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华中师范大学硕士学位论文从目的论角度看电影《英雄》的字幕翻译姓名：田小琴申请学位级别：硕士专业：英语语言文学指导教师：易宏根20060401 内容摘要电影字幕翻译作为一门新兴领域，正在引起越来越多人的关注。以往相关研究主要集中在研究时空限制对字幕翻译的影响、与多媒体翻译相关联的字幕翻译、字幂翻译的策略、字幕翻译的质量控制以及字幕标准化等方面。本文试图运用目的论，分析研究影响字幕翻译策略的因素。根据德国功能主义的“目的论”。字幕翻译是有目的的行为。字幕翻译的常规任务是，在时间和空间的制约下，根据导演的意图，向处在特定文化背景下的观众最有效地传达最相关的信息。而每部电影的具体目的依不同电影而定，又决定字幕翻译的策略。这是对ve加eer“目的原则”在字幕翻译中的运用。电影字幕翻译的具体目的是由作为翻译行为发起者导演的意图和作为目标文本接受者的观众期待决定的。字幕翻译的目的和译员对原文的处理决定字幕最终呈现的样子以及影响整部电影的成功。根据目的论，连贯原则要求字幕翻译内在连贯，能为观众接受，并且要符合观众所处的文化环境：忠实原则诠释了原文与译文之间的关系。字幕翻译中原文是电影中的对话，译文就是加注的字幕，二者之间关系的程度由具体翻译目的决定。文本间连贯服从于文本内连贯，两者都服从于目的原则。三种原则的关系决定了在字幕翻译中，译文的可接受性要比忠实性更重要、字幕翻译的评价标准为充分性而非对等。把上述理论应用于《英雄》电影字幕的翻译可以看出，导演张艺谋试图用符合西方观众口味的元素来争取票房，用精美的画面，精彩的打斗，精心设计的特技，逼真的音响效果吸引观众，而不是追求高深的主题或传达精深的中国文化；而西方观众向来重画面轻情节，他们看《英雄》的心理期待是看热闹，图好玩。导演意图和观众期待共同决定了翻译的目的，即让观众能以最小的代价看懂字幕，了解故事发展，从而将注意力放在欣赏画面，音效，特技等元素上而非对话本身或文化上。而译者广泛使用改写以及删减策略，使用简洁，短小的句子词汇，忽略对话中的文化因素，保证字幕的文本内连贯，提高字幕的易读性及保持文本间一定的连贯性。因此她对《英雄》字幕翻译的处理可以通过目的论得到较好的解释。本文第一章介绍电影字幕翻译研究背景；第二章简要介绍字幕翻译的特点：第三章回顾前沿在该领域做出的研究以及文献；第四章从目的论角度分析字幕翻译的特点；第五章把电影《英雄》作为案例，正是上述分析；第六章是结论部分。关键词：电影字幕翻译；目的论；《英雄》：翻译策略 Asanewneldoftranslation，studyof丘lIllsubtitlet阳Ilslationlsattractlngmoreandmoreattention．Thep猫tresearc：hmainlyfocusedOntime孤dspaceconstmints，itsrclevancctomllmmediatr蛆slation，strate舀esadopted，qualitycon缸Dlandstand甜dizations．Thispaperattenlptstoanalyze，f幻mtheperspectiVeof尉z邺抽∞r电factorsinnuencingstrate西esadoptedinsubtitletranslation．Ac∞fdingtoS七叩∞l^8D一岛filmsubtitletraⅡslationisapurposefIllactivitywi也aregularassignmenttoconVey’withintheconstraintsOftime孤dspace，tlledirector’siⅡtentioⅡbyprovidingthemostrelevantinformationtOtlleaudienceinaspecmccultIIre．111especificS咖∞is印toeachfilm，whichleadstothepanicularstrategy．Thisistheapplicationof“鼬叩∞rule”in丘lmsubtitleh∞slation．TheS毛叩∞oftmslatedfilmsubtitlesisjoiIltlydeteminedbyttleintcⅡtion0fthedircctorasinitiator如dtheaudienceasTrreceiVers．弛efomoftmnslatedfilmsubtitlesisdete册inedbyits曲叩∞孤dtheimerpretationofsubtitler．Acoordingto繇印哪珐∞r如cohercnccnlledemaIldsintntextualcoher∞cewithilltheTTasweUaSitstargetsitIlatioⅡ；fidelitymle(intenextualcohercnce)mustmtestherelati伽shipbe柳eenTT锄dsTwiththesourcebeingdialogueSintlle石lmandthetargettextmetr；mslatedsubtitles．T1leremustbesomerelationsllipbetweenTTandST’thedegreeofwhichisdetemilledbytlle丽船p∞ofeachspecmcfilnl．Intenextualcoherenccisconsideredsubordinatetoilltratextualcohercnce，andbotIlaresubordimtedt0tlle舒：印∞mle，whichindicatesthatin6lmsubtitIctr柚slation，acceptabilityisprjortofidelity；thecriterionisadequacyinstead0fequivalence．Applying舒砣印sf^eD，把tothetranslationoffi】msubtitlesin胁，珥itcanbeconcludedthat，itsdircctorzll孤gYi肿uatt咄ptedtogaillboxo舾cewithamailIstreaInfilInthatcatcrcdtOthetasteofwestemaudiencewithexquisiteiIIlage，bream—tal【ingfi出，elaboratespcciale脏ct，vividsollllde疵ctrathertllanwiththedeepthemeorpmfoundChineseclllture_OntheOtherhand，westem跚diencetendstopaymoreattentiontoimagcthantoplotwllilewatchingafilm．耵leyexpected执rDtobefllnaIldattmctive．TheintentionofzhaIIgYimouaIldcxpectationofaudiencedetenllinetheSlcDpD5oftranslatedsIlbtitlesof月白ID：Ensurettleaudiencetounderst柚dsllbtitleswith the1easte丘brtsothattheycaIlpaymorcattentiOntO0therelements，e．g．，image，sOunde彘ct柚dspedale舭ct．UndaJajv血，thesubtiⅡerwhoc町iedouttr蛆slationbdefofZllangYim衄’s，ne班ectedcIlInlral自dorsandtra璐latedsubtitleswiihsimplesyntaxandconcisesemanticSbywiddyclnployingadaptationaIlddeletiononprcconditionofensurjngjntratextllalcoherenceoftllesubtitles，whichhelpsimpraVele百bilityandconIlectiVity．HertreatlllentofsubtitletraⅡslationof皿阳fIlmllsits戤印口jandcanbeconVincinglyinustmted五rompefspectiVeof沏Ds地eDr融InIhisp印er，ch印ter1introducesresearchbackgroundoffilmsubtitletranslation；chapter2makesa晰efintroduc吐ontofcaturesofm【nsubtitletrallslation；chapter3maI【esaliteraturcfeview；chapter4analyzesfilmsubtiIletmslanonin1i曲tof肌印Ds确∞州e；chaptcr5makesacasestudyof日蠢m；ch印ter6drawsconclIlsion．Keywords：subtitle仃anslation；骗口pDs历∞r记；曰PrD；仃anslationstrategy 华中师范大学学位论文原创性声明和使用授权说明原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的研究成果。除文中已经标明引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本文的研究做出贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。本声明的法律结果由本人承担。作者签名：留，卜玛日期：一帅6年6月7丑学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，即：学校有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权华中师范大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。作者签名：秒十辫日期I矿6年6月)日导师签名：荡盼日期：年月日本人已经认真阅读“CALIS高校学位论文全文数据库发布章程”，同意将本人的学位论文提交“cALIs高校学位论文全文数据库”中全文发布，并可按“章程”中的规定享受相关权益。回重论塞堡窑卮溢唇；旦堂生i旦二生；旦三生筮壶!作者签名：曰十垮日期：沙6年6耵日导师弛：伽私日期：年月日 ACKNOⅥ礓脏GE'MENTSTllispaper、∞uldnotappe8rinitspresentfo册witllouttheenlighteninginstⅢctiOIlSaIldaSsist柚ceofmaIlyteachersduringmyt】1ree-yearpostgraduateprogmm．Iam伊atefultoallmy￡eachers，especiallytoP∞f．ChenHongwei，Pro￡HuaXianfaandProf．UYadaIl，whobroadenedmyhOrizon0flranslationstIldiesinVariouswaysandiIllpressedmede印lywithbOththeiracademicachicvementsandtheirmorality'whichwillsetupahighstandardformeintherestofmy1ifc．1wouldliketogratefullyac妇owledgetheenthusiasticsupeIVjsionOfProf．YiHonggenformanyinsighⅡ-ulconversationsduringthedcvelopmentoftheideasinthisthesis，andforhelpflllco栅entsonthetext．Tllroughoutmythesis·writingpenod，heproV讨edencOuragement，soundadvice，goOdteachiⅡg，goodcompally'lotsof900dideasaswellaspatiemcheckonmypapef-1wouldhaVebecn10StwiIhouthinl．MOstimpon髓tly'1woIlld1ikct0thalll【myparentswh0havealwayssuppoftedmethroughmyupsanddownsall也cseyears，illdudingthetbree—year’sworkiIlgformymaster’sdegree． 1．Introduction1．1Researchbackgr帆ndInthepast，theanofsubtitlin岛possiblyduetoitslowerprofileontlleintenlationaldrcuit，h弱receivedratherlessattentionCraylor)，butndwadays，thissituationhasbeen铲eatlyimpraVed，mainlyduetothedeVelopmentoffilmindustry’di酉talizationand酉obalization．