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1、.-LinYutang'sIntroductiontoChuangtse:MysticandHumoristJesuswasfollowedbySt.Paul,SocratesbyPlato,ConfuciusbyMencius,andLaotsebyChuangtse.Inallfourcases,thefirstwastherealteacherandeitherwrotenobooksorwroteverylittle,andthesecondbegantodevelopthedoctrinesandwrotelongandprofounddiscourses.Chuangtse,wh
2、odiedabout275B.C.,wasseparatedfromLaotse'sdeathbynotquitetwohundredyears,andwasstrictlyacontemporaryofMencius.Yetthemostcuriousthingisthatalthoughboththesewritersmentionedtheotherphilosophersofthetime,neitherwasmentionedbytheotherinhisworks.Onthewhole,Chuangtsemustbeconsideredthegreatestprosewriter
3、oftheChouDynasty,asCh'u:Yu:anmustbeconsideredthegreatestpoet.Hisclaimtothispositionrestsbothuponthebrillianceofhisstyleandthedepthofhisthought.ThatexplainsthefactthatalthoughhewasprobablythegreatestslandererofConfucius,andwithMotse,thegreatestantagonistofConfucianideas,noConfucianscholarhasnotopenl
4、yorsecretlyadmiredhim.Peoplewhowouldnotopenlyagreewithhisideaswouldneverthelessreadhimasliterature.Norcanitbesaidtrulythatapure-bloodedChinesecouldeverquitedisagreewithChuangtse'sideas.TaoismisnotaschoolofthoughtinChina,itisadeep,fundamentaltraitofChinesethinking,andoftheChineseattitudetowardlifean
5、dtowardsociety.Ithasdepth,whileConfucianismhasonlyapracticalsenseofproportions;itenrichesChinesepoetryandimaginationinanimmeasurablemanner,anditgivesaphilosophicsanctiontowhateverisintheidle,freedom-loving,poetic,vagabondChinesesoul.Itprovidestheonlysafe,romanticreleasefromthesevereConfucianclassic
6、restraint,andhumanizestheveryhumaniststhemselves;thereforewhenaChinesesucceeds,heisalwaysaConfucianist,andwhenhefails,heisalwaysaTaoist.Asmorepeoplefailthansucceedinthisworld,andasallwhosucceedknowthattheysucceedbutinalameandhaltingmannerwhentheyexaminethemselvesinthedarkhoursofthenight,IbelieveTao
7、istideasaremoreoftenatworkthanConfucianism.EvenaConfucianistsucceedsonlywhenheknowsheneverreallysucceeds,thatis,byfollowingTaoistwisdom.TsengKuofan,thegreatConfuciangeneralwhosuppressedtheTaipingRebellion,h
