语言学讲义第二章答案.doc

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1、Chaptertwo1.Phonetics:Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived.Itcanbedividedintothreemainareasofstudy—articulatoryphonetics,acousticphoneticsandperceptual/auditoryphonetics.2.Phonology：Phonologyisthestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguag

2、es.Itaimsto“discovertheprinciplesthatgovernthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur”.3.speechorgans:thosepartsofthehumanbodyinvolvedintheproductionofspeech,alsoknownas‘vocalorgans’.4.voicing:thevibrationofthevocalfolds.Whenthevocalfoldsareclose

3、together,theairstreamcausesthemtovibrateagainsteachotherandtheresultantsoundissaidtobe‘voiced’.Whenthevocalfoldsareapartandtheaircanpassthrougheasily,thesoundproducedissaidtobe‘voiceless’.5.InternationalPhoneticAlphabet:asetofstandardphoneticsymbolsintheformofachart(theIPAc

4、hart),designedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationsince1888.Ithasbeenrevisedfromtimetotimetoincludenewdiscoveriesandchangesinphonetictheoryandpractice.Thelatestversionhasbeenrevisedin1993andupdatedin1996.6.consonant:amajorcategoryofsoundsegments,producedbyaclosureinthevoca

5、ltract,orbyanarrowingwhichissomarkedthataircannotescapewithoutproducingaudiblefriction.7.vowel:amajorcategoryofsoundsegments,producedwithoutobstructionofthevocaltractsothatairescapesinarelativelyunimpededwaythroughthemouthorthenose.8.mannerofarticulation:waysinwhicharticula

6、tionofconsonantscanbeaccomplished—(a)thearticulatorsmaycloseofftheoraltractforaninstantorarelativelylongperiod;(b)theymaynarrowthespaceconsiderably;or(c)theymaysimplymodifytheshapeofthetractbyapproachingeachother.9.placeofarticulation:thepointwhereanobstructiontotheflowofai

7、rismadeinproducingaconsonant.10.coarticulation:simultaneousoroverlappingarticulations,aswhenthenasalqualityofanasalsoundaffectstheprecedingorfollowingsoundsothatthelatterbecomesnasalized.Iftheaffectedsoundbecomesmorelikethefollowingsound,itisknownas‘anticipatorycoarticulati

8、on（先期协同发音）’;ifthesoundshowstheinfluenceoftheprecedingsound,itis‘perseverativecoart