UptillnOw’thefilm抽dustryinthewoddhasalonghistoryoflllyears．Ⅵ鼍ththe曲Velopmentof矧biIldustryf|omsilentfilmstothe“talHes”intllelate1920s，thefilmindustryhasunde猖onegreatdeVelopmentuntiltlleappearanceOftelevision．Comparedwithtelevision，filInhasnootlleradvantages0thermallbigscreenandclarjtyuntilthe1970Swhentlledi舀tizedtechn0109yenteredfilmmal【ing．wimn哪erousilnagiIlativeandviVideSpcciale如ctsonimagesandsound，ilproduccdtlleimagcrywondersthatcouldn’thavebcenpmducedby打aditionaltectlIl0109y；catercdfbrthec嘶ousmentality0faudiencealldVivimyconveyedthemoodandfeelin擎ofhumanbeings，whichallhelpedre“talize￡illIl姐dbriIlg掣eatbenefitforfilmmakers．Inthel990s，althouglIthe￡ilmmarketthmughoutthewoddlaIlgIlished，theAmericanfilmsthatadopteddi西“izedtechnOIogymadeallitarolllldtheworld，breal【ingtllerecordofboxOffice0neafteraIlothe『：1heTecordkeplf0IbylS缸r矸矗糟(星球大战)overadccadew踮br呶enby九朋舒fc忍r七(侏罗纪公园)，whichintumw弱brokenby嚣f肌fc(泰坦尼克)．Accordingt0statistics，duriIlgthattime，most6lmswithboxomceofoverU．S．$100millioⅡhadadopteddi舀tauzedtechnology．(张歌东，2003：6)T}leboomingfilmindustryattractsthealldiencebothathOmeandbrOad．whichmakessubtitletIanslati0Ⅱunavoidable．Ap耐怕mitscontributiontothe￡ilmmal【ing，digitalizationdhctlyinnucncedaudioVisualtraJlslation，i．e．，subti吐ing鲫drcvoicjng．staningwitllDVD(digitalvidcodisc)，itsabilitytostoreaniIllmenseamountofdatamade“possibletostoretheentirefilmaswellsmeupto32languagesinthefo姗ofsubtitles．Besjdes，DⅦ(digitalVideobroadcasting)brin舻newhorizonst0subtitlingbyintroducingthenotionofliVe／simultaneoussubtitliIlg．Bythe1990s，theadvanceofpersonalconlputershad revolutioIlizedtllewaysubtiIleswefeprepared壮d百VcsIisetoanewjobprofilewitllinthelanguageprofessions．(c姗n)G10balfilmindus田maIIifestsjtself嚣a柳。一polariIldustry：tlleH011)woodtypeoffjlms，whichareproducedinEn酉ishandtheotller丘lmsprodu∞dbyotllercountriesap缸f0InlthcU．S．，i11cIudingtheE啪pean脚ms强dtllesOcallcdEastemfnms，whichareproducedmainlyinlanguageso也crth弛勘lglish．HoweVer'undcrmecircumstancesof掣obali2撕on，al也oughtlleH01lywoodfilmsarcsmlovc脚hchnin舀ynoodingintoIheomcrpol鸲theEuropeaIlfilmsandEastemfilmS郴slowlynowingintotheU．s．nei出erOf也ecasesmentioⅡedabovc，subtitle臼anslatiOnisneededtoOvercomet11elingujstic跚dclllturalbarriers．From也eindus仃y’spointofView’subtitlinghaSbe锄eVerymuchapartofciIlema(Hajmoh栅madi)’sotllispaperfocusesonthestudyoffilmsubtitletfanslatioD．1．2lksearchissuesaⅡdt量IesisstructllreThepresentstIldyisatarget·orjentedpm血ctresearchwhichfocIIsesonadesc却tiVe柚dcxplallatoryanalysisofthe仃壮slatedsubtillesofafilIIl，月粕，dircctedbyzh锄gYinlou．111erese砌iscarriedoutintheH班of脚Ds哺∞以8tofindouttheV撕ousfactofsinnuenc吨sub龃etranslationandthestrate画esadoptedforcove血gcOns灯ajlltsoffilmsubtitlenjanslation．Thepaperconsistsofsixchapters：1)m仃oduction，2)fcaturcsDfsubtitle位mslatioIl，3)litcratllfcreVieW'4)subtitletranslation丘omthepcr印ectIveof脚∞历∞啊e，5)趾analysisoftllesubtinetranslatioIlof曰叠rD，6)oondusioⅡ．chapterlintroduccsthcbackgroundoftheresearcll．Cllapter2malcesabrjefin协)ductiontofjllnsubtiⅡetraⅡslationwitllananalysisofitscate90rizationsandfunctionsaswellasjtstec岫calconstraillts．(mapter3reviewstheprcviousrcseafchinsubtitletraIlsl撕oⅡa11dsummarizestheirmajorstrengtlla11dweakness．Chaptcr4aⅡalyzestlIeVariOusfactorsinnueⅡcingfilInsubtitletfanslation台omtlleperspectiveof瓢叩∞埔∞一8．Chapter5analyzesthe龆Dp∞of日erD觚dstrategiesad叩tedillitssub廿tle仃￡mslatjonChapter6makesacondusiOnoftllepaper．2 1．3MethodologyAdescriptive-expl锄ator)rmetllodwillbeadoptedinthisp印er．nisb私icallyqualitativentllcrth趾quantitatiVe．1．4DataselectionTIlisp印erwiUcxaminethepanicularprobl锄sinthesubmletransla廿onofH咖whichwas曲．cctedbyzhangYimou(张艺谋)．Itw勰仃anslaledbyLindaJaiviⅡ，趾AusI蹦沁sinol吲st．hlthispap％botllChineseandEn91ishhavebecn恤ns面bed劬mthescreen．mlefjlm月毫r口w觞chosenfortllefollowiIlg豫aSOns：itw觞directedbyZ矗口ng'锄o“，atopdircctOrillCllina．SofarhisfillnshavebeenstIldicdfmmmanyaspeds，buttheyhaveneverbeenrcsearched舶mtlleperSpediveof辄btine仃扎slation．ThispaperintendstOcontributetOtheresearchofzhallgYimou’s￡ilms五吣mtlIisperspectjve．Theotherre够onisthatit’sasuccess_EIllfilmwitllregardstoitsboxo位ce．ThestatisticsshowsthatbyDec锄ber1瓤，2004，this丘lmhaSenjoyeda铲eatsuccessinboxo腼cebothathomeandabroad，winlarespectiveincOmeOfRMB￥O．25billion№口玎蛆d1．1billionK埘^．(李宏宇)．nssucc∞sinChmaresulted五rommanyfactors：thebrcathtal【iIIgactions，theb％utifIllsc吼es，tlleluxuIiousc勰tin舀etc．Butthosealonearenotenoughforitssuocessinw韶temmarketsinceintllepast，Americanswcrenotsoc瑚比yaboutforei伊filⅡlsinthattlleyfcltwatchingthesubtitlesreallyti血g．(支林飞，张大诺)①NevemleleSs，tlleboxomccof丑e，D，whichwasreleasedⅥ哇thEn尊ishsubtinesa￡丘liatcd，reacheduptoUS$18，900millioninthefirstmreedaysofitspremierciIlNorthAmericaalone(ibid)．nssuccesswasfegardedassome也ing“surprjsiⅡg”byAmericallmediaintherelatedreports(ibid)四．Thequotatio璐aboveindicatethatthesuccessof胁r。iIlU．S．ispanly’ifnottotally'duetoitssubtitletrallslation，sothispaperattemptst0analyzeitsreasonofsuccc龉胁theperspectiveofitssubtitletfanslatiOn．。ncchi∽sevc培ionis：其实，对于外语片，美国人并不热衷，他们觉得看下面的字幕实在太累，。Thechincscv∞ionis：在《英雄》上映后的一些相关报道中。美国媒体把它当作很“意外”的事情对待。3 2．FeatIlresofFilmSubtitle’n．anslation2．1De6ni60nOfSubtiUiⅡgQuiteafcwscholarshave西vcnde砌tionstosubtitling．AccordingtoJakobson，subtitHngis‘百nteIpretation0fverbalsignsbyme札sofsomeotIlerlangIlagc．”(J洳bson，1959：233)BirgitNcde唱a缸d-LarSendefm船su晰tling丛“aspecialtypeofl卸gllage打a船fccawritten，condensed螺曲slationofaprcdominantlyspokenoIi百nal”@edeFgaard-hrscn，1993：212)．mDjctionaryofTranslationstIldies，shuttlewonllandCOWiedescdbesubtitlillgas“theprocessOfpr0Vidingsynchron如dcaptionsforfilmandtelevisiondialoglle”(shuttlewonll＆Cowie，2004：161)．