]collectpaymentsfromthirdparties　　[C]cooperatewiththepricemanagers[D]reevaluatesomeoftheirassets　　37.Accordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmayresultin　　[A]thediminishingroleofmanagement[B]therevivalofthebankingsystem　　[C]thebank’slong-termassetlosses[D]theweakeningofitsindependence　　38.AccordingtoParagraph4,McCreevyobjectstotheIASB’sattemptto　　[A]keepawayfrompoliticalinfluences[B]evadethepressurefromtheirpeers 　　[C]actontheirowninrule-setting[D]takegradualmeasuresinreform　　39、Theauthorthinksthebankswere“onthewrongplanet”inthatthey　　[A]misinterpretedmarketpriceindicators　　[B]exaggeratedtherealvalueoftheirassets　　[C]neglectedthelikelyexistenceofbaddebts　　[D]deniedbookinglossesintheirsaleofassets　　40、Theauthor’sattitudetowardsstandard-settersisoneof　　[A]satisfaction[B]skepticism[C]objectiveness[D]sympathy　　PartB　　Directions:　　ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthefirstA-GandfillthemintothenumberedboxestofromacoherenttextParagraphEhasbeencorrectlyplaced.Thereisoneparagraphwhichdosenotfitinwiththetext.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)　　[A]Thefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumer’sgrowingpreferenceforeatingout;theconsumptionoffoodanddrinkinplacesotherthanhomeshasrisenfromabout32percentoftotalconsumptionin1995to35percentin2000andisexpectedtoapproach38percentby2005.Thisdevelopmentisboostingwholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesegmentby4to5percentayearEuropecomparedwithgrowthinretaildemandof1to2percent.Meanwhileastherecessionisloominglarge,peoplearegettinganxious.Theytendtokeepatighterholdontheirpurseandconsidereatingathomearealisticalternative。　　[B]RetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEurope’slargestmarketsareatastandstill,leavingEuropeangroceryretailershungryforopportunitiestogrow.Mostleadingretailershavealreadytriede-commerce,withlimitsuccess,andexpansionabroad.Butalmostallhaveignoredthebig,profitableopportunityintheirownbackyardthewholesalefoodanddrinktrade,whichappearstobejustthekindofmarketretailersneed。　　[C]Willsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeintheoverallstructureofthefoodanddrinkmarket?Definitelynot.Thefunctioningofthemarketisbasedonflexibletrendsdominatedbypotentialbuyers.Inotherwords,itisuptothebuyerratherthanthesellertodecidewhattobuy.Atanyratethischangewillultimatelybeacclaimedbyanever-growingnumberofbothdomesticandinternationalconsumersregardlessofhowlongthecurrentconsumerpatternwilltakehold。　　