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1、ChapterTwenty-ThreeVocationalAspectsofEducation1.TheMeaningofVocation.Atthepresenttimetheconflictofphilosophictheoriesfocusesindiscussionoftheproperplaceandfunctionofvocationalfactorsineducation.Thebaldstatementthatsignificantdifferencesinfundamentalphilosophicalconceptionsfindtheir
2、chiefissueinconnectionwiththispointmayarouseincredulity:thereseemstobetoogreatagapbetweentheremoteandgeneraltermsinwhichphilosophicideasareformulatedandthepracticalandconcretedetailsofvocationaleducation.Butamentalreviewoftheintellectualpresuppositionsunderlyingtheoppositionsineduca
3、tionoflaborandleisure,theoryandpractice,bodyandmind,mentalstatesandtheworld,willshowthattheyculminateintheantithesisofvocationalandculturaleducation.Traditionally,liberalculturehasbeenlinkedtothenotionsofleisure,purelycontemplativeknowledgeandaspiritualactivitynotinvolvingtheactiveu
4、seofbodilyorgans.Culturehasalsotended,latterly,tobeassociatedwithapurelyprivaterefinement,acultivationofcertainstatesandattitudesofconsciousness,separatefromeithersocialdirectionorservice.Ithasbeenanescapefromtheformer,andasolaceforthenecessityofthelatter.Sodeeplyentangledaretheseph
5、ilosophicdualismswiththewholesubjectofvocationaleducation,thatitisnecessarytodefinethemeaningofvocationwithsomefullnessinordertoavoidtheimpressionthataneducationwhichcentersaboutitisnarrowlypractical,ifnotmerelypecuniary.Avocationmeansnothingbutsuchadirectionoflifeactivitiesasrender
6、sthemperceptiblysignificanttoaperson,becauseoftheconsequencestheyaccomplish,andalsousefultohisassociates.Theoppositeofacareerisneitherleisurenorculture,butaimlessness,capriciousness,theabsenceofcumulativeachievementinexperience,onthepersonalside,andidledisplay,parasiticdependenceupo
7、ntheothers,onthesocialside.Occupationisaconcretetermforcontinuity.Itincludesthedevelopmentofartisticcapacityofanykind,ofspecialscientificability,ofeffectivecitizenship,aswellasprofessionalandbusinessoccupations,tosaynothingofmechanicallabororengagementingainfulpursuits.Wemustavoidno
8、tonlylimitationofco