功能陶瓷材料钛酸盐亚微米晶的合成与表征毕业论文

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分类号学　号M05044UDC　　　　密　级　学位论文功能陶瓷材料钛酸盐亚微米晶的合成与表征 学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。作者签名：日期：年月日学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，同意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权　　　　大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。涉密论文按学校规定处理。作者签名：日期：年月日导师签名：日期：年月日 目录中文摘要·················································································································1英文摘要·······················································································································31前言···············································································································································5§1.1功能陶瓷材料的概述············································································································5§1.2功能陶瓷的功能、分类及发展······························································································5§1.3功能陶瓷微细粉末的制备技术·····························································································81.3.1功能陶瓷材料的制备要求·································································································91.3.2功能陶瓷材料的制备方法································································································111.3.2.1固相法····························································································································111.3.2.2熔盐法····························································································································131.3.2.3液固法····························································································································16 1.3.2.4其它的合成方法·············································································································16§1.4本文的研究背景及选题依据··············································································19§1.5本文的主要研究内容与创新点··································································20§1.6课题基金来源······························································································21参考文献···············································································································222BaTiO3亚微米晶的液-固合成及表征·····························································25§2.1前言··············································································································25§2.2实验部分·······································································································262.2.1实验所需试剂及设备················································································262.2.2前驱体过氧化钡BaO2·H2O2的制备·······························································262.2.3液固反应法合成BaTiO3亚微米晶································································262.2.4产品的表征········································································································26§2.3结果与讨论···································································································272.3.1前驱体BaO2·H2O2的表征···············································································272.3.2前驱体BaO2·H2O2的DSC分析···································································282.3.3产品BaTiO3 