HenrikGottlieb，aleadingau也ofityOnsVblmin吕saysthatitisamliquefomoftr；mslation．msdef试inonmaybethemostexh孤stiveone：subtiⅡingisa(1)writtcn，(2)additiVe，(3)，immediate，(4)synchronousand(5)p01ymediatr{mslation．1．beingOfawritten—asopposedtoaspoken一Ⅱature，subtitlingdi如rs舶ma11OthertypesOfscreen咖slatjon．2．melabelad曲iveindicatesthatinsubtitlin吕verbalmaterialisaddedt0也eori幽al，maintaiⅡiⅡgtheSLdis∞u嗽．3．tllelabelimmediatereferstOtllefacttllatiIlf：ilmicmediaalldisc。uIseispresentedinanowingm啦cr，beyoⅡdmecon缸01ofthelistener-viewer．reader．4．the1abelsyncllronousreferstothefacttllattlleDriginal丘lm(atleastitsnon—verbalpan)龃dthetranslatcddialogarcprcsemedsiInultaneously～unlikesimllltaIleousinterpretill瞽5．thetermpOlymediaIstatestllefactthatatleast押oparallclchannelsareusedtoconveythctotalmessageoftheori百nal(Gottlieb，1992：162、．4 2．2Catego—zationsofsubtiUesSubtitlescallbecatc90rizedintDthreetypesaccOrdingt0theirpositionsinthefilIn．曲oseappearingattheb锄gof也e矗lmincllldcthe知m伽e，djrector’1eadingactor(s)oractor∞s)，majorproductionm锄bers，alldtheyarecaIled0pencredittjucs；tlloSeappeariⅡgaftermemainfcatIIre脚miIlcludedeta丑edcastandProductionmembe喝sp衄sOrSa11dm蛐yotherproductioninfo】皿ationareusuallycalled“endcrcditdtles”；therestOfsubtiⅡescovcftllemain向咖rc固malldt11eyarecalledtIlemainsubtitle．Ac∞rdingtotllcirspec主ficfunctions，mainsubtitlescanbefIlnhercategorized血tospokensubtiIles(dialogIlessubtiⅡed)，filnlsubtiIleswitllmusbg阳phicalsubtitles，etc．Asf缸asmelinguisticmediumisconOemed，subtitlesc越becategorizedintD“iⅡtra·lingIlalsubtitlesandintcr_ljIlgIIalsubtines．”(ibid)耽ema纰conoemof血ispaperisonthespokensubtitlesofmcr-1illglIal￡ilmsubtitlcs．2．3FuⅡctionsofsubtiUesMostlyanactor(ess)inafilmcanspeal【hisorhefnativclaIlguage丽thhi曲st蛆dard’butsometimesthe丘lmmayneedllimorhcrtospeakadialedforare百onal日avQrt0ma：kethe丘lmmorcrealisti厶mensubtitlesareneededtom矗ketheaudienceunderstandwhatisbeingtalk酣aboutonthescreen．Besides，wh髓wearcenjoyingaforei弘fillnortelevisionpr0孕锄，forei弘langllagesfo皿alangIlageb删crforus．Apan￡∞mdubbing锄dVojce-overtranslation，subtitliIlgisals0∞衄OnlyusedtoaV蚴metheprobl锄．Subtitlingensuresthedcaf强dthehearing—impairedto印pfeciateprogfamsandfilms．Britainmaintainedaheadstartinpr0Vidingsubtitlesforthehearing-jmpaircd．m1996，BritainpassedtheB∞adcastiDgAct，specify证gthat50％ofteⅡestrialbroadcasts(exdudillgadvenisin曲mustbesubtinedfortlleDeafwithintenyearsoftllestarofanydi磐talprogrammiIlgservice．TheBroadcastmg(subtitlin曲Orderincreasedthisfigurcto80％．(car01)Nowadaysmallypeople，especianyyollIlgleamersofEn班shaSaforei印langllagcwouldliIrctowatchtllesubtitledfilmsratherthanthedIlbbedoⅡesiⅡordertOimDrovethejrEnglishbyIistenillgtot11eautlleⅡticlinesoftllenativesPeakerSwllileenjo)ringtlle同m。5 Sosubtiuesllavethefolldwingfllnctions：6rStofall，theyhelptheViewersconquerthelingIlisticbarIiersbytranscrib_iIlg0rtr蛆slatiIIgtheindistingIIisllablesoundtrac：kintOrccogElizablevisualwords；secondly，thcycanhelphearin分impairedpe叩le“watch”tllefilmtcxt；tlli础y，血eypfavideaninteIestingwayofkarningaforei髓language．1Ilaword，filmsubtmetranslationprovidestheneO％saryinfbnnatiOnwecannotget丹om也e孤diOdialOglle阻dmal【esitpossibleforustocomprehendt11e嘶giⅡal丘llntext．2．4TechnicaIconstmintsofsub6tletra琳la60nBakcr(1998)sta把s，matfihisasc商。虹ccomposi曲nconsistingof颤lrch锄cls：1．Theve由al粕ditorycha姐d，whichindudesdialogIleandbacl【伊oundvoicesalldmaybelyrics．2．nen蚰-ve—baIauditOrych柚neI，、)l恤chismadeupofnaturalsOund，soundeffects，aswellasmusic．3．TheVerbalVisuaIcha皿eI，comprisingt王lesub-ti廿esaIldanywri缸gwimin也e翻m，asfor钍ample，1etters，postcfs，books，newspapeTs，争a￡fiti，Oradvertisements．4．Then蛳·Verbal丫isualch柚nel，whichjlldudesthecompositionofthcimage，c锄1erapositions柚dmOvcm∞taswell髂theeditiIlgwhic：hcon仃olsthegeneralnowandmoodofthemO“e．FIlrthemore，ac∞rdingto越cxandraAssisRosa，fourch趾gcsafeinv01vedinfilmsubtitliIlg1．achaIlgcofmedi吼：fromspeechandgesturcs(bothVisualandaudjble)towridng．2．achallgeofch锄el：丘ommailllyVocal-addi“vetovisual3．achangeofthefomlofsignal：mailllyf而mphollicsubst柚ceto酗phicsubstanceandasarcsult：4．ch孤gcofcode：丘_0mSpokenVerball趾gIlages(andn彻-verballaⅡglIage)towrittenVerball弛gllage．(Rosa，2001：214)Theaimoft舢slationforsubtitlesistofulfilltheirmlewithiIIthep01ysemiOtic6 envir0蜘ent．TheverbalaIldvisualcha衄elscanwork醛aconstrailltbutalsOasasuppOnoftlletranslatiOnincommuIlicating也enamtive．GeneIallyspeal【ing，伸otechnicalconstfaillts舡emOstprominentinmepmcessofsubtitlingthatinVolVesfourchanges：spacelinljtationsOfthescreen，andshonprocesSingtimeoftheViewerS．A．spacelimitatiOnsNOmatterhowbigthesizeofthefilmscreen，subtitlesc孤onlyoccupythespaceofatmosttwoljⅡ譬satIhelawerpartwherettlejmag蓐isOflessimportance．Duetothedjffcr∞ceofwordfoHnation，En百jshsubtitlesusuallyoccupymorespacetlIanalineseOnesinte咖sOfutterancelengm．‘‘Subtitledtcxtshouldbeccntcredonitsallocatedlines”fortheconveⅡienceofviewing．(Kar锄iIro百ou，1998)Butfbrthecaseof“doubletext”(i．e．，dialoguet啪jnitiatedbydashesaⅡdpresentcdsimult柚eouslyonatwo·linesubtitle)，tllesubtitlc1inesshouldbeali印edtothe1ef【sideofthescreen．nenumbefofwordspuloneachsUbtitle1inevarieswithdiffefentl曲guagesductOthedifEerencesofwoIdfo珊ationstnlctIIre．ButgeneraIlyspeal【ing，“eachsubtitlelineshouldallOw啪und35ch盯actersjn0rdert0beabletoaccommOdateasatisfactoryponionofthe(traIlslated)spokentextaIldminimizemencedforori画naltextreductionalldomission．”(iMd)F0ridco鲫hiclaIlguagesubtitlin舀suchasChiIlese趾dJapanese，each1illeshouldallawnomOrcth柚18characterS．0VerSpr∞dingofmOrccharactersredu∞sthelegibilityofthcsubtitlesbe∞usethefoⅡtsizeh勰tobercduced．B．timelimitati雠sRegardlcssOfthemedium，asubtitlernoⅢlallytranslates髓dfomulatessubtitlesinac∞fdancewi也threerhytlⅡns：1．ttleVisualrhymmofmefilmasdefinedbythecuts，2．therhythmoftheactors’speech3．andanaudienccreadingrhythm．