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动词不定式动名词的构成形式动词不定式是由“to+动词原形”构成；动名词由动词+ing构成。主动式有：一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式；被动式有：一般式、进行式和完成式。时态语态主动被动一般式动词不定式todotobedone动名词doingbeingdone进形式动词不定式tobedoingtobebeingdone动名词doingbeingdone完成式动词不定式tohavedonetohavebeendone动名词havingdonehavingbeendone完成进形式动词不定式tohavebeendoing动名词havingbeendoing动词不定式、动名词用法要点讲解一．做主语 ⒈不定式作主语 动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种： (1)把不定式置于句首。如： Togettherebybikewilltakeushalfanhour. (2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如： ①It＋be＋名词＋todo It'sourdutytotakegoodcareoftheold. ②Ittakessb.+sometime+todo Howlongdidittakeyoutofinishthework? ③It＋be＋形容词＋forsb.＋todo Itisdifficultforustofinishwritingthecompositioninaquarterofanhour. ④It＋be＋形容词＋ofsb.＋todo Itisstupidofyoutowritedowneverythingtheteachersays. ⑤Itseems(appears)＋形容词＋todo Itseemedimpossibletosavemoney.在句型③中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary等；在句型④中，常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb.，可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于sb.is＋形容词＋todo句式，如：It'skindofyoutohelpmewithmyEnglish.=YouarekindtohelpmewithmyEnglish. ⒉动名词做主语 Learningwithoutpracticeisnogood. 动名词做主语时，也常用It句式。如： ①It's+nogood(nouse,fun,apleasure,awasteoftime)+doing… It'snogoodreadingindimlight. It'snousesittingherewaiting. ②It's＋形容词＋doing It'sdangerousswimmingintheseainwindydays. 这样用的形容词有expensive,nice,tiring等，但important,necessary则不适用于这种结构，应用不定式代替，如：It'simportantforyoutokeepfit. ③Thereisno+doing Thereisnosayingwhatwillhappennext.Thereisnodenyingthathehasstolenthebike. 在这一结构中，动名词后常带宾语，相当于"It'simpossibleto…"结构。 ⒊动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别 ①不定式作主语经常表示具体动作，常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动作，经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。如： It'snogoodeatingtoomuchfat. It'snogoodforyoutoeatsomuchfat. ②动名词结构作主语，可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语。如： It'snouseyourpretendingthatyoudidn'tknowtherules. 二、作宾语 ⒈不定式作宾语 ①以下动词后，只能跟不定式作宾语。如：agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail,help,hope,lean,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等，这些词大部分可接that引导的从句。如： Idecidedtoaskformymoneyback. IdecidedthatIwouldaskformymoneyback. Whenourvisittothefarmwasover,weexpectedtostartbackonfoot. Whenourvisittothefarmwasover,weexpectedthatwewouldstartbackonfoot. ②当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，即：主语＋动词＋it＋补语＋todo句式。如： Wethinkitquiteimportantforustolearnaforeignlanguagewell. Hefeelsithisdutytohelpthepoor. ③介词but,except,besides+todo(do) 在这种句型中，如介词前有动词do，后面应接不带to的不定式；如无do，则接to不定式，即带do不带to，带to不带do。如： Theenemysoldiershadnochoicebuttogivein. OnSundayafternoonIhadnothingtodobutwatchTV. ⒉动名词作宾语 ①以下动词后，只能接动名词作宾语，如：admit,dislike,imagine,delay,consider,mind,understand,avoid,enjoy,practice,miss,finish,keep,suggest,appreciate,resist,risk,giveup,insiston,putoff等。如： Isuggestspendingoursummervacationinaseasidetown. Youmustgiveupsmoking,foritdoestoomuchharmtoyourhealth. ②动名词作介词的宾语 Ishouldgotoattendthebirthdaycelebrationinsteadofstayingathome. WhataboutinvitingLiJuntomakeaspeech? 动名词前的介词有时可以省略，如：havedifficulty(in)doing,havenotrouble(in)doing,losenotime(in)doing,prevent/stop…(from)doing,thereisnouse(in)doing等。 ⒊部分动词后面，既可接动词不定式，也可接动名词作宾语，意义不变。如：begin,continue,start,hate,like,love,prefer等。hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未来事件，接动名词表示目前正在进行的活动或一般的行为。 在need,require,want后接-ing形式，表示被动意义，也可接不定式，但要用被动形式，如：Yourhandwritingneedsimproving(tobeimproved).在下列情况下，一般要用不定式： ①hate,like,love前有would(should)时，如：I'dliketohaveacupofcoffee. ②当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时，如：Thestudentsarestartingtoworkonthedifficultmathproblem. ③begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时，如：Isoonbegantounderstandwhatwashappening. ⒋advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语，或带不定式作宾语补足语。如： Ourteachersdon'tpermitourswimminginthelake. Ourteachersdon'tpermitustoswiminthelake. ⒌部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根据句子语境选择使用。 ①forget,remember, regret后接不定式，表示现在或未来的动作，接动名词表示动作已经发生。如： Don'tforgettoposttheletterforme. HaveyouforgottenmeetingherinBeijingAirport? Remembertoclosethewindowsbeforeyouleave. Irememberwritinghimaletterayearago. Weregrettotellyouthatallofyouarenotinvitedtoattendthemeeting. Theyregrettedorderingthesebooksfromabroad. ②meantodo打算做某事 meandoing意味着…… Imeanttocatchupwiththeearlybus. Thismeanswastingalotofmoney. ③trytodo设法尽力做某事 trydoing试着做某事 Youshouldtrytoovercomeyourshortcomings. Tryworkingoutthephysicsprobleminanotherway. ④stoptodo停下一件事去做另一件事（不定式作目的状语） stopdoing停止做某事 Onthewaytotheairport,Istoppedtobuyapaper. You'dbetterstoparguinganddoasyouaretold. ⑤can'thelpdoing禁不住…… can’thelptodo不能帮助干…… Theycouldn'thelpjumpingupatthenews. SorryIhavelotsofworktodo.SoIcan'thelptomakeuptheroomforyou. ⑥goontodo做不同的事或不同内容的事 goondoing继续不停地做某事，指同一动作的继续 Hewentontotalkaboutworldsituation.他接着又谈了世界形势。 We'llgoonfightingsolongasthereisoppressionintheworld. ⑦leaveofftodo离开某地去干什么（目的状语） leaveoffdoing停下某事 It'stimetoleaveofftalkingandtostartacting. Theyleftofftogofishing. 三、做表语 不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。 ①Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople. ②Mychiefpurposeistopointoutthedifficultiesofthematter. ③WhatIwouldsuggestistoputoffthemeeting. 当主语和表语都是不定式时，其含义一是条件，一是结果（例①）。当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mistake,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组（例②）时，或以what引导的名词性分句（例③），不定式说明主语的内容。 ④Ourworkisservingthepeople. ⑤Whathelikesistakingawalkaftersupper. ⑥ThestorytoldbyMr.Wangisinteresting. ④⑤句动名词作表语，与主语部分可以转换，如Servingthepeopleisourwork， 而⑥句中是现在分词作表语，说明主语的性质、状态，现在分词具有形容词的各种特征，另外，动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开来。 四、作定语 ⒈不定式作定语 不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如： ①ThenexttraintoarriveisfromWashington. ②Haveyouanythingtobetakentoyoursister? ③Doyouhaveanythingtosayonthequestion? ④Wouldyoupleasegivemesomepapertowriteon? ⑤MywishtovisitFrancehascometrueatlast. 不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系： (1)表示将来的动作（例①）。 (2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词（例④）。 (3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍用主动语态（例③）；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态（例②）。 (4)不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句，例①toarrive=thatwillarrive。 ⒉动名词作定语 ①Thispassagecanbeusedaslisteningmaterials. ②Thereadingroomofourschoollibrarycanhold800people. ③Allmovingbodieshaveenergy. ①②句动名词作定语说明一种性能，即：用来……的；第③句为现在分词作定语，单个分词作定语常置于被修饰词之前，与被修饰词之间可构成逻辑上的主谓关系，分词短语作定语常置于被修饰词之后。如：ThemanstandingattheschoolgateisProfessorSmith. 五、不定式作补足语 ⒈作宾语补足语 一些及物动词除要求按宾语外，有时还需要有宾语补足语，说明宾语的行为、状态、特征，这时意思才相对完整。 (1)常要求不定式作宾补的动词有：allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive（强迫），encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,wouldlike(love,hate),order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish等。如： ①WouldyoulikemetogiveyourregardstoMary? ②Iwantyoutounderstandthewholepassageclearly. (2)部分动词后常接tobe＋形容词、名词短语等形式，有时tobe可省略，如：believe,consider,discover,find(=consider),feel(=think),imagine,judge,know,prove,think,suppose,see(=understand),understand等。 ①WeallbelieveJohn(tobe)honest. ②Iconsiderhim(tobe)oneofthebestteachersofNo.1MiddleSchool. 但当不定式是完成式时，to不能省略，如：Weconsiderhimtohavebeenfoolish. (3)感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to。 ①Ididn'thearanyonesayanythingaboutit. ②Theymakethestudentsdotoomuchhomeworkeveryday. 这种句式在变为被动语态时，to不能省略，如第②句：Thestudentsaremadetodotoomuchhomeworkeveryday. (4)help,know后面的"to"可有可无。如： Wouldyoupleasehelpme(to)fillinthetaxform? I'veneverknownher(to)belatebefore.但：HewasknowntohavebeentoFrancebefore. (5)部分短语动词后，常接不定式作宾补，如： Youmaydependonthemtobethereearly. ThePartycallsonustoincreaseproductionandpractiseeconomy. 常这样用的短语动词有：askfor,carefor,callon,counton,dependon,waitfor,longfor（渴望），preparefor,wishfor等。 2.作主语补足语 不定式作主语补足语，和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。如： ①Hewasnotallowedtoentertheclassroomforbeinglate. ②Theyounguniversitystudentisconsideredtohavegreatpromise. 六、不定式作状语 1.作目的状语 (1)①Istayedtheretoseewhatwouldhappen. ②Henryhasdecidedtogotothehospitaltobeexaminedbythedoctor. (2)有时为了强调，不定式前可加inorder或soas。如： Bobtookdownmytelephonenumbersoas(inorder)nottoforgetit. 有时为强调目的状语可把inorderto或不定式置于句首，但soasto不能这样用。在这种句式中不定式部分可转换为sothat,inorderthat,成为目的状语从句，如： Istayedtheresothat(inorderthat)Icouldseewhatwouldhappen. (3)在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式，如：astonished,glad,happy,laugh,pleased,sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。 ①Wearegladtohearthenews. ②Iwassurprisedtoseethatathree-year-oldbabycouldwritesowell. 在部分形容词后接不定式，用主动形式表示被动意义，这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。如：Thequestionraisedbythestudentisdifficulttoanswer. Theroomisreallycomfortabletolivein. 常这样用的形容词有：comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible等。 2.作结果状语 Wecamehomeafterourholidaytofindourgardenneatandtidy. 不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如： ①so…asto;such…asto I'mnotsostupid(afool)astoputitinwriting.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。 I'mnotsuchastupidfoolastoputitinwriting. ②enough…to Thespeedishighenoughforustocatchupwiththefirstliner. ③onlyto Janehurriedbackonlytofindhermotherdyinginthehospital. ④too…to I'mtootiredtostayuplonger. 但在下列结构中，too…to并非是“太……而不能……”之意。如： ①I'monlytoogladtohavepassedtheexam.考试及格我太高兴了。（too修饰gladtohave…，相当于very） ②Wehavetoomuchtolearn.我们要学的太多了（不定式作定语）。 ⒊不定式短语还可作独立成分，用于句首、句中或句末。如： Totellthetruth,theplaywasagreatdisappointmenttome. 常见的短语有tobeexact（确切地说），tobeginwith（首先），todohimjustice（说句对他公道的话），tobesure（真的）等等。 七、动词不定式、动名词的其它用法 ⒈疑问词＋不定式结构 疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。如： ①WhentoleaveforLondonhasnotbeendecidedyet. ②Mr.Smithdidn'tknowwhethertoleaveorstaythere. ③IaskedProfessorXuhowtolearnEnglishwell. ④Thequestionwaswheretogetthemedicineneeded. 以上例句中疑问词＋不定式部分，均可转换为相应的从句形式。如：①Whenweshallleave…③…howIcouldlearn… 经常在这种结构中使用的动词有：consider,decide,discover,explain,findout,forget,hear,know,learn,observe,understand,wonder等。 ⒉动词不定式的时态、语态 (1)时态 ①一般式：动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后，有时表示同时发生。如： Ihopetobecomeauniversitystudentthisyear.（tobecome发生在hope之后） WeoftenhearDickplaythepianointhenextroom.（play和hear同时发生） ②完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如： I'msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting. Wearetooyoungtohaveseentheoldsociety. ③进行式：表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。如： TheteacherhappenedtobecorrectingourpaperswhenIcamein. Theyseemedtobediscussingsomethingimportant. (2)语态 如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如： It'sagreathonourtobeinvitedtoMary'sbirthdayparty.（不定式作主语） Itwasimpossibleforlosttimetobemadeup.（不定式作主语） Iwishtobesenttoworkinthecountry.（不定式作宾语） Canyoutellmewhichisthecartoberepaired?（不定式作定语） Hewenttothehospitaltobeexamined.（不定式作状语） 在Therebe结构中，修饰主语的不定式可用被动，也可用主动。如：Therearestillmanythingstotakecareof(tobetakencareof).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同，如：Theseisnothingtodonow.(Wehavenothingtodonow.)Thereisnothingtobedonenow.(Wecandonothingnow.) ⒊动名词的时态、语态 (1)时态 ①一般式：动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以是泛指，也可与谓语动词同时发生，或发生在谓语动作之前、之后。如： Weareinterestedincollectingstamps. IshallneverforgetseeingtheGreatWallforthefirsttime. Wearenotafraidofdying. ②完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如： Imaginehavingtravelledonthemoon. Wewerepraisedforhavingfinishedtheworkaheadoftime. (2)被动语态 ①如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示的动作的承受者，动名词要用被动语态，动名词的被动语态有一般式与完成式之分。如： Theyoungmancameinwithoutbeingnoticed. Hepridedhimselfonhavingneverbeenbeateninclass. ②有些动词后的动名词用主动形式，但表示被动意义。如： Thebikeneedsrepairing. Ifathingisworthdoing,itisworthdoingwell.语法练习一、用动词的不定式、动词ing形式填空。1.Mymothertoldme (turn)onthelightsjustnow.2.Chinesewouldlike (make)friendswithalotofforeigners.3.Hefeelslike (eat)anapple4.Alotofpeoplelikes (do)someshoppingonSundays.5.Theyaskedme (thank)yourmother.6.Wouldyoulike (drink)teaorcoffee?7.Alotofchildrenlike (swim),becauseitisgoodforhealth.8.Pleaseaskher (arrive)toschoolatseventhirtytomorrowmorning.9.Myfatherwasglad (see)hisoldfriendsyesterday.10.PleaseaskuncleWang (mend)theTVset. 11.Whenthebabyheardthemusic,hestopped (cry)atonce.12.Look!Thereisacow (lie)ontheroad.13.Iamsorry (hear)thebadnews14.Hewants (go)therewithyou.15.Wewillhelpthefarmers (grow)ricenextweek16.Itistime (begin)ourlessonsnow.17.Lotsofchildrenenjoys (listen)tomusic.18.Couldyoutellmeifyoulike (sing)Englishsongs?19.Iwouldlove (go)fishinginthelake.20.Ittookhimonehour (finish)hishomework.21.Ispentthreeweeksin (finish)mywork.22.Whatabout (go)outforawalk?23.Doyoumind (open)thewindow?24.Hepractices (speak)Englisheverymorning.25.Wearebusy (get)readyfortheEnglishexam.26.Hegaveup (learn)maths.27.Willyougotothecinema (see)afilm?28.Hewenttotheschoollibrary (borrow)someEnglishbooks.29.Inwinter,leavesoftreesbegin (turn)yellow.30.Itisthebestseasonfor (swim)insummer.31.Ispenttwohoursonmathsexerciseslastnight. It took metwohours mymathsexerciseslastweek.32.Heisgoodat (swim).33.Letusmakeacontributionto (protect)ourenvironment.34.Iusedto (be)ahistoryteacher.35.Iamusedto (get)upearly36.Remember (bring)yourEnglishbookshere.37.Iremembered (see)himinthemeetingtenyearsago. 38.Don’tforget (turn)offthelightswhenyouleave.39.Iforgot (lock)mydoorthismorning.40.Thanksverymuchfor (help)mestudyEnglish.41.Youshouldgiveup (smoke).Itisbadforyourhealthy.42.Hekeptme (wait)foralongtime.43.Theheavyrainstoppedmefrom (go)out.44.Ioftenseeher (dance) inherroom.45.Iheardhim (sing)anEnglishsongwhenIwaswalkingpastherroom.46.HowdidLingFengmakethebabystop (cry)?47.WhenImetLucyinthestreetyesterday,Istopped (talk)withhim.48.Whentheteacherwalkedintotheclassroom,thestudentsstopped (talk).49.Youareverytired,youhadbetterstopped (have)arest.50.Itisnotpolite (talk)loudlyinpublic.二、单项选择。1.WhatisthewayLaoWangthoughtof_______enoughmoneytobuythehouse?A.togetB.gettingC.havinggotD.beinggot2.Withoutfact,wecan’tformacorrectopinion,forweneedtohaveactualknowledge__________ourthinking.A.whichtobebasedonB.whichtobaseonC.onwhichtobaseD.whichtobase3.Tompretended_________itbutinfact,heknewitverywell.A.notlistentoB.nottohearfromC.nottohaveheardaboutD.nottobelisteningto4.Themanwefollowedsuddenlystoppedandlookedasif_________whetherhewasgoingintherightdirection.A.seeingB.havingseenC.toseeD.tohaveseen5.Hearinghiswords,Icouldn’tdecide__________orremain.A.whethertogoabroadB.ifIgoabroadC.iftogoabroadD.togoabroad6.Lily’smobilephonewasleftinataxiaccidentally,never_______again.A.tofindB.tobefoundC.findingD.beingfound 7.---Tomorrowisaholiday.Whyareyoudoingyourhomework?---I’mdoingthisexercisenowsothatIwon’thave________onSunday.A.forB.themC.itD.to8.Ididnothingalldaybut________tomyfriendwhoIhaven’tseenforalmostayear.A.writeB.towriteC.wroteD.writing9.Wouldyouplease________leavethedooropen?It’stoocoldhere.A.notB.nottoC.tonotD.don’t10.---IhearthatyouandyourparentsaregoingtospendyoursummervocationinBeijing.---Yes,we’replanning_________.A.toB.tobeC.itD.todoit11.Idon’tthinkitwise________thehardworkthattheyhaverefusedtodo.A.foryoutotakeonB.ofyoutotakeonC.foryoutakingonD.ofyoutakingon12.Myfatherpromisedtogivesomemoneyand_______anythingIwantto.A.toallowmetobuyB.allowmetobuyC.promisedtoallowmetobuyD.thatIwouldaskthemtobuy13.HespokeEnglishslowlyandclearlyinclass_________becausetheyareallfreshmen.A.soastobeunderstoodB.tobeunderstoodC.soastounderstandD.tounderstand14.________thetruth,heisnotanhonestmanwecanbelievein.A.IamtotellB.ToldC.TellingD.Totell15.________alongstoryshort,hewantedtomarryherandgetalotofmoney.A.MakeB.TomakeC.JackhadmadeDMaking16.---HaveyoufoundoutthetelephonenumberIneed?---Yes,but________,Ihavesatherefornearlyahalfhour.A.forfindingitoutB.tofinditoutC.forfindingoutitD.tofindoutit17.Thoughitispollutedalittle,yetthiscitywithalonghistoryisstillagoodplace___________.A.inwhichtoliveB.toliveinC.toliveD.alltheaboveareright18.Wedidn’texpecttheplanwehadmadeverycarefullyforthem______socoldly.A.refusedB.torefuseC.toberefusedD.refusing19._______intothecollege,hehadtoworkhardatallthesubjects,someofwhichhedidn’tlike.A.InordertoadmitB.InordertobeadmittedC.SoastoadmitD.Soastobeadmitted20.Sheworks______hard______catchupwiththetopstudents.A.so;astoB.very;astoC.so;toD.as;asto 答案：一、用动词的不定式、动词ing形式填空。1.toturn2.tomake3.eating4.doing5.tothank6.todrink7.swimming8.toarrive 9.tosee10.tomend11.crying12.lying13.tohear14.togo15.(to)grow16.tobegin 17.listening18.singing19.togo20.tofinish21.finishing22.going23.opening 24.speaking25.getting26.learning27.tosee28.toborrow29.toturn30.swimming31.tofinish32.swimming33.protecting34.be35.getting36.tobring37.seeing 38.toturn39.locking40.helping41.smoking42.waiting43.going44.dance45.singing46.crying47.totalk48.talking49.tohave50.totalk二、单项选择。1—5ACCCA6—10BDAAA11—15BBADB16—20BDCBA