的XRD分析················································································292.3.4产品BaTiO3的拉曼光谱表征···········································································302.3.5产品BaTiO3的FTIR表征················································································312.3.6产品BaTiO3的XPS分析················································································312.3.7产品BaTiO3的SEM观察················································································32§2.4合成机理探讨·······························································································33§2.5产品BaTiO3性质的表征····················································································332.5.1产品BaTiO3的电阻和电容分析·····································································332.5.2产品BaTiO3的V-I表征·················································································36§2.6小结···············································································································37参考文献················································································································383以CdO2为前驱体低温固相合成CdTiO3亚微米晶·················································40§3.1前言······································································································································40§3.2实验部分······························································································································40 3.2.1实验所需试剂及设备········································································································403.2.2前驱体过氧化镉CdO2的制备·························································································413.2.3固相反应法合成CdTiO3亚微米晶···················································································413.2.4产品的表征························································································································41§3.3结果与讨论···································································································423.3.1前驱体CdO2的表征······································································423.3.2前驱体CdO2的TG分析················································································433.3.3产品CdTiO3的XRD表征············································································443.3.4产品CdTiO3的拉曼光谱表征····································································453.3.5产品CdTiO3的TG-DSC分析······································································453.3.6产品CdTiO3的FTIR表征············································································463.3.7产品CdTiO3的XPS表征·············································································473.3.8产品CdTiO3的SEM表征··············································································49§3.4合成机理探讨········································································································50§3.5产品CdTiO3的电学性能表征··············································································503.5.1产品CdTiO3 