(caroll，2004)Thefirsttworh”lIrIlsarecomparatiVelyeasjertocopewithtllanthereadingrhythmofaudience，aniIldexdetenninedbyconditionsofviewersandoomplexityoflines，bothofwhichaTehardtodecide．Ac咖dingto陆am证oglou，theIead吣speedoftheaVerageViewers(agedbetween14—65，homaⅡupper-middlesocio-educaIionaldass)fofatext0faveragecomplexity(acombinationoffo珊alandiIlf0肿allallguage)haS7 beenprovedtomge150—180wordspcrmillute，i．e．，between2．5·3wordspcrsecond．弧atistosav’aflllltwO．1inesubtme伽tain协g14-16wOrdssh011ldremainOnthescrccnforabout51／2seconds．But盟ocherl／2secondshouldbeincludedduetotbefadthat‘‘ourbrailIneedsaboul1／4-1／2ofase∞ndtostartprocessingthesubtitlesithastmced’'(Kammitro垂0u，1998)．ForafIlnsin直e-1jnesIlbtitleof7-8words，thenecessarymaximumdurationtilncwouldbe31／2seconds；andforasinglewordsubtitle，howeverSimplethewordis，themi血umdufationis11／2scconds．halltheabove—mentionedsihIations'thcduration缸cshollldnotbeaddedinofde薯toavoidtheauh)maticrereading0fthcsubtines，espedallybyf丛terreaders．blcaseswhcretlletextislcxicallyalldsyIltacticallyeasytoprocess0rthefastpaceofthefnmacIiond妇atesaredu叫onintlledurationofthesubtitles，thedumtiontime∞uldbecalculatedandshorteneddo蚰tOthem娃jm吼of也ereadingtilIle(3subtitlcdwordspersecondor1／3ofsecoⅡdpersubtincdword)(ibid)．Asforthelead-intime，Ka珀mjtro醴ouproposes出at“subtitlesshouldnotbeinsenedsimuh蛆eouslywimtlleinj畸ationsoftheuttcr柚cebut1／4secondlater，siIlcetestshaVeindicatedthatthebminneeds1／4ofasccondtoproccsstlIeadVentofspokenlinguisticmaterialandguidetheeyetowardSthebottomoftlIescreenanticipatingthesubtitle．”However，tlleleadin分intimecannotbelongerthaII1／2ofasecoⅡdortheViewerswiubewaitjllgfbrtllesubtitle趾ddOubtwhetherthesubtitletheyseem甜cheswitllwhattheyhavea：hadyheard．Ⅱerefore，apan敝粕the仃aditionaItr蛆slationrequi删nents，thesped丘ctechnicalonesshouldbeconsid饿dbysub伽crsint玉leficldofmult渤ediat枷slation．8 3．LitentureReview3．1蜘diescon∞rningmIll曲mediatranslationMultimediarefcIStothe∞mbinationOftheup·tO．nowseparatetypesofillfomation(writIentcxt，pictIIrcsanddata)andcommllllicationcodes(visual，Verbal／如ditoryalldbina功柚d龇possjbilitytoconvergeth锄illonedevice：也cPC(quotedinWehll，2001：65)．S锄etimesthcso眦etextrcsearchisconduclcdjnmela曜erfieldofmultimedia位mslation出l。tomefactthatsub血1e戗mslationbelongstomulti—media缸锄sIadon．Kh—nWehnp塔sumingtra∞lationtobea∞栅unicativeproccss，K甜nW色llIIdiscussestllequestion“inwhatwayismummediagoingtoa如cttranslatiOnstudies”iⅡllis月6D甜R鲫口觚DH66以g＆朋新砷昧勋研PD聊m勰8伽W硎口zm螂白棚口打硎mcB鼯嚣口，ld劢g护船把v口托ce扣r打口船如砌n砀叩，)．(w曲n，2001：65—72llnhispapcratlhe】ntcl丑ationalResearchSeminaron“MultiⅡlediaandtranslati锄”(Misano，septemb盯1997)，PerQualeprovidesusw“htwopr叩osalsofwheretolocatemultimediatranslation：inmaximalisdcte册s．multimedian孤slationisamulti—s锄iotictr趾sferinV0lViIlgwrittenorspokenl觚gIIagc．Thisde缅itionjmpliestheco一0ccurrcnceofd澄eIl斌codesa11ofwhich∞mdpossiblybech趾ged．11lminiInalistictcms，multiⅡ1edia仃anslatioⅡist11e缸锄slationofWrittenorspokenlanguageinamultimediacontext．w曲npoints0utthataltlloughthelingIlistictmsferofmulti—scmiotictextsSuchasfilms，inpaniculardubbingandsubtiⅡin岛havebeenacceptedasasubjectoftranslationtheory，cun蜘ttranslationtlleorysmltreats咖slation鹤aIlentirelylangIlage．basedprocess．ThecIlrrcntstateOftr蹰slationtlleOrycouldatthemostbedassifiedasmin沛alistic．wbllIldis饥ssesmereasonsfor缸anSlationthcory’sne百cctofinlagesaJldarguestllatwithmultimediatextstlleminimalisticapproachmightnotalwaySbesufficicnt，soheadoptsamaxinlalisticapproachto10catemultiInedia协mslation．Heh01dsthatafIIn硝oⅡallyoriented印proaclltOtranslationstudieswiUhavet0incorporatetheothercodesasobjectsoftrallslatioⅡsmdies．O也erwise，协mslationstIldieswillsoon9 takeaverymarg．malizedpositionmtherapidlych壮gingfield0fcommllIlication．AItheendofhisanide，hemakesdearthreep0血ts：firsⅡy，Optingforamorcmaximalisticapproach主sbyn0meanstosay也atinmmtimediatextsallcodesalwaysncedIobealtered．Whichelementsofthetcxtneedtobemod王丘cd，cxplainedora】teredd印∞dsonthejrfllⅡction，theirjlltera曲nwimthe0therclementsjnthetextaIld0ntheOvemnfIlnctionthetcxtissupposedtohave主11tlletargetcul味；sccondly’iIlordertOacllieveamoremaximalisticapproach，帆mslatioⅡtheorywnlhaVetobecomemoreinterdisdpliIlary；趾dl弱tly’theissucllnderdiscussj叫isnot0nlyanextellsiOnoftheobjectof胁slationtomultimediatexttypes：whileaperspectiVeof廿anslationbcingculnlralrathcrthanlinguistictransfershollldbemaintained’at也esametimeitshouldbebomeillmiIldtllat-especiallywithregardtotheintemet—tlleVerytem“cmture”becomesblllrred：jntllecomextoftheintemet，meconceptofculturewilloscillatesomewherebet、】l，eeⅡthepoles0fa岫ifiednetcIlnure孤dtradjtional‘re酉onal’cultufe．AlineRe珈国dInhisanide勘me砀D“曲招D拄髓e＆M方D，讹m小。d口Z绷d胁l拓fm￡托m厅s胁幻n(Remael，2001：13·2葫础ineRem∞ldiscllssesthefollo晰ngquestions：whatdete珊inestheshapeofsubtiⅡcs?T0whatextcntdoeslingllistictranslationinterpretpictIlre?Howdoesthisa五6ecttraditionaltranslationstrate舀cs?RcmaelhOldsthatinfilmtranslation，variousOtllersourcetextsormodelsiⅡ1posem咄selvesoTarcconsciOuslyimpOsedbythesi弘makcronthetnnslationprocess，andcontributctotheeveⅡtualshape0fthetaIgetmodein也eta】曙ettcxt．Theshapeofsubtmeisdete皿j11ednotoJl王ybysourcetcxt，bythe乜枷calities，butals0bysubtinerS’conccptofsubtitle—language．烈lofthcseinterventiOnswilIdetenninethemleofverbalmodeinthetafgettext．Analyzingtherelationsbet、)lreeniIⅡageandwofds，Rem∞1believesthatlallguageshouldnotbesubseⅣienttoimage，tlloughtllereisan℃ndthatimageseemtohavebecomedomjnantiIlcommunication．Asfor也equestion也attowhatexteBtdoeslinguistictranslationinteIpretimage，Remaelconcludesthatthcde野eeofincorporationOflaIlguageinotllertextualmodesfirstneedstobedete皿inedforeachtypeoftcxttobe廿{msla把d．AndthelengthofseⅡtenceisnotsimplydete皿inedbythedemaIldSofpl锄J1inga11uttcraIlce0ntheSpot，buta王sObydr锄aticconsidera廿O璐．