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1、.-LinYutang'sIntroductiontoChuangtse:MysticandHumoristJesuswasfollowedbySt.Paul,SocratesbyPlato,ConfuciusbyMencius,andLaotsebyChuangtse.Inallfourcases,thefirstwastherealteacherandeitherwrotenobooksorwroteverylittle,andthesecondbegantodevelopthedoctrinesandwrotelongandprofounddiscourse
2、s.Chuangtse,whodiedabout275B.C.,wasseparatedfromLaotse'sdeathbynotquitetwohundredyears,andwasstrictlyacontemporaryofMencius.Yetthemostcuriousthingisthatalthoughboththesewritersmentionedtheotherphilosophersofthetime,neitherwasmentionedbytheotherinhisworks.Onthewhole,Chuangtsemustbecons
3、ideredthegreatestprosewriteroftheChouDynasty,asCh'u:Yu:anmustbeconsideredthegreatestpoet.Hisclaimtothispositionrestsbothuponthebrillianceofhisstyleandthedepthofhisthought.ThatexplainsthefactthatalthoughhewasprobablythegreatestslandererofConfucius,andwithMotse,thegreatestantagonistofCo
4、nfucianideas,noConfucianscholarhasnotopenlyorsecretlyadmiredhim.Peoplewhowouldnotopenlyagreewithhisideaswouldneverthelessreadhimasliterature.Norcanitbesaidtrulythatapure-bloodedChinesecouldeverquitedisagreewithChuangtse'sideas.TaoismisnotaschoolofthoughtinChina,itisadeep,fundamentaltr
5、aitofChinesethinking,andoftheChineseattitudetowardlifeandtowardsociety.Ithasdepth,whileConfucianismhasonlyapracticalsenseofproportions;itenrichesChinesepoetryandimaginationinanimmeasurablemanner,anditgivesaphilosophicsanctiontowhateverisintheidle,freedom-loving,poetic,vagabondChineses
6、oul.Itprovidestheonlysafe,romanticreleasefromthesevereConfucianclassicrestraint,andhumanizestheveryhumaniststhemselves;thereforewhenaChinesesucceeds,heisalwaysaConfucianist,andwhenhefails,heisalwaysaTaoist.Asmorepeoplefailthansucceedinthisworld,andasallwhosucceedknowthattheysucceedbut
7、inalameandhaltingmannerwhentheyexaminethemselvesinthedarkhoursofthenight,IbelieveTaoistideasaremoreoftenatworkthanConfucianism.EvenaConfucianistsucceedsonlywhenheknowsheneverreallysucceeds,thatis,byfollowingTaoistwisdom.TsengKuofan,thegreatConfuciangeneralwhosuppressedtheTaipingRebell
8、ion,h