的电阻和电容分析··································································503.5.2产品CdTiO3的V-I表征·················································································52§3.6小结··············································································································53参考文献················································································································554SrTiO3亚微米晶的固相法、熔盐法合成···············································56§4.1前言··············································································································56§4.2实验部分·······································································································574.2.1实验所需试剂及设备················································································574.2.2前驱体过氧化锶SrO2的制备··································································584.2.3固相反应法合成SrTiO3亚微米晶································································584.2.4熔盐反应法合成SrTiO3亚微米晶································································584.2.5产品的表征································································································58§4.3结果与讨论···································································································594.3.1前驱体SrO2的表征·····································································594.3.2前驱体SrO2的热重分析··············································································604.3.3熔盐（MS）的TG-DSC分析········································································614.3.4产品SrTiO3 的XRD表征·············································································624.3.4.1未加熔盐反应得到产品SrTiO3的XRD分析····································624.3.4.2熔盐法反应得到产品SrTiO3的XRD分析····································634.3.5产品SrTiO3的SEM分析·······································································644.3.6产品SrTiO3的拉曼分析········································································664.3.7产品SrTiO3的XPS分析·············································································664.3.8产品SrTiO3的FTIR分析·········································································68§4.4合成机理探讨············································································································69§4.5产品SrTiO3的电学性能表征··················································································704.5.1产品SrTiO3的阻抗性能表征·······································································704.5.2产品SrTiO3的V-I性能表征············································································72§4.6小结···············································································································73参考文献················································································································74总结与展望·············································································································76致谢··············································································································································78硕士期间发表论文情况·········································································································79 扬州大学学位论文原创性声明和版权使用授权书·····················································80 功能陶瓷材料钛酸盐亚微米晶的合成与表征中文摘要本论文利用低温固相法、液固法和熔盐法，设计新的反应体系和工艺过程，寻求温和、简单的方法合成一些重要的钛酸盐功能陶瓷材料，目的在于降低生产成本、减小污染和能耗，并实现对产品的纯度和尺寸进行控制。