Inthecaseoffeaturefilm，“tllesubtitlcrneedsto10 considertOwhatcxtentthefilmdialogIleremainstheapparentsequcntiallityof印okcnl蛐gIlage，butisalsodidatedbyother，hier删c，conccms，whicharedeteminedbythestory弱toldtllroughas姻蛐呲蚰derlyingitspicture．”(ibid：18)Languagchastotake0v盯partOfsourcetext’spi∞Dnalmessageilla丘lIll，soR啪aelbelieVestraditionaltranslationstrate酉escanstiubeapplied．HealsopoiI怄outthatrcsearchintotheacoeptab豇ityOf岫slatedtextsmayneedtOreceive目．catcrprominenccthanintomeiradcquacy．“Itbecom髂increasin酉yinlPon锄tfortranslatorasforTVpr甜ucer，tOfocusmOre0n也eaudiencctlleyaiIntoreach，ratllerthanontheoneasupposcdsourcetextImyhavewantedt0reach．”3．2stumesconcerningsubⅡⅡingstrategiesHen—kGotUiebHc删kGomieb100ksatAn班icismisintheD如ishsubtitliIlgofEngushlallgIlageT~，pro掣锄sinGo砸elb’s爿n彬cf，邶口耐zy瓢6槲盱访口n一愕够甜肋r蹦(Gottlieb，2001：249)．Ac∞坩ingtoGottlicb，everytiIneasubtitleiscrcated，thesubtitlermay，consciouslyornotch00se，oneofthefollowingstra￡e百cs：1．totalsuI】-cⅡder(non·n。anslationoffbrinstancecuIs证gandpunsin正抽四ish)，tllusgcnentingoVertAn哲idsm2．theuseof哪atllral-soundillgI衄幽shDa茄shcons缸Ⅵctions，displayingwhatcouldbelabelcdc0VenAnglicism．3胁euseofcommonlyacccptedEn出ishlo卸s，ad叩tions(accepted，identifiableloalls，idionlaticD壮ish)4．fullytmslateddialogueinidiomaticDaIlish．(a11-DanishcoIlstnlctions伽lyr印hrased，idiom硝cDanish)S饿ctlyspeal(ing，stmte百eS1，2，3，allinVolveAnglicisms，eitherdirectloaIlsorindirectones．A11deachs仃ategyisiUustratcdbyoneauthenticex锄ple．GottliebalsoanalyzestheubiquityofAn班cismwhich1iesalsointhefieldotherthaIlsubtitlingsuchasdubbingandnovel，andin∞uI向eslikeGe肌aIl，FinlandandSweden．ThercareseVefalrcas∞sforubiqujtyofAn舀icism．HeconcludesmatEn百ishhasbeen锄dwillcontinuetobeprestige110皿，aIlddomesticl姐guagesmayexpectattack0na111inguisticfeatIIrestllatd0notcOrrespondwithmOdemEh91jshusage．11 LjYu眦mgb11is胁姆协，口，开口舢肠蝴砌施枷(李运兴，2001：38·4吣U、^Inxingconductsthe蛆alySis《tr越slat堍cul扭re-speciEcwords盘om凸incsctoEn垂ish．Heh01dsthatthepdmaryrcquirementofsubtinillgistopmVidc，withiⅡconstraintsoftime锄dspace，tllemOstrelev锄tinfbnnatioⅡin耋hemOstdfidentway．ItalsOa腑lyzestIlefeaIuresofsubtitljngintemsOftime-spaceconstraillts，iIlfomativefncIionaIIdculturalfactorsandthenputsforward幻correspondingstrate画esfortr趾slationwimconcretecxamplesformustfation．HatimandlanMasonInT玩砌埘缸幻r拉5cc糊撬“H把口幻，(Hatim&Mason，1997)，HatimandIanMasoni11ustTate缸omtheperspectiveofpragInaticshowpolitenessisalmostiIIevitablyunde门．epresentedjnsubtitlctranslationandsuggestispossibleeffects．Theyalsoapplyaudiencedesigntoillustntetmslator’st船kinsubtjtl协＆namelyseekingtopreservethecohercnceOfcommuIlicationbetweenaddresseesonscreenatthes锄etime鹤relayingacohereⅡtdiscoursefrOmnlescreenwritertomassauditors．3．3StudiesaboutquaH略cont功IHazd＆MOrg瓶Beingasubtitleeditorofch栅e14televisioninukIll鼬比H增，口rCA鲫咒d4乃跆y括幻托(Mo曙an，2001：161)，HazelR．Morg吼makesattemptsonthemetllodsofprOducinggoOdsubtitlesintheprocessofsubtitlecditing．First，bydescribingthe把chnical0perationofsubtiⅡingbysubtitleralldsubtiueeditOr，Mo唱aII∞ncludestllatnoteverythinginsubIiningcouldbedonebymeallsofc0如puters。Se∞研y’he删yzesseVeralfadoIsinfluencingthequality0fsubtitles．Thirdly’heattemptstoanatomizewhataregoodsubtitles．Fillally，hemakessuggestionsconccmingwhoisthesuitablepersonfoI‘tlliswork，howtoworkef!EidentlywhenwOrkisu唱entandgoVemmentinvOlvementinthisbusiness．HeulwenJam髂HeulwenJames，asubtitleeditorillWales，UKanalyzesthedi￡fcrentexpectationsbasedonclientsofdif!I'crentkinds，namelytheauthororscriptwriter，theproducerandthebroadcasterinhisworkIIlQ“口玎钞CD露fmZ巧＆‘6fi娃巧：更e“ew钟‘P'evfew?(James，2001：149)．Ofallthediems，vi州ersandtheirexpectationsarethemDs￡imponaⅡf．ne12 purposeofsuchathorou曲qualitycontrolis％sentiallytoascenainwhetherornotthesubtitlcssatisfytlledif艳rcntexpectationsoftlleclients．Healsoholdsthatafo咖ofquality∞ntr01whichcomp订sesa印c11cheil【，aprcliminaryreadingofthesubtillesfollowedbyafIlllviewiIlgofthesubtitledprogralIlislikelytoprodu∞amoresatisfa【cIoryqualilyc衄troloutcome．JorgeDiazCintasJO唱eDiazCintasintroducestlleuseofa哥)oddialogue1isttocontmlthequalityOfsubtinet啪slationin断M盯占，DrQ“口I毋抽融6蒯帕?劢e勘k巧口GDDdDf口三D触eL衙(antas，2001：199)．C幻tascategorizesthefactorsiIlfluencjngthequalityofsubtjllesiIlthreecategories：problemsofphysicalnature，whichareeasyt0oVercome；theworking∞nditiOnsundcrwhic：hthesubtitlerisforcedtOwork；problemsderiVesf如mtheactual1inguistictransfeL3．4Studiesonstandardizationstudics0nstandardizationofsubtiuingconcemsm凼lyitstecbnicalasped．1．woproposalwercmade0nst锄dardizatioⅡofsubtitljn舀whicharcpunctuatingsubtitling：typ0脚McalconVentions觚dthdrevolutionbyCIaraCeron，锄daproposedsetofsubtitHngstandardsiIlEllmpebyFotiosK啪itro舀ourespcctiveIy．Resulting肋mcvolutioninPunc￡uation咖lVenti呻scausedbynewtecllIlologies，也ercisc0一existenccofco眦adictorynonnswhjchimpedereadabilityandhenceco加prehcnsionoftIlesub叫es．ClaraCemconductedaⅡaIlalysisoftheidiosyllcrasiesofsubtitlepllIlctuati咖柚dtllereccnteVOlutioniIlpunctuationconVentionaIldconcludesthat“it’stimetOcaⅡyoutacompamtiVestudy0ⅡwhichconventioniseasiertOberead”(cero，2001：177)'whichisthc0nlywaytoget“eryonea铲eejngonastandardno珊forpunctuation．CbmparatjVely，FotiosKmmi拄。百ouanemptstomakcacatch-for-allproposaltow赶dsastan出undizationOf蛐btitlingpracticcsinEurope，coveringlayOut，duratiOn，p曲ctIlationalldlcnercase锄dtargettextediting．(弘famitro醇ou)3．5SummaryM砌orstr吼gthThesestudiescoVeralmosteveryaspect0fsubtitletranslation．Thcirallalysjsdone intlle6eldofmultimedia打孤slationcontributetOrede抽ingtranslationanmultimedia。0ntext，bridgingtllegapbe柳eensubtitletraIlsl撕onaIldtraditionallitefarytrallslation，andthereforetheexistil培胁slationstrate百esandmethod010酉escanbeputtousejIlsubmlingtrallslation．Researchofspecmcstrate百eswitllcasestudyexaminesthefadorsinfluencingsubtitlestmnslating姐dfIlnllcfa圩c斌ingthesuccessOfafilm．