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Unit1 TalesoftheunexplainedGrammarandusage ThedisappearanceofJustin(make)Kellyveryunhappy.hasmadeWeusethepresentperfecttensetotalkaboutthingsthathappenedintherecentpast,butareconnectedtothepresent.Note:Theusesofthepresentperfecttense I(notsee)JustinsincelastFridaynighthavenotseenWealsousethepresentperfecttensetotalkaboutsomethingthatstartedinthepast,andisstillhappeningnow.Note: 1.We(study)Englishforaboutfiveyears.2.They(live)inthesouthsincetheirdaughterwasborn.3.I(read)yourarticlethreetimes.It’swellwritten.4.Thestudent(finish)herhomeworkalready.5.Eric(go)backtohishometowntoday.6.Thepolice(justfinish)searchingthearea.havestudiedhavelivedhavereadhasfinishedhasgonehavejustfinished Weusethepresentperfecttensewhentheexacttimeofanactionisnotclearorimportant.Weuseitwithtimeexpressionssuchas:alreadyeverforjustlatelyneverrecentlysinceyet Weusealreadyforaffirmativestatementsandyetfornegativestatements.Weusefor+aperiodoftimeandsince+apointintime.already,yet;for,since Hehasjustgoneout.(=Hewentoutafewminutesago.)Weusethepresentperfecttenseheretotellothersthatheisn’therenow.Ihavejustheardthenews.(NowIknowthenews.)Weusethepresentperfecttensetotalkaboutactionsthatwerecompletedonlyashorttimeago.Inthiscase,justisused.Payattentiontothepositionofjust.Note: Wecanalsousethepresentperfecttenseforrepeatedactions,thatis,weusethepresentperfecttensewiththetimeexpressionsonce/twice/threetimes… Tomhasrungupthreetimesthismorning.(Nowitisstillinthemorning.)Tomrangupthreetimesthismorning.(Nowitisnotstillinthemorning.)Actionsoccurringinanincompleteperiodmightbeindicatedbytodayorthismorning/afternoon/evening/week/month/year/centuryorallday/night/week,allthetime,alwaysetc. Lookatthefollowingsentencesandpointoutwhattenseortensesareusedinthemandthereasonswhytheyareused.1.WehavestudiedEnglishforaboutfiveyears.Webegantostudyitfiveyearsago.2.Theymovedtothesouthin1990andhavelivedtheresincethen.3.Ericlefthomelastyearandhasjustcomeback. 4.Justinhasbeenawayfromhomeforseveraldays.HedisappearedlastFriday.5.Theyboughtthishousethreeyearsagoandtheyhavelivedheresincethen.6.Mybrotherwenttoseemygrandpalastweek.Hehasvisitedhimthreetimesthismonth. Thepresentperfecttenseandthepastsimpletense1‘youmypen?’‘Yes,Iitonyourdeskjustnow.’(see)2‘youdinner?’‘Yes,IitwithMary.’(have)3thepostmanyetthismorning?thepostmanthismorning?(come)HaveseenHavehadhadDidcomeHavecome Thepresentperfecttenseisnormallyusedforanactionwhichlaststhroughoutanincompleteperiod,butwiththepastsimpletense,weusetimeexpressionswhichafixedpointinthepast.Wehaven’tseenJustinforaweek.(Heisstillmissing.)Justindisappearedlastweek.(ItmaymeanthatthisweekJustinishere.)Hehassmokedsinceheleftschool.(Hestillsmokes.)Hesmokedforsixmonths.(Itmeansthathestoppedsmokingthen. Sometimes,however,theactionfinishesatthetimeofspeaking.Ithasbeenverycoldlatelybutit’sjustbeginningtogetwarmer.Onmeetingsomeone,youmaysay:Ihaven’tseenyouforages.(ButIseeyounow.) 1Tomhashadabadcarcrash.(He’sprobablystillinhospitalnow.)Tomhadabadcarcrash.(Buthe’sprobablyoutofhospitalnow.)2Thelifthasbrokendown.(Wehavetousethestairs.)Theliftbrokedown.(Butit’sprobablyworkingagainnow.)Forapastactionwhosetimeisnotdefiniteandoftenhasaresultinthepresent. Readthediaryentryandthencompleteitusingthecorrectformsoftheverbsinbrackets.