利用X–射线粉末衍射（XRD）、X–射线光电子能谱（XPS）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、拉曼光谱（Raman）、热重-示差扫描量热法（TG-DSC）、电化学工作站等多种现代分析测试手段对所得产物的结构、组成、形貌、大小和性质等进行了表征，并初步探讨了相关的合成机理。已完成的主要内容总结如下：1、通过一条新颖的低温液-固相反应法合成了四方相BaTiO3亚微米晶，这主要分两步来完成：第一，在碱性溶液（氨水调节pH=8）中，以BaCl2和H2O2为原料，合成了前驱体BaO2·H2O2亚微米颗粒（尺寸约为130-450nm）；第二，以自制的前驱体BaO2·H2O2（过量）和市售的TiO2亚微米颗粒为原料，在空气中700℃热处理10小时，再用1mol/L硝酸和蒸馏水洗去产物中可能含有的杂质，干燥后得到了四方相的BaTiO3亚微米晶（颗粒尺寸为180-400nm）。利用XRD、XPS、FTIR、Raman、SEM等多种现代分析测试手段对产品的结构、组成、形貌以及大小进行了表征，并提出了该体系中产品BaTiO3的可能形成机理。最后，利用电化学工作站对产物的电学方面的性质进行研究。2、采用低温固相反应法合成了钛铁矿相CdTiO3亚微米晶。该法主要通过两个简单的步骤来完成：第一，在碱性溶液（氨水调节pH=8）中，以3CdSO4·8H2O和H2O2为原料，合成了前驱体CdO2纳米颗粒（尺寸约为5nm）；第二，以自制的前驱体CdO2纳米颗粒（过量）和市售的TiO2亚微米颗粒为原料，在空气中600℃热处理6小时，再用1mol/L硝酸和蒸馏水洗去产物中含有的杂质CdO，干燥后得到了钛铁矿相的CdTiO3亚微米晶（颗粒尺寸为150-350nm）。利用XRD、SEM、FTIR、XPS、Raman等多种现代分析测试手段对产品的结构、形貌、大小以及组成进行了表征，并提出了该体系中产品CdTiO3的可能形成机理。最后，利用TG-DSC和电化学工作站对产物的热学和电学方面的性质进行研究。3、分别通过低温固相反应法和熔盐法合成了高纯度的立方相SrTiO3亚微米晶。主要通过两个简单的步骤来完成：第一，在碱性溶液（氨水调节pH=8）中，以Sr(NO3)2和H2O2为原料，合成了前驱体SrO2纳米颗粒；第二，以自制的前驱体SrO2纳米颗粒和市售的TiO2 亚微米颗粒为原料（熔盐法主要是在这一步中加入适量的熔盐混合物作为助熔剂），在空气中700℃热处理10小时，再用1mol/L硝酸和蒸馏水洗去产物中含有的杂质，干燥后得到了立方相的SrTiO3亚微米晶（颗粒尺寸为100-350nm）。利用XRD、SEM、FTIR、XPS、Raman等多种现代分析测试手段对产品的结构、形貌、大小以及组成进行了表征，并提出了两体系中产品SrTiO3的可能形成机理。最后，并利用电化学工作站对产物的电学方面的性质进行研究。关键词：陶瓷材料固相法液固法熔盐法表征 SynthesisandCharacterizationofSubmicron-sizedTitanateFunctionalCeramicMaterialsAbstractThepresentthesisisfocusedonexploringmildandsimplemethodstosynthesizesomeimportanttitanatefunctionalceramicmaterilasviadesigningnovelsystemsandprocesses.Itisaimedatreducingthecosts,minishingpollutionsandenergywaste,aswellascontrollingthepurityandsizeoftheproducts.Furthermore,manymodernanalysistechniquesincludingpowderX-raydiffraction(XRD),X-rayphotoelectronspectroscopy(XPS),scanelectronmicroscope(SEM),Fouriertransforminfraredspectroscopy(FTIR),Ramanspectroscopy(Raman),electrochemicalworkstation,etc.,wereusedtocharacterizetheas-synthesizedproducts,andthepossibleformationmechanismsofthetitanateproductswerealsoproposed.Themainworkscompletedaresummedupasfollowing:1.Submicron-sizedBaTiO3crystallitesintetragonalstructureweresynthesizedbyanovellow-temperatureliquid-solidreactionmethod,whichmainlyinvolvedtwosimplesteps:firstly,BaO2·H2O2submicronparticlesofabout130–450nmwereprecipitatedfromthereactionofBaCl2andH2O2inanalkalescent(pH=8)aqueoussolutionundertheambientcondition;secondly,tetragonalphaseBaTiO3submicrocrystalswiththesizeintherangeof180to400nmcouldbeproducedbysubjectingtheas-preparedBaO2·H2O2andcommercialTiO2submicronparticlestothermaltreatmentinairat700°Cfor10h,combinedwithasubsequentwashingprocessusing1mol/LHNO3aqueoussolutionanddistilledwater.Thestructure,compositionandelectricalpropertiesoftheobtainedproductswerecharacterizedbyXRD,Raman,FTIR,XPS,ICP-AES,SEM,andelectrochemicalworkstation,etc.ThepossibleformationmechanismofBaTiO3inthissystemwasalsoproposed.