[D]Allinall,thisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhichbigretailersthatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorakeinsubstantialprofitsthereby.Atleast,thatishowitlooksasawhole.Closerinspectionrevealsimportdifferencesamongthebiggestnationalmarkets,especiallyintheircustomersegments andwholesalestructures,aswellasthecompetitivedynamicsofindividualfoodanddrinkcategories.BigretailersmustunderstandthesedifferencesbeforetheycanidentifythesegmentsofEuropeanwholesalinginwhichparticularabilitiesmightunseatsmallerbutentrenchedcompetitors.Newskillsandunfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneededtoo。　　[E]Despitevariationsindetail,wholesalemarketsinthecountriesthathavebeencloselyexamined—France,Germany,Italy,andSpain—aremadeoutofsamebuildingblocks.Demandcomesmainlyfromtwosources:independentmorn-and-popgrocerystoreswhich,unlikelargeretailchains,aretwosmalltobuystraightfromproducers,andfoodserviceoperatorsrangefromsnackmachinestolargeinstitutionalcateringventures,butmostofthesebusinessesareknowninthetradeas“horeca”：hotels,restaurants,andcafes.Overall,Europe’sretailwholesalemarket,butthefigures,whenaddedtogether,maskstwoopposingtrends。　　[F]Forexample,wholesalefoodanddrinksalescometo$268billioninFrance,Germany,Italy,SpainandtheUnitedKingdomin2000-morethan40percentofretailsales.Moreover,averageoverallmarginsarehigherinwholesalethaninretail;wholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesectorisgrowingquicklyasmoreEuropeanseatoutmoreoften;andchangesinthecompetitivedynamicsofthisfragmentedindustryareatlastmakingitfeasibleforwholesalerstoconsiderate。　　[G]However,noneoftheserequirementsshoulddeterlargeretailsandevensomelargegoodproducersandexistingwholesalersfromtryingtheirhand,forthosethatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropestandtoreapconsiderablegains。　　41→42→43→44→E→45　　PartC　　Directions:　　ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.(10Points)　　OnebasicweaknessinaconservationsystembasedwhollyoneeconomicmotivesisthatmostmembersofthelandcommunityhavenoeconomicvalueYetthesecreaturesaremembersofthebioticcommunityand,ifitsstabilitydependsonitsintensity,theyareentitledtocontinuance　　Whenoneofthesenoneconomiccategoriesisthreatenedandifwehappentoloveit.WeinvertexcusestogiveiteconomicimportanceAtthebeginningofcenturysongbirdsweresupposedtobedisappearing。(46)Scientistsjumpedtotherescurewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffecttheinsectswouldeatusupifbirdsfailedtocontrolthemtheevidencehadtobecambricinordertobevalid。 　　Itispainfultoreadtheseroundaboutaccountstoday.Wehavenolandethicyet.(47)butwehaveatleastdrawnnearthepointofadmittingthatbirdsshouldcontinueasamatterofintrinsicrightregardlessofthepresenceofabsenceofeconomicadvantagetous。　　Aparallelsituationexistsinrespectofpredatorymammalsandfish-eatingbirds(48)Timewaswhenbiologistssomewhatoverwordedevidencethatthesecreaturespreservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweakorthattheypreyonlyon“worthlessspecies”。　　