Social，politicalandeconomjcalimplicationsarcalsostudied．ResearchaboutqualitycontrolbysubtitleeditorsattemptstoiⅡvestigatenofInof900dsubtitlesandmethodtoproducethemtheprocessofsubtitleediting．Andstandardizationforpunctuationsandlayouthelptoimprovethe1egibilityofsubtitles．MajorweaI【ness1．Mostofthestudiesex锄inedsubtmetranslationthewestemcontextse．g．，translationbetweenFr℃nchandEn蛋ish．SeldomdidthestudiesconcemtmnslationoflanguagesdiffcreⅡtlinguisticfamilies，say，ChineSeandEn醇ish．subt“lerssurclyencounterdi矗erentproblemsf幻mthatcausedbythesameliqguisticfamily．2．Eventhou曲tllein日uenceofproduceralIddirectorarcmentionedtheseresearches，theirroleaⅡdinnuencehavenotbeellstudiedtranslationalactionyet．14 4．Subtitle1hnslationfI．omthePerspectiVeof脚嬲魄霉p—P4．1Ab—efintroductiontojS鲫os胁eD，妇“nle1970sand1980Ssawamoveawayfromthestaticlinguistictypolo西esoftranslationshiftsandmeemergenceandflOurishinginGe柚anyofafunctionaljstandcommunicativetQtheanalysisoftraIlsIation”(Munday，2001：73)．“unguisticsalonewon’theIpus．Firs‘becausetranslatjngisnotmerclyandnoteVenprimarilylinguisticprocess．Secondly，becauselingujsticshasnotyetfo珊ulatedthefightquestionstotackleourproblem．solet’s100ksomewhere”(quotedinNord，2001：10)．MoreandmorescholarSshifttheirfocusf如mstrict1iIlguisticstodynamicfllⅡctionalismintranslationstu击es．T1leyarewhatwecallme“GenⅡ釉yschool”offIlnctionalttleOriesoftraIlslatiOn．AccordingtoSch苴蜀陆cr，“fIlnctionalistapproachisal【indofc0Vertemlfortheresearc王lofschOlarswhOarguethatthepurposeOft11eTTistllemostimportantcriteriainanytranslation”(quotedinM岫day’20041：78)．Functionalismisamajorshjftfrom“linguisticequi伽ence”to“functionalappropriat锄ess”．Fromtllepe。spectiveoffIInctiorlaltlIeoricsoftraIlshtion(partiallarly'underⅡ地iⅡfluenceofHolz—M蕴nt懂ri，stheoryof“tr孤slationalaction’')，translationisviewedasacommunjcativeact．AccordingtothisView'translationisconceived埘m砌y“asaproccssofinterculmmlcommuIlicatiOn，whoseendproductisatextwhichiscapableOffIlnc“oniⅡgappropriatelyiⅡspedficsituationsandcontextofuse”(ibid'79)．ThemodemfunctionaltheOriesoftransl砒ioninclude“鼬tllarinaReiss’sfIlnctionaliSttraIlslationcr主ticism．HaIlsJvc加eer’sS娜嘶印r把anditscxtensions，JustaH0lz-M茜Ⅱtt矗ri”stheoryoftraIlslationalac“on”(Nord，2001，4)and“ch妇iane№rd’sTnoredetajledtextaIlalysismodelwhichcontinued也e矗lnctionalisttraditioniIlthe1990s”(Mundy，2001，73)龇p∞旃eo，把islhcmOstimpOnanttheoryOfthisscb001．Reiss柚dVennecrplaykeyrolesinthebllildingofthetheoryandChris位meNOrd’sroleiscrucialforafurtherdeVel叩mentOfthe鼬叩∞theory．BasedonthetheoryOfaction，HallsJVbmeerdeVelops1lisgcneraltheoryof traⅡslation，whichiscalled蕊叩∞坊∞啦．Tobreal【研tlltraditionallingIlistictranslationtheo啦V色meer埘ewS仃anslatiOnas趾intercunllralaction．ItisnotthetranscodillgOfwordsorsent锄cesf咖onelanguagcintoanothcr’butacomplcxactioninw血jchsomeoncprovidesinfb加撕onaboutatextuⅡdcrnewfIlnctional，cIlltllralaⅡd1inglliStic∞nditiOnsina枷rⅣsihlatjon．hlVb衄eef’sOpinion，translationisafo蛳0ftransnationalactionb弱edonasourcctcxt．A1lyactionhasaⅡaiⅡlorpurpose．SoS№p∞踊∞№，asitsGrcekori舀Ⅱsuggests，isatheoryofpurposefIllaction．Thecssenceof彤：印佛嘶PDr把jstllattheprimaryp五nciplethatdeteminesaⅡytranslationplDcessis“tIlepurposeQ沲矽∞)oftheoverall廿anslati∞a出0n”吖ord，2001：27)．Atra璐1ationalactionhasvarious扛anslatiOn鄹5叩∞，whichafefelatedtoeachotherjnahieIarchicalo『dcranddeterminethet郴slationmetllods．IntllefollowiⅡgpan，someoftheba酊caspectsof部獬曲∞“ownlbedetailedtodisplayadeafoverviewofthetIleory．4．2Basjc∞珈xptsof匀如p融删音：aim，pllrp惦岛fIl皿c硒n嬲djⅡte删明鼬嘤埘isaGrcekwordfor“puIpose”．Accormngto龇叩D5巩eD，fe，“Onefo删ofbehaV妇isneVcnhclcssbcldtobemorcapprop订atctllantheOthcrinordcrtoattaint王leintendedgoalorpurpose”(fbjd)．AccordingtoVb皿eer，the咒aretllreel(indsofpurposeintllefieldOftmslatiOn：thegeneralpurpOseaimedatbythetr柚slatorinthetranslationprocess@erhapst0earnaliving)，thecommu珂cativepm_poseaimedatbymetargettextiⅡthetargctsituationoerhapstojIlstmctthereade0andthepurposeaimedatbyapaniclllartranslationstrategy0rprocedu峨forex锄ple，totranslateliterallyinordcrtoshowthestnlctmlpanicIllaIitiesofthesourcel锄gIlage)(quotedinNord，2001：28)．Thete锄&珥}∞usuallyrcf醯stothepuIposeofthetargcttext．V盱meeralsousesrclatedwords，naIndyaim，puIpOse，aIldilltentiOⅡandfuⅡ州oniIlhistheory’ttlerearesomedistinctionsbetweenttlesec011cepts：Aimisde铀edasthefinalrcsultsanagent加tendstoachievebymeansofaIlaction．PIIrpOseisdefinedasapr0VisioⅡalstageintheprol：essofattainingallailll．Aimalldpllrposearethusrelati、，econccpts．胁ctionrefcrstowhattextmeansorisintendedt0mean丘Dmthereceivcr’sDOintofView’whereastheaimjs氆epurposeforwhichitisneededorsupposedtobeneeded．Intenti呲isconceivedasanaim．嘶entedDlan0faction．TheterInimcntionisaISO16 equated谢tllfllnctionoflheaction(ibid)．whiletalkingabouttllesecQncepts，chistiaIlNordfunherpr叩osedabasicdistiIIcti0Ⅱbe佃eenintcntionalldfIlnction，whichispfovedtobeVeryuse如linthetr趾sIationstudies．NofdpoimsoutthatintentionandfIlnctjonshouldbeviewed丘omtwDdifEerentandesin岫slatjon．Intentionissender-oriented，whichmeanstllatitisb弱edonsendcr，spoimofview“whowantstoachjeveacenainpu工posewiththetext’’(ibid)．、ⅣhilefIlnctionisreceiver．oriented，whichiIldicatestllattheIeccjverwillusetlletextwithacenainfIlⅡctionbasedonhis“expectation，nceds，preViouslnlowledge强dsjtuationalcond砸ons’’(ibid)．小岫rdtIlillksthatintlle岫slation丘e1止astheI℃ceiverandthesender1ivein“twodifl．crentcultIlralandsitIlationalsetfin萨”(ibid)，the主ntentionofthesendermaynotcoIfcspondwimmefunctionwhichisadoptedbytherccciVeL1nhusthisdistinctionisex仃cmelyimponaIltandnecessaryforthetmnslator．The繇印∞ofsubtiⅡiIlgscⅣesasthe两nciplegIlidingnllejnthistr锄slationacciVity．Basically，tlleaimoftlletargcttcxtistoaidtlleaudienccin嘞prehcndiIlg锄dapprecia血lgafilmicmessagewithoutdisturbingtlle_ir印precjationofthefilm．