2.HighpurityCdTiO3submicrocrystalsweresynthesizedbyalowtemperaturesolidphasereactionmethod,whichmainlyinvolvedtwosimplesteps:firstly,CdO2nanoparticleswiththesizeofabout5nmwereprecipitatedfromthereactionof3CdSO4·8H2OandH2O2inanalkalescentaqueoussolution(pH=8.0)undertheambientcondition;secondly,ilmenitephaseCdTiO3crystalliteswiththesizeintherangeof150to350nmcouldbeproducedbysubjectingtheas-preparedCdO2nanoparticlesandcommercialTiO2submicronpowderstothermaltreatmentinairat600°Cfor6h,combinedwithasubsequentwashingprocessusing1mol/LHNO3aqueoussolutionanddistilledwater.Thestructure,compositionandelectricalpropertiesoftheobtainedproductswerecharacterizedbyXRD,Raman,FTIR,XPS,ICP-AES,SEM,and electrochemicalworkstation,etc.ThepossibleformationmechanismofCdTiO3inthissystemwasalsoproposed.3.ThelowtemperaturesolidphaseandmoltensaltsynthesisofhighpuritySrTiO3submicrocrystalshasbeenachievedmainlyviatwosimplesteps:firstly,SrO2nanoparticleswiththesizeofabout53nmwereprecipitatedfromthereactionofSr(NO3)2andH2O2inanalkalescentaqueoussolution(pH=8.0)undertheambientcondition;secondly,cubicphaseSrTiO3powderswiththesizeintherangeof100to350nmcouldbeproducedbysubjectingtheas-preparedSrO2nanoparticlesandcommercialTiO2powders(asformoltensaltsynthesis,inthisprocedure,appropriateamountsofKClandNaClmixturewereaddedtothesourcematerials)tothermaltreatmentinairat700oCfor10h,combinedwithasubsequentwashingprocessusing1mol/LHNO3aqueoussolutionanddistilledwater.Thestructure,compositionandelectricalpropertiesoftheproductsderivedfromboththesolidphaseandmoltensaltmethodswerecharacterizedbyXRD,Raman,FTIR,XPS,SEM,andelectrochemicalworkstation,etc.ThepossibleformationmechanismsofSrTiO3inthetwosystemswerealsoproposed.Keywords:Ceramicmaterials,Solidphasesynthesis,Liquid-solidsynthesis,Moltensaltsynthesis,Characterization 1前言1.1功能陶瓷材料的概述[1]在人类社会的发展和进步过程中，材料是时代和文明的标志。人类文明的发展史，就是一部学习利用材料、制造材料、创新材料的历史。材料已成为现代社会的支柱之一，新型材料的不断开发和应用正在日益提高人民生活水平和不断推动社会进步。功能材料是指具有力学、热学、电学、光学等单一特殊功能以及在机、电、声、光、热、磁、力间具有耦合功能的凝聚态材料。“功能材料”的概念是由美国贝尔研究所的J.A.Mortno博士在1965年首先提出来的，后经日本各研究所、大学和材料学会的大力提倡，很快受到了各国材料科学界的重视和接受[2]。这主要是由于高技术产业的发展所致。因为高技术体现了当代的最新科学技术成就，又是一个充满活力，不断创新和换代的新技术群，必然要求与之适应的各种新材料，尤其是新型功能材料。80年代以来，一场以高技术为中心的新技术革命，在欧美和日本等国兴起，并迅速波及世界各国和地区，新技术革命的主要标志就是新型材料、信息技术和生物工程技术。图1.1根据材料的物质性、结晶状态、物质形态和功能性对功能材料进行了分类。在功能材料众多的研究体系中，功能陶瓷作为功能材料的重要分支，以其独特的力、热、电、磁、光及声学等特性成为信息时代的支柱材料，在各类信息的检测、转换、处理和存储中具有广泛的应用。20世纪下半叶是功能陶瓷蓬勃发展的时期，而当前对功能陶瓷的研究仍方兴未艾。由于我们的专业方向主要是功能陶瓷的制备及应用研究，下面我们将进一步介绍功能陶瓷的功能、分类及发展。.1.2功能陶瓷的功能、分类及发展[2-4]在电子学与电子技术方面，功能陶瓷的第一个突破性的进展是具有高介电常数的新材料钛酸钡的发明。20世纪40年代以前，所有电介质包括陶瓷电介质，其介电常数都不超过80。钛酸钡为基础的高介电陶瓷的发明，使得陶瓷材料的介电常数提高了近3个数量级，并且很快被应用制作各个频段直至微波频段的大容量电容器。经过20世纪后半叶的发展，以钛酸钡为基的陶瓷电介质材料得到快速发展，各种型号、用途的陶瓷电容器已形成具有规模经济的行业，占有约50亿美元的世界市场。 功能陶瓷的第二个突破性进展是具有压电性的陶瓷材料问世。20世纪40年代末钛酸钡与50年代锆钛酸铅陶瓷研制成功，很快就被应用于能量转换和各类水声、超声、电声换能器等。压电陶瓷的应用使得功能陶瓷在无机新材料领域里具有稳固的地位，也已形成几十亿图1.1美元的市场。功能陶瓷的第三个功能是半导电性。20世纪70年代正温度系数(PTC)和负温度系数(NTC)陶瓷的研制成功，标志着如今的陶瓷材料已不是传统意义上的绝缘材料。功能陶瓷的第四个突破性进展是铁电理论的研究与铁电性能在新技术中的应用研究与开发(如铁电存储器、红外热释电、光电效应等)。1960年，Cochrna和Andesron正式发表了说明铁电性起因，亦即自发极化产生的软模理论。对陶瓷而言，其压电、热释电、电光和其它非线性效应是起源于自发极化受应力、温度或电场作用而引起的变化。铁电性已成为具备其它效应的必要条件。铁电陶瓷也因此而得名。功能陶瓷的第五个功能是始于加世纪80年代的诱导相变与超导研究。已有不少学者认为，陶瓷高温超导性与电子和声子的非线性相互作用及晶格的不稳定性与引起铁电性的结构相变有关。