Somespeciesoftreehavebeenreadoutofthepartybyeconomic–mindedforesterstheygrowtooslowlyorhavetoolowasalevaletopayasimebercrops(49)InEurope,whereforestryisecologicallymoreadvanced,thenon-commercialtreespeciesarerecognizedasmembersofnativeforestcommunity,tobepreservedassuch,withinreason。　　Tosumup,asystemofconservationbasedsolelyoneconomicself-interestishopelesslylopsided.(50)Ittendstoignore,andthuseventuallytoeliminate,manyelementsinthelandcommunitythatlackcommercialvalue,butthatareessentialtoitshealthyfunctioning.Withouttheuneconomicpats。　　SectionIIIWriting　　PartA　　51.Directions:　　Youaresupposedtowriteforthepostgraduateassociationanoticetorecruitvolunteersforaninternationalconferenceonglobalization,youshouldconcludethebasicqualificationofapplicantandtheotherinformationyouthinkrelative。　　Youshouldwriteabout100words.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use“postgraduateassociation"instead。　　PartB　　52.Directions:　　Writeanessayof160200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould　　1)describethedrawingbriefly,　　2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen　　3)giveyourcomments。　　YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSHWERSHEET2.(20points) 2010英语真题参考答案　　一、完型填空　　1.A2.B3.C4.B5.C6.B7.D8.A9.C10.D　　11.C12.A13.A14.D15.B16.A17.D18.C19.B20.D　　二、阅读理解　　Text2CDCBD　　Text3BDACC　　Text4AACCD　　三、新题型　　41.B42.F43.D44.G45.A　　四、翻译　　46.科学家们贸然拿出一些看似站不住脚的证据来补救，其大意是：鸟类不能控制害虫的话，害虫就会把我们人类吃掉。　　47.但是至少我们几乎承认了这样一种观点，那就是不管鸟类的生存对我们是否有经济利益，它们都有与生俱来的生存权利。　　48.曾几何时，生物学家们总是重申这样的事实：这些生物通过捕食弱小的生物来维系健康的生物链，或者说它们只不过是在捕食无价值的物种。　　49.在欧洲，生态林业较为发达，那些无商业价值的树种被视为天然森林群落的成员，应该得到合理保护。　　50.这种体系通常忽视并最终导致很多陆地上物种的灭绝，这些物种往往是没有商业价值但却对陆地生态系统的健康运行至关重要。　　五、Writing　　小作文　　AnAnnouncement　　Jan.9,2010　　InternationalConferenceonGlobalization,fromMarch3rdto10th,willbeheldatTsinghuaUniversity.We,thePostgraduates’Association,areentitledtoorganizethisconference.Thus,wearebadlyinneedofvolunteerstoassistusinorganizingtherelevantaffairs,includingreception,distributionofdocuments,technicalsupport,etc。　　Studentswhohavepreviousexperienceasvolunteersarepreferred.Basicknowledgeincomputer,fluentoralEnglishandanamicablepersonalityaresomeofthequalitieswedesire.Volunteersshallbeavailableforatleast3dayswithoutabsenceduringtheconference。　　Ifyouareinterestedandwillingtohaveawholenewexperienceinthissemester,pleasedonothesitatetosendyourresumetoliming@hotmail.combeforeJan.20th.Yourapplicationsarewelcome。　　Postgraduates’Association　　大作文 　　Asisvividlybetrayedinthedrawingabove,ahotpotisboilingwithvariousformsofbothdomesticandaliencultures,whichcouldbecategorizedasliterature,moralvaluesandperformingarts.Whatisindicatedinthedrawingdoesreflectafactandismostthought-provoking。　　Theconnotationofthedrawingcanbeinterpretedasfollowing.ChinalaunchedReformandOpening-upin1978,whichhaspromotedtherapidgrowthofnationaleconomy.Thedevelopmentofeconomyhasbroughtaboutthegreatchangesofculture,especiallythetraditionalculture.Atpresent,ChineseandWesternculturesconflictwitheachotherbutalsomergeintoauniqueformtoacertaindegree.Inthehighly-integratedworldtoday,nocountryisanisolatedisland.Everynationisfacedwithmiscellaneousalienculture.Chinaneedstoassimilateagooddealofforeignprogressiveculture。　　AsfarasIamconcerned,somenecessarymeasuresshouldbetaken.Ononehand,moreeffortsmustbemadetopopularizeculturesworldwide.Ontheotherhand,anationwideeducationcampaignshouldbelaunchedamongpeople,especiallytheyoung,soastocultivateanappropriatesenseofculturalconcept.Onlyinthesewayscanwemakegreatercontributionstotheworldculturalheritage。 答案解析SectionIUseofEnglish1．A解析：A项affect意思是“影响，感动”；B项achieve意思是“达成，完成”；C项extract意思是“提取，榨出”；D项restore是“恢复，重建”.这句话的意思是：他们想通过实验探究车间照明是如何影响工人的生产率的，所以答案是A。2．B解析：本题考查了固定短语endup的用法，endup意思是“最终成为……”，end和其它三个介词的搭配都无此意，故选B。3．C解析：本句的大意为：研究最终总结为一个极具影响力的概念—“霍桑效应”，也正是实验所研究的行为改变了工人们的表现。所以这里应选择C。4．B解析：作者这里表达的意思是这个问题之所以引起大家的注意是因为工厂女工的行为令人费解。四个选项中perplexing意为“令人费解的”，所以正确答案为B。5．C解析：本句的含义是：根据研究描述，当照明灯变亮或变暗时，工人的时产量就会提高。四个选项中有描述含义的是C项accounts。6．B解析：这句话的意思是：实验中做什么并不重要。Donotmatter固定表达，故选B。7．D 解析：考查solongas短语，意思是“只有”，句子意思是：只要有改变，生产率就会上升。8．A解析：A项awareness意思是“意识”，B项expectation意为“期望”，C项sentiment意为“”观点，意见，D项illusion为“幻觉”，本句的大意是说：工人知到自己本身是被研究对象-这一意识就足以改变他们的行为。所以选A。9．C解析：见第8题解析。10．D解析：见第8题解析。11．C解析：besubjectedto表示“服从于，与……一致’，为固定短语。12．A解析：contraryto表示“与…相反“。根据语境提示，空白处需要填写一个能表示转折意味的链接词。13．A解析：只有evidence一词可与found呼应，表示“发现或找到证据”。14．Dmisleading“欺骗性，误导性的”，意思上来看，符合语境所表达的意思。15．B解析：forexample与上句呼应，举例说明问题。16．A 解析：duly表示“准时地，在同一个时间地”，填入句中后意思表达更精确。17．D解析：与前句dulyrose呼应，递进说明问题，故应选continue。18．C解析：此句意思与上句相反，说明另一种情况，故应使用转折词but。19．B解析：tendtodo“倾向于做某事”，说明一种常规的事实。20．D解析：hit能与aplateau搭配，意为“到达高地，触及顶点”，句意才符合语境。SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartAText121．B22．A23．C24．A25．BText226．C解析：细节题。题干问及商业专利方法在最近引起关注的原因是是什么，解答本题应定位二段首句并结合一段的主旨要义。二段首句指出“国家最高专利法庭准备对商业方法专利进行缩减，这引起了了争议。”一段主要提及在过去10年商业方法授予了成千上万的专利。由此可见，选项C是对原文的同义置换故为正确答案。 27．B解析：推理判断题。文章在二段提及Bilskicase，在四段提及对Bilskicase的结论性说明，在四段中针对Bilskicase，联邦机构发表了不同寻常的法令，而四段末句提到该法令引起对“statestreetBankruling”的是否重新考虑，由此可知B为正确答案。28．C解析：词汇短语题。含有该词的句子起到承前启后作用，解答本题应结合二段主旨及三段because后的句意来解题，二段提及“国家最高专利法庭准备对商业方法专利进行缩减”，而三段提及introducedsuchpatents…,approvingapatent…,由此可知，宣称对商业方法的控制将会有巨大的态度转变，故C正确。29．B解析：推论题。结合倒数二段二句及末段首句可知B符合文意。此题用排除法最为便利。文章的最后两段未提到ACD的内容。而B项的内容符合“thattoomanypatentswerebeingupheld”，同时B选项的内容符合文章的中心。30．A解析：主旨题。文章首段提到“过去10年”，而二段首句转到“Now”，文章的此脉络结构可知“Aloomingthreat”可统领文意，此外文章二至四段，主要谈及联邦巡讲对“business-methodpatents”的立场变化，故A为正确答案。Text331．B解析：细节题。文章提到TippingPoint真本书描述社会流行风潮是由一小部分名人引起的，然而，笔锋一转在首段末又说“itdoesn’texplainhowideasactually spread”.进而引出作者对名人传播想法功能的讨论。由此B选项正确。而A、C、D均不是作者要讨论的问题。32．D解析：细节题。文章第二段首句“thesupposed…plausiblesoundingbutlargelyuntestedtheory..”以及末句“…onlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrends”充分说明这种理论证据不够充足。