(2)saw(3)hasvisited(4)loves(5)hasn’tvisited(6)hasswum(7)hasnevermet(8)hasdived(9)hasfound(10)hasn’tfound(11)Has,been TheusesofthePresentperfectcontinuoustense1.Iforanhourandhestillhasn’tturnedup.(wait)2.I’msosorryI’mlate.youlong?havebeenwaitingHavebeenwaitingWesometimesusethePresentperfectcontinuoustensetotalkaboutactionsthatstartedinthepastandarestillcontinuing,orhavejustfinishedbutarestillconnectedtothepresentinsomeway.Note: TheformofthePresentperfectcontinuoustenseWeformthepresentperfectcontinuoustensewithhave/hasbeenandthepresentparticipleoftheverb. Answers:(2)havebeentalking(3)havebeentaking(4)havebeenwatching(5)haveseen(6)havebeenwriting Presentperfectorpresentperfectcontinuoustense?LiJiahasreadabookaboutStonehenge.LiJiahasbeenreadingabookaboutStonehenge. Inthefirstsentence,itmeanstheactionreadisn’tstillcontinuing,andLiJiaknowswhatthebookisaboutnow,butinthesecondsentence,itmeanstheactionreadisstillcontinuing.I’vecleanedthehouse.I’vebeencleaningthehouse.ReadPoint1onpage10. IEgypttwicethismonth.(visit)IEgyptfortwomonths.(tour)Thepresentperfectcontinuoustensecan’tbeusedwithtimeexpressionssuchastwiceorhowmanytimes,becauseinthistensetheactioniscontinuous,notstoppedandstartedagain.Wecanusethepresentperfecttenseforrepeatedactions,andthepresentperfectcontinuoustensefornon-stopactions.havevisitedhavebeentouring howmanytimes/howlonghaveyouswuminthelake?haveyoubeenswimminginthelake?HowmanytimesHowlongWeusuallyusethepresentperfecttensetoaskquestionsbeginningwithhowmany/much,andthepresentperfectcontinuoustensetoaskquestionsbeginningwithhowlong. AstateverboranactionverbIhavehadthiscameraforfiveyears.(stateverb)IhavetakenphotosofUFOswiththiscamera.(actionverb)IhavebeentakingphotosofUFOswiththiscamera.(actionverb)Anactionmeanssomethinghappeningorchanging.Astatemeanssomethingstayingthesame.Someexamplesofactionverbsaredo,go,andplay.Someexamplesofstateverbsarelike,knowandexist. Astateverbdoesn’tmeananaction,soitcan’tbeusedinacontinuoustense.They’vealwayshadabiggarden.Howlonghaveyouknowneachother?He’sbeeninhospitalsincehisaccident.I’venevervisitedParis.I’vealreadybeentoParis.always,never,yet,alreadyandevercan’tbeusedinacontinuoustense. I’venevervisitedParis.I’vealreadybeentoParis.always,never,yet,alreadyandevercan’tbeusedinacontinuoustense.I’venevervisitedParis.I’vealreadybeentoParis.always,never,yet,alreadyandevercan’tbeusedinacontinuoustense. Answersonpage11A(1)heard(2)beendoing(3)beenresearching(4)beendoing(5)started(6)done(7)read(8)found(9)started(10)beendoing(11)beenmaking SampleanswersB1Hehasbeenwaitingatanundergroundstation.2TheyhavebeentravelinginanUFO.Itlookslikeasaucer.3Theyprobablyhavetalkedtoanimalsorplantsontheearthaswellascreaturesonotherplants.4TheyhavevisitedMars,Venus,Jupiterandsomeotherplanets. HowlonghaveyoulearntEnglish?OrHowlonghaveyoubeenlearningEnglish?Ithassnowedforalongtime.Ithasbeensnowingforalongtime. BothpresentperfecttenseandpresentperfectcontinuoustenseAnactionwhichbeganinthepastandisstillcontinuingorhasonlyjustfinishedcan,withcertainverbs,beexpressedbyeitherthepresentperfectorpresentperfectcontinuous.Verbswhichcanbeusedinthiswayincludeexpect,hope,learn,lie,live,sleep,sit,study,wait,want,rain,etc. PartC1andC2onpage88inWorkbookReviewTaskpartHomework