此外，在超硬度、超高强度、高耐热，以及对光和某些射线高透明的陶瓷开发应用也取得了长足的进步，对人类社会高科技新技术的发展做出了应有贡献。 功能陶瓷的种类很多，用途广，发展非常迅速，其发展方向是高可靠性、多功能、微型化、集成化和智能化。这些材料已深入到人类生产与生活的方方面面，在现代科学技术中占有重要地位，不可或缺。当前，材料技术的发展趋势有以下几种：第一，从均质材料向复合材料发展。以前人们只使用金属材料、高分子材料等均质材料，现在开始越来越多地使用诸如把金属材料和高分子材料结合在一起的复合材料。第二，由结构材料为方往向功能材料、多功能材料并重的方向发展。以前讲材料，实际止都是指结构材料。但是随着高技术的发展，其它高技术要求材料技术为它们提供更多更好的功能材料，而材料技术也珊占来越有能力满足这一要求。所以现在各种功能材料越来越多，终会有一天功能材料将同结构材料在材料领域平分秋色。第三，材料结构的尺度向越来越小的方向发展。如以前组成材料的颗粒，尺寸都在微米((100万分之一米)方向发展的材料。由于颗粒极度细化，使有些性能发生了截然不同的变化。如以前给人以极脆印象的陶瓷，居然可以用来制造发动机零件。第四，由被动性材料向具有主动性的智能材料方向发展。过去的材料不会对外界环境的作用作出反应，守全是被动的。新的智能材料能够感知外界条件变化，进行判断并主动作出反应。第五，通过仿生途径来发展新材料。生物通过千百万年的进化，在严峻的自然界环境中经过优胜劣汰，适者生存而发展到今天，自有其独特之处。通过“师法自然”并揭开其奥秘，会给我们以无穷的启发，为开发新材料又提供了一条广阔的途径。同时微晶陶瓷有着广阔的用途：机械工业：微晶陶瓷具有良好的机械性能且能获得极光滑的表面，适用于作轴承；利用其强度高、耐磨性好，可取代钢材制造斜槽、球磨机内衬以及研磨体；另外，还可制造特种切削工具、活塞头、离合器、旋转叶片等。电力电子工业：微晶陶瓷的膨胀系数可在很大范围内变化，能与金属很好地焊接在一起；它的电性能优良以及在高温下尺寸稳定，能用于制造各种类型的电路板、绝缘体、整流罩、电容器、滤波器和混频器等。建筑装饰：微晶陶瓷强度高、化学稳定性好，可广泛用于建筑物的装饰上，如用作内外墙装饰材料、高档地面砖、屋顶材料等。航天工业：利用其强度与比重之比高，质轻且具有优良的热学性能，可用作飞机、火箭和人造地球卫星的结构材料。如高速飞机的机翼前缘，喷气式发动机喷嘴，主晶相为堇青石、通过浇注法制造的雷达天线罩已被广泛应用。生物医学：具有梯度构造的CaO-P2O5-Al2O3-B2 O系生物微晶陶瓷与天然牙齿有相近的色泽和外观，可用于人工齿冠修复；铁钙硅铁磁体微晶陶瓷可将磁带生热所需的强磁性与良好的生物相容性结合，能满足温热治癌的要求；此外，微晶陶瓷在骨骼移植等方面也有报导。化学工业：微晶陶瓷的化学稳定性好、耐磨，被用于制造输送腐蚀性液体的管道、阀门、泵等，还可用作反应器、电解池及搅拌器的内衬。其它应用：在核工业中，微晶陶瓷可用于制造反应控制棒、反应堆用密封剂、核废料储存材料；多孔微晶陶瓷可应用于过滤器、催化载体和气体传感器等方面；微晶陶瓷可应用于制备热交换器等。随着IT产业的发展，电子元器件越来越向微型化、高性能、高可靠性发展，这就需要不断地提高介电陶瓷的介电系数，因此对BaTiO3基大容量电容器的开发与研究成为一项具有广阔应用前景的课题。而随着我国航空航天技术的发展，对耐高温、耐热冲击、耐腐蚀、高透明的窗口材料的需求也日益迫切。MgAl2O4透明陶瓷是作为窗口材料的最佳候选材料之一，因此对MgAl2O4透明陶瓷的研究已成为当今功能陶瓷研究的热点之一。压电陶瓷作为一类重要的功能陶瓷，在社会生产、生活中具有不可或缺的地位。然而随着人们对环境重视程度的提高，传统含铅压电陶瓷将最终被淘汰，无铅压电陶瓷的开发与应用就成为一项巫待解决的研究课题。因此，高介电系数介质陶瓷、透明陶瓷、无铅压电陶瓷成为当今功能陶瓷领域广受重视，并且发展迅猛的研究领域。而这些高性能元器件的发展必须依赖于优质(高纯、超微细、高均匀、高化学活性)原料粉体的制备，因为陶瓷性能在很大程度上取决于原料粉体的质量。本论文的研究就集中在高介电系数介质陶瓷、透明陶瓷、无铅压电陶瓷及其粉体制备的技术研究。1.3功能陶瓷微细粉体的制备技术在1940年以前，功能陶瓷主要采用天然材料为原料来制备，如金红石TiO2、荃青石、铝辉石、云母等。19世纪40年代BaTiO3 的发现，是材料史上一次划时代的变革，从此人们开始进入使用合成原料的时代。功能陶瓷的传统制备方法是采用高温固相反应法，它也是当今陶瓷材料界一直普遍采用的制备粉体的方法，即将所需元素的氧化物、无机碳酸盐或硝酸盐混合，经过煅烧使这些盐类发生分解与固相反应从而生成所需化学成分和晶相的粉体。但是，高温固相反应法制备的粉体往往颗粒较粗，活性较差，化学均匀性较差。随着功能陶瓷的发展，高温固相反应法制备的粉体己经不能满足高性能元器件的要求。因此，从60年代开始，世界各国均大力开展对功能陶瓷粉体制备技术的研究，而我国对功能陶瓷粉体制备技术的研究相对开始较晚。图1.2迄今，在钛酸钡为基的高介陶瓷、压电陶瓷、半导体敏感陶瓷材料及其元器件的发展过程中，我国基本上紧跟国际上的发展步伐，差距并不大。但在生产规模、可靠性和品种上同国际先进水平还有一定差距。对这种差距，究其根本原因，国内市场缺乏质量高、批次大、批次一致性好的优质BaTiO3与钙钛矿其它粉体原料供应是主要原因之一。在这种情况下，不但大大地延长了各种新型瓷料与元器件的研究时间，也严重地影响了相关元器件生产周期的缩短及成品率的提高。1.3.1功能陶瓷材料的制备要求[5]1.要求有高的纯度(化合态的主成分含量)在2000年左右，对国内在研发的各类功能陶瓷而言，一般公认要求纯度在99.5wt%左右，通常在99.0-99.8wt%范围内。其确切下限，以所研发材料其掺杂计量多少及材料性能随杂质浓度的敏感程度而定。如制备MgAl2O4尖晶石透明陶瓷，杂质的存在将影响其透明度，就要求MgAl2O4粉体纯度不低于99.8wt%。高性能PTC热敏电阻器[6-8] (如通讯用PTC限流元件、大功率压缩机启动器等)，其性能需通过多种元素微量掺杂实现，要求所用BaTiO3及BaTiO3主原料粉体纯度在99.5wt%左右就可以了。2.对复合氧化物粉体材料，要求为某种确定晶型或该种确定晶型含量不低于某一定值由于功能材料的功能与其结晶构型有关，故要求其主原料粉体必须为某一确定晶体结构。否则，将严重影响陶瓷的性能。例如，无铅压电陶瓷主原料Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3粉体，必须尽可能为100%的钙钛矿晶型，不能或尽量少含Na4TiO4正钛酸结晶相及铋钛酸盐焦绿石相，否则陶瓷的压电性能将大为劣化。有些场合，在用固相法合成复合氧化物粉料时，对使用的某些或某种单一氧化物原料也有上述要求。如在制作高性能PTC热敏电阻时，要求使用的TiO2粉体必须是金红石型，且金红石含量不低于94wt%，否则其最终产品性能难以保证。3.对粉体粒度及均匀性的要求由于功能陶瓷材料都是通过粉体成型与烧结等工艺手段制作而成。烧结中涉及原料粉体粒子长大，粉粒间气孔排除及晶界形成等物理化学过程，而最后功能陶瓷材料的主要功能好坏又与最终材料的晶粒大小有关，所以为获得晶粒大小适中、尺寸均匀的材料，对粉料的平均粒径与粒度分布就必须有一定要求。一般而言，超微细(颗粒直径