而D选项正确的反应了文中的内容。33．A解析：根据题干，线索大致定位到第三段，但是第三段并没有清晰的找到题解，而接下来的第四段清晰的反应出了社会互动所产生的巨大影响这一内容。A选项充分的表明了这一点。34．C解析：根据题干，线索定位到第四段。同过分析这个短语所在的句子，“Forasocialepidemic…;justhowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowith…”此句主要表明人们是如何被别人影响进而又去影响别人的。而C选项恰是对这一点的正确表述。35．C解析：细节题。根据题干，线索定位到最后一段，从“…relatingofpopulations,manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople’sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobe…”这句话中能够得知社会影响动力因素包括人们影响别人的能力包括被别人影响的倾向性。而C选项充分的体现了这一点。Text436．A解析：细节题。答案意为“遵循不利的资产评估准则”。 由题干中的“Bankerscomplained”和“force”定位于第一段第三行“Theirrules,moanthebanks,haveforcedthemtoreportenormouslosses,andit’sjustnotfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch.”该句核心词为rules，四个答案中只有A选项包含。37．A解析：推理引申题。答案意为“管理的作用的逐渐消失”。根据题干中的专有名词FASB定位于第三段。第一句提到FASB经过努力使国会通过了一些变革，这些变革赋予了银行更多的权利，也就是说对银行的管理更为松散，所以答案为“管理的作用的逐渐消失”。38．C解析：细节题。答案意为“独立自主的制定法规”。根据题干中的“McCreevyobjectsto”定位到第五段。第五段提到立即根据美国的变化做出一样的反应，欧洲的各界人士对此的反对十分强烈，引用McCreevy的话是为了说明这一点：欧洲要对这个问题有自己独立的法律法规。39．C解析：句意题。答案意为“忽视了坏账存在的极大可能性”。根据题干的信息定位到第六段Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,becausetheylargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyextentofbaddebts.批判银行一味的夸大“thatmarketpricesoverstatelosses”，而忽视了“thelikelyextentofbaddebts”。40．D 解析：情感态度题。文章讨论了银行针对“standard-setters”的敌意行为，特别是文章最后一段更是明确的表明了作者对“standard-setters”的同情。PartB41．B解析：本题需要找出文章的首段，可用排除法做。首先A选项中提到“thefirstandmoreimportant…”中的“more”应该在前文中提到，故排除。B选项首句就提出了欧洲食品零售所面临的问题，根据文章结构法：提出问题—分析问题—解决问题，此段符合首段要求，即提出了文章的中心问题，而且本选项中也没有明显的需要和上文衔接的关系词，而其它选项都有明显的与上文衔接的信息词，不能在首段出现，故B为正确答案。42．F解析：首段一旦确定，本段内容便可根据上文顺藤摸瓜，第一段最后一句话“but”后指出了虽然食品零售商面临着“atastandstill(几乎停止发展)”的问题，他们却忽略了一个潜在的市场即他们身边的“wholesalefoodandtrade(食品批发市场)”。而F选项首句便举例说明法国、德国、意大利等国家的食品批发产业的市场规模比食品零售产业要大40%。而且在“moreover”后又进一步说明批发的利润大零售很多。因此可以判断此选项是对第一段的例证说明。其中“forexample”是明显的信息提示词。43．D解析：上段介绍了食品批发商的优势，而D选项第一句“Allinall,thisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhich…”则对上文的内容进行总结，其中allinall是较明显的信息提示词，即上文中提到的食品批发的优势推出这是明显对于“bigretailers thatmastertheintricaciesofwholesaling”是一个“market”。因此D项为正确答案。44．G解析：上段最后一句提出的“particularabilities”以及“newskillsandunfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneeded.”,即零售商需要新的技能及不熟悉的商业模式。而G选项第一句提到的“theserequirements（这些要求）”正是指上文所提到的技能。45．A解析：此题可以用排除法做，所剩下的选项只有A和C，需要注意的是本题并没有明显的信息词，所以需要阅读选项的内容进而找出正确答案。此题前文的已知段落E选项中最后一句“twoopposingtrends”在A选项中得到了体现，即一方面由于人们选择在外就餐而扩大了食品批发的需求，而另一方面人们又开始感到“anxious(焦虑)”。而C选项第一句提到的“suchvariations”在上文中并没有得到体现，因此可以断定A为正确答案。PartC46.Scinentistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffectthatinsectswouldeatusupifbirdsfailedtocontrolthem.解析：句子的主干是“scientistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidence”，后接that引导的同位语从句。If引导的条件状语从句修饰that从句。totheeffectthat大意是，意思是;failto未能；jumpto立即，赶快therescue营救,援救，解救。参考译文：科学家们立即拿出某些明显站不住脚的证据前来救驾，大致说的是如果鸟儿不能控制害虫的话，害虫就会把我们吃掉。 47.butwehaveatleastdrawnnearthepointofadmittingthatbirdsshouldcontinuesurvivalasamatterofintrinsicright,regardlessofthepresenceorabsenceofeconomicadvantagetous.解析：句子主干wehavedrawnnearthepoint。介词短语ofadmittingthat...作定语修饰point。其中嵌套了that从句作admit的宾语从句。regardlessof...作让步状语。amatterof.....的问题，大约；drawnear接近，靠近；intrinsicright天生的权利，固有的权利；economicadvantage经济利益，经济优势。参考译文：但是我们至少已经几乎承认了这样一种观点：不管鸟类对我们是否有经济利益，生存都是它们的固有权利。48.Timewaswhenbiologistssomewhatoverwordedtheevidencethatthesecreaturespreservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweak,orthattheypreyonlyon“worthlessspecies.解析：主干timewaswhen...。when引导了表语从句。Timewaswhen可看作固定短语，译为“从前，曾经”。注意两个并列同位语从句的翻译。参考译文：曾几何时，生物学家总是重述以下的这条证据：这些生物通过捕食弱小的动物去维持生物链的正常运行，或它们只是去捕食“没有价值的物种”。49.InEurope,whereforestryisecologicallymoreadvanced,thenon-commercialtreespeciesarerecognizedasmembersofnativeforestcommunity,tobepreservedassuch,withinreason.解析：句子的主体是“thenoncommercialtreespeciesarerecognizedasmembersofthenativeforestcommunity”，包含被动语态。句子开头是一个where引导的定语从句，tobepreserved是修饰noncommercialtreespecies的成分。Withinreason合情合理的，理智的。注意被动语态的处理。参考译文：欧洲的林业从生态上讲较为先进，它把没有成为商业化对象的树种视为原始森林群落的成员而适当地加以保护。 50.Ittendstoignore,andthuseventuallytoeliminate,manyelementsinthelandcommunitythatlackcommercialvalue,butthatareessentialtoitshealthyfunctioning.解析：句子主干“Ittendstoignoremanyelements”;两个that从句意思上转折，句法上为并列的定语从句，修饰thelandcommunity。注意插入语、定语从句以及代词指代的处理。参考译文：这一体系容易忽视并最终消灭很多缺乏商业价值的物种，然而这些物种对于整个生物群落的健康运行是至关重要的。SectionIIIWriting51． 小作文以研究生会的名义写一封通知，通知的内容是为全球一体化的国际会议招募志愿者，这个通知必须包aa括申请者的基本职位要求及你认为相关的其他信息。写100个字左右，不要在通知末尾写你自己的名字，用“Postgraduates’Association”代替。审题谋篇：本次小作文考察“通知”这一事务公文，“通知”的目的在于督促对方参加活动，具体来讲，是招募志愿者。结构上，只需写题目，正文，署名以及时间即可。语言上，语言应直截了当，简洁明了，可适当使用被动句表达。内容上，题目要求写招募职位，以及相关信息。关于职位，可写涉及前台接待、会场指引、乘车指引、英文翻译等服务的岗位。此外，还可以对志愿者提出要求，志愿者应该工作认真负责、积极主动，具有团队合作精神的，另外还需要沟通能力强，具有较好的英语口语和听力水平等。其他相关信息，可以提及会议时间，地点，将怎样安排志愿者等。参考范文一： NoticeVolunteersfortheInternationalConferenceofGlobalIntegrationarewanted.AnyonewhoisingoodcommandofEnglishandexperiencedincross-culturalcommunicationareexpectedtotakepartinthisactivity.Themajortaskforthispositionareasfollows:tobeginwith,topropagandathethemeofglobalizationtopeopleallovertheworld;inaddition,toprovideE-Cinterpretationservicetothoserepresentativesoftheinternationalconference,aimingatfacilitatingtheprocessofthemeeting;atlast,youshouldbestrictlyavailableaccordingtothetimescheduleoftheconference.Thosewhoareinterestedinthispostarecordiallywelcome!Postgraduates’AssociationJan.9th,2010参考范文二：NoticeTheInternationalConferenceofGlobalIntegrationwillbeheldonSeptember23atChinaInstituteofInternationalStudies,andtwentyvolunteersarewantedamongthestudentsinourschool.Thepositionsrecruitedincludereceptionist,conferenceguider,transportationguiderandEnglishinterpreter,andthevolunteersarerequestedtospeakfluentEnglishandareexpectedtobeactive,open-mindedandconscientious.Allthevolunteerswillbetrainedfor5daysbeforetheconferenceandprovidedwithfreetransportationandmeal.Forthosewhoareinterestedintakingpartintheactivity,pleasesendyourresumetotheemailaddress:postgraduates@zju.cnbeforeSeptember1.Postgraduates’AssociationJan.9th,2010参考范文三：AnnouncementPostgraduates’AssociationisrecentlylookingforVolunteersfortheInternationalConferenceofGlobalIntegration.Applicantsshouldbecurrentlystudyingattheuniversity,andshouldpreferablyhavetheexperienceofbeingapart-timevolunteerinseveralinternationalevents.Thesuccessfulapplicantwillbeexpectedtopropagandathethemeofglobalizationinthecityandoncampus.ThepositionwillcommenceattheendofMayandwilllastthroughtotheendofAugust.Fairpayforthepositionisavailableandwillbebasedonyourexperience. Ifyouareinterested,pleasesendyourresumetothefollowingemail:postgraduates@zju.cnbeforeSeptember1st.Postgraduates’AssociationJan.9th,201052． 大作文Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)giveyourcommentsonthephenomenon.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)审题谋篇：本题为图画作文，图片上是一个热气腾腾的火锅，里面包括着诸如“儒学”，“解构”，“人本”，“莎士比亚”，“功夫”等中西文化标志词。下面有一行注释。在审题构思时应该注意：把握好这幅图的象征寓意。火锅中包含着各种各样的文化元素，代表了不同文化的和谐融合，民族的文化可以成为世界的，这一趋势对人类发展是有利的。由此可见，本次作文的主题是文化融合。提纲包括两点，一是描述图片并解释含义，二是对此现象作出评论。文章也可分为三段，第一段：描述图画，描述图片中的各类文化元素。可能用到的词汇是literature,（文学）moralvalues（道德价值）performingarts（表演艺术）等。第二段：阐释图片含义。最好在段首设置主题句，然后围绕主题句展开。本图片中所显示的文化交流反映了两方面的情况，中国文化对世界文化的渗透，中国的腾飞无疑使中国文化这颗世界文化中的瑰宝更加耀眼。另一方面，中国文化也逐渐受到其他国家文化的影响。 第三段：对此现象做出评论。此评论部分可以提出建议，考虑背景及原因，或描述未来，预测未来，也可以讲世界文化融合、交流是时代的潮流,同时还要保持和振兴各族文化。参考范文：Theenlighteningpictureportraysthatahotpot,withnumerousingredientsinit,includessuchdomesticandalienculturesasliterature,moralvaluesandperformingarts.Itseemsthatthehotpottastesverydeliciousbecauseoftherichnutritionofthemulti-culturalelements.Obviously,thepicturecharacterizesthestatusquoofChinesesocietyinwhichChineseandWesterncultureconflictwitheachotherbutalsomergeintoauniqueformtoacertaindegree.SinceChinahasopeneditsdoorwidelytotheoutsideworld,manypeoplefromdifferentcountrieshavebeendeeplyfascinatedbyChineseculture.TheywillacceptandlovetheChinesecultureasawhole.Inaddition,Chinesecultureshouldbewellsharedwithforeignpeople,whohaveshowntheirenthusiasmtowardsChina.Meanwhile,theChinesepeoplearealsoexposedtoforeigncultureswhenmoreforeignpeoplecometothisorientalcountry.Inthiswaypeoplefromvariousnationsintheworldwillbeabletoacquirebetterunderstandingofeachotherandlivepeacefullyinthisworld.Inmyopinion,thecultureofanynationisakindofpreciousheritage,andbelongstothewholemankind.Witheconomicglobalization,theblendingofdifferentcultureshasbecomeaninevitabletrendofthetime.Nocountryisanisolatedisland,beitChinaorthewesternworld.Theclearerwegraspthecurrentsituation,themoreitwouldbebeneficialtotheglobalvillagers.