hmostcases，dnemasu蜥njⅡ晷togetherw主也theotherdementsof也e冠lnicmessagc，aimsatpleasingtheaudiencc，regardlessofwhethertheimmediatefceliIlgis锄usement，fear'oranytllingelse．J硒kanenc0彻eⅡtsontheinvisibilityofsubtitliIl舀explaillingtllatsubtiningshouldnotbeobstnlc廿veto也eeye趾dshouldideallyblcⅡdinwi也the丘1m．(jaSkanen，1999：23)4．3TlletlIeore娃馄lfoundati佃：T1leoryofActionAccordingtoHO匦M螽ntt赫’sTheoryofTraDslationalAction，tr卸slatillgisvicwedasafo册oftranslatioⅡa1interaction，illteⅡtionaliⅡteraction，interpersOnaliIlteractionandacommunjcatiVeaction，interculturalactionandatext—pmcessingacdoⅡ“uotedillNord2001：16—251wjthemph勰isontheinterplayofeachrclation，suchde丘njtionbroadensthehorizonoftranslationstudiesaIldhelpsex讪linmecomplcxityoftmslation．4．3．1TI-ansla廿ngasintentionaIinteracti帆Ac。ordingtoQ峨stian№rd'“WhenwetalkaboUtintentio柏lityininteraction，weassumethattherewasachoicetoactinOnewayor如otller’tOrc丘鼍illn功nactingina17 panicularway，ornottoadatall’’(ibid：19)．vc珊ecrde缸estheconc印tas“for锄actofbehavioItobeca皿edanactionthepersonperforrningnmust(potentially)bea：blet0explain¨—lyhcactS笛hedoesalthou班he∞uldhaveadedo也e刑ise”(ibid)．’r协lslationcanbercgardedasallilltcntionalinteractionbecause，firstly，“isintendedtoch壮ge强existings诅teofa恤ifs，肚．吼adlytlleiIlcapabjlityofceI_tajnpeopleto咖llIlicatewithe解homcr；secondly，itisc硎edout奶mmorespecificcommunicativeintentions，∞chast0illf咖ltheta唱etaddresseeabloutsomethingthesource-textsendersays．ByhOldingtranslatingasaⅡin劬tionalinte珊：tion，tllefunctionalistthe州stsme壮Ⅱmt仃anslationmustbedirectedtowardapurpose，say，t0promOtecommunicationorinf0】mtllereade话．nisintentionality'鹤ve咖eerputsf0刑ard，“doesnotrefertOanactiOnreallybeiⅡgintemional，buttoitsbeingseenorm据p陀^耐甜拥栅l蛀鲫4zbythepanicipaIltsor孤yobserv盯”(quotedin№rd，2001：19)．Intentionmayberdatedtotlletranslator，butmorcof{【cn，itis鹊sociatedwitht11einitiatorofatranslationproccss．AndthciIltentionofatranslationisⅡotnecessarilythesameasorsimil缸totheilltentionofthe嘣昏nalauthor．Soint瑚slatin岛tlleremaybeachoiceor吼Otherinpickingup也c雠mslations缸吼egyaccordingto也epurposemattlletmslationisintendedfor-4．3．2Transl8tingasiⅡteⅧ哪邯咀alintenct．onThe肌印∞睹∞如灯stresstherolesofa11thcpo鹞iblepanicip姐tsilltlleproccssoftranslation．AccordingtofIlncti0Ⅱalism，a11tllcpanicipantshaVecenaiⅡfIlnctionsorrolesintheint啪ctiOn．Apart丘om也e仃aditionallya鹃umedpanidp锄tsinatranslatiOnproc鹤s，n锄elysource-textproducer'仃a璐lator壮dtafget·tcxtreceivcr(rcaderoraudience)，tllefIlnc虹衄alistsadds咖emoreagentstotheproccSsoftra∞lation，suchasinidator，ta唱et·textuse，ta唱m—textaddresseeandsofonh．Alloftllepanicipantsareconnectedthmugllacomplexnetworkofmutualrelationsandmaytosomeextentaccountforthe仃anslationbriefofthetra_nslationanda如ctthepurposea11dthestrate百esoftra璐1ation．Amongtllem，theroleoft11etranslatoriscnlcialintlletranslationprocess，astllet捌【lSlatorhastoca】町outthetaskaIldensurethercsultoft啪slation．TheroIeoftheintendedtargettextrcceiverisalsodecisiveiⅡthespedficationoftr柚slation鼢j．4．3．2．1ThemIeofini吐atorTraIlslationisnoⅡnallydonebyassi印吼entffomclientsmtherthanbythe18 spontaIleityoft砌slatoIS．Aclientneedsatextforaparticul盯purposeandcallsuponthetr柚slatorforatr粕slatioⅡ，tllus加gastheillitiatoroft11etr姐sIationprocess．Theinitiator，PDDbablyapeIs∞，a伊oupor主nstitution，decidestlletr锄sIationbd吐i．e．，thepⅡrpos岛4础陀s卵晦咖吗pkce，occ口s幻，laIIdm锄蜊0f也eintendedc0衄lmica￡ion趾dthefIlnctionthete烈isjlltendedtohave(Nbrd，2001：30)．IⅡawordinitiatordecideswhatl(indOftl‘anslationisneecled．hfihnsub协ling，itisusuallythedheclorwhoncedstr锄【slatedsubtmeSforforei印audiencetOunderst柚dthedialOgueinthefilms．SodirecIQrs鸹sumetheroleOfillitiatorinthetranslatingprocess，who西Vestlle廿anslatoratranslationbdefasgIlidanceeimerexplicinyorimplicitly．4．3．2．2Theroleoftra邯lator舢thoughtheroleoftranslatorhasbeenrepcatedIydiscussediⅡv嘶oussch00lsoftramlationthe鲥es，ithaSⅡcVerbecnemph勰izcd鹤ith硒byf11nctionalist：BcinganexpertiIlmmslationaction，tlle仃趾slatofisrcsponsiblefortheperfomanceoftheco蛐[Ilissionedtasl【，fortranslatedtext．(veHneer1986a：278)Accordingtovermeer’tlletr柚sla￡or’sdutyas趾expencanberccapitlllated鹊to：●AnalyzetheacceptabiHtyandviab诅ityOftl措translationbriefinlegaI，economicorideolo酉calt咖s；●Checkwhethertlle仃anslationiSreallyn∞ded；●SpccifythcactiVitiesrequiredforcarryiⅡgoutthebricf；●PedO册a妇1s18ti∞alaction，whichmayresultinatargettext，perh印sashortsummaryofthesourcctext0r，inspccialcases，inadvisiⅡgthecHcntnOttohave也esourcetext岫slatedbe咖seatranslationwouldnotserve也eintendedpurpose(ibid，276、BotlltlIeroles0ftheinitiator趾dtranslatorarecrucialforatrallslatillgprocess．W如1regardstosubtitletranslation，professiOnals曲titlerSneedtoprovideviewerswithtlleshortestpoSsiblesubtitlesaIldsparct11emunnccessaryshadesofmeaIljllgthath主IldertheprocessofimagereadiⅡg．1bdothis，theyneedtoidentifythepreciser01eofeachse毋nentofdialogueiⅡmoviⅡgtheimage-stor)rforw缸daIldtryt0achieve山esameendwiththefewestpOssibkwords．Subtitlersneedtobevisually1iterateandf111lvfamiliarwithtlIel壮g响geofcm锄aasweUascompletelyfluentint11eta唱e“aIlguage．19 Beyond也at，theyneedt以ent柚dcreatiVefl出tocncapsulatethe删onofeachse舯％tofdialogIleinthefewestpossiblewords-4．3．2．3The如Ieofs叩rce-白既tproducerThesource．textproducerpmducesthetexttllatist0servcasthesourceforatranslational剃0n．ButifthesOurcetexthasbeenpmduccdforsomereasonsthathavenothingtod0withthernj鹃ionunderdiscusSiOn，也e鲫lrcc-textproducerisnotaIlimmediateagentinthe仃anslatjOnalaction．Insubtinetra璐1ation，spOkendialogueistrans触TedjIltothewrittcnmode．缸OrigiIlaldialOgIle孤dtr趾slatedsubtitleshavesimilare低dsofaidiIlg皿dinfbnningtlleaudjence，tllesourcc-tcxtproduOer，Ilamelyplaywright，servesasthesourccofthetranslatiOnalaction．4．3．2．4The州eOftarget-text璐erTheuserofthetargettextreferstothe0ⅡewhofinallyputsittouSe．hlthecaseoftmslatedsubtitle，dⅡemaSarcthetarget·textuserS，shoⅥ血gmemtothe卸diencet}lcs锄etimetllefilIllispmjected．4．3．2．5The砌eoftarg曲．textreceherTheintendedtarget-textreceiveristheaddresseeofthetrallslation．Thei11fonnationconcemingabouthi咖erSocio—cuhllr赶back留ound，expectations，sens城Vityorworldhowledgeiscmdalforthetrallshtor柚dshOuldbefound叫tasmuch雒possible．Thejrcxpectation，along讯mtllatoftheinitiator’dete衄inesthe酗Dp∞ofa订蛆slationalaction．0bviouslytheforeignViewersiIltllecinemasarethepmspectiVereceivcrsoftlletraIlSlatedfilmsubtilles．Whatt11eyexpecttoget五romtllesub血lehelpsdetenninetlle繇印∞ofsubtitletr锄slation．4．3．3T}ansIatingasa00衄uⅡicaHveact．onCbmmunicatiOninitsn0锄alseⅡseisc删edOutbysigns．IttakesVerbalornon-verbaIbehaviortOtransferthecon唧tormeallingofthesignsfrc吼tlleproducertotherecciverwhomayhavedi血renti11terpretationsofthesi印swllichareconVentionalandcIlltll『e—spe刮jc．SOa謦e锄entabOutthemeaIlingofsi印sbe呻eenthesetwoisneedediIlordertoacbjevetheintendedgoal．htra皿slation，itisaduallyaproce血reinwhichthetmslatorproducessi驴sfortlletargetaudience(Nord，2001：23)灿tllesource—textsender锄dtheta曙etaudience1iveinModiffefentculmres，thetaSkofthetr{mslatoristomakethesignsiIlthesource—textctlltllreme卸ingflll蛆dunderstoodby targct卸dience．HefllnhersuggeststhatthesignwhichismeaningfIll曲tllesourceculturemightbemisundeIstoodbymeta唱etaudi如ce，itisthe订anslator’stasktomakethe虹a11slationaccordingly．(Ibid)4．3．4．IhnsIaHngasaninterculturalacti伽Functionalistsbelievethatlangllageis姐赫icpanofacIllture，especiallyifclllturcisdcfinedasa“totalifyof】mowlcdge，profidency趾dperccption”(snell-Ho加by'1988：40)．TllistemlisfIlnhcrdari=fiedbyAmcricallEtlInol0百stw—HGoodenou曲：p蟮Iseeit，asociety’scIIltIlre∞nsistsOfwhateveritisonehastolⅡloworbdieveinOrderto叩crateillam锄crofacc印tabletoitsmembers，锄ddos0inaIlymlethattheyacc印tfor蛆yoneoftllemselves．Cultllre，beingwhatpe叩lehavetoleamasdistinct丘omtlleirbiologicalheritage，mustconsist0ftlleendproductof1earning：knowledgc'inamostgeⅡcral，ifrelative，senseofthete咖．By山isdefinition，weshouldⅡotethatctlltureisnotamaterialphenomenon；itdocsnotconsistOftllin岛people，bchavior，ofemotiO溉nisratherano略血ization0ftllesetllill笋．Itismefo胁softhin簪matpeoplehaveinmind，theifmodelSforperceiVin舀relatingalld0也e聊iseinteIprctingtllem．(quotedinNcIrd'2001，24)AccordillgtoV色meef，ttlisde丘llinonseⅣes越ageneralstaningpointforfllnctjonalistapproachtotra珊1ating@o咄200l，24)．hthisscnse，cultureisacomplexsystemandcanbesubdiVidcdinto“par蝴ntuIe’’，”diacIllnlre”and“idioculture”(ibid)．However’thebordcrljllesbet、Veenculturalsyst锄柚dsub-systems盯eextremelydi髓allttodefineunmAg屿aNonhemAmeric蛆Anthropolo舀stwhoworkedasa11“interculturalpraditioner”inMexicoprcsentsadifEer明tviewtawardsculture：culturcissomethingtllattheIcP【irnercunuralpractitioner】creates，astoryhe／shetellstllathighli班tsandexplaills也edi丘brencesthat伽sebreakdOwns．QlltIlrcisnotsomethingpeOplehave；itissomethingtllatfillstlIeSpacesbe伽eentllem蛐dcultureisnotanexhaustivedescriptionofanythillg；itfocusesondiff’erences，difEbrcncesmata11yVary觚mtasktotaSkaIldg咖pto掣oup．(quotedinNord，200l，24) hlAgar’spilltof“ew，language锄dcultureareinterdcpendentandtheircombinationisc枷ed‘‘langaculture”whicIIistreatedasasin班een血ybyhimandthecultIlralboundaryism耵kcdby“矗chpoin醚whicharcdi恤rencesinbehaviorcausingcultuI弓con丑ictSorcommuIlicationbreakdOwnbetweentwocommunicationjncontact”(Ibid，25)．B鹪edontllesepojnts，Nordp硝ntsoutthat“atranslatorhastobeveryawareOftherichpoilItsreleVanttOaPracticaltranslationtaskbetweenthegroupsorsub·groupsoneitllersjdeofthelaⅡguacultureba仃ier”(Nord，2001：25)．Enljghtenedbythetmslationaltheory，wecanviewthetranslationoffilmsubtitlesasanintentiOnalinteractionwitlItlle幻tentiontohelptheaudienceunderstand矗lmbetter'acommunicativeactiOn。inwhichcommunicationexiStsbetweenthetrallslaforandthe丘lmproducers勰wcllasbe咐eent11etraⅡslatorandtheta玛etaudienceand1astlyaninterculturalactiontakenbythe仃anslatortOtraIlsfcrmeadequatemeaningbetweentwodif：f．erent伽ltures．4．3．S胁nsIaHIIgasatext-processingacaonAccordingtofunctionaliskthemeaningofatcxtisnotinhercntintheⅡngllisticsi盟salldcalIIlotbesjIIlplyextractedbyaIlyonewhohowsmecode．Anytextisjust趾。甄rofinfomationffoInwhich血dividualrecciverselects妇itcmsappe出ingtohim伪efs恤ceatextismademeaningflIlbyitsreceivefandforitsrcceiver；d缸feremreceiVersmaypercejvedi髓rcntmeaIlings丘omthes锄etext．htraIlslation，theSTjsalsoregardedaSan硝bfofinfbnnation．Facedwitllthiso在色r'anyrcceivef(柚ongthem，the也mslator)dhoosestheitemstlleyfcg盯dasimercstin岛usefIlloradequatetothedesircdpurp_oses．ThusatranslatiOnisancw0拄erofi叫咖ationjnmeta昭etcultureaboutsomeiIlformation0fferedinthesourcecultureaIldlanguage．Inmisway，theSTshouldnolongerberegardedasthe“sacredod舀nal”，andthepuIposeof也etraIlslationc孤nolongerbe曲duced缸n也esTbutdependsontheexpedationsandneedsofthet盯gctrcaders．TbtranslatesuccessfIllly，也etranslatorhastobeacquaintedwitllthespecificsituationoftherecipientsofhis／hertranslationinthetargetculture．(主bid)Thisshowsthattherole0fthesourcetextinfunctionalistapproacheshasbeenreVolutionarilyaltered丘omtheimperialstatusasthc“￡irstandforcmost”(ibid：251criterionforatranslator’sdecisionsiIlearlierlinguisticofequivalence-basedtheories． 4．4TlhreenlJesandtheirrelationshjp4．4．1Skoposr山eAccordingtoS七叩∞蚺已Dr她thep矗mepTinciPleisthe岛z穸∞mle，n锄ely，atranslationalactionisdete皿incdbyitS蕊印∞，thatis，theendjustifiestheIne姐s(quoted遗N0rd，2001：29)．Aswasmentioneddbove，thetem鼢∞usuallyreferStothepuIposeofthetargettext．EachtextisProducefora西venpurpose姐dshouldscrvethispuIpose．The繇叩∞mlethusfcadsasfollows：仃趾slate／interp州speak／writeinawaytlIatenablesyourtex讯ransla垃ontofI=mctioninthesituationinwhichitis11sedandwith也epe叩1ewhowanttouseit姐dprcdselyjIlthewaytheyw壮tittofunction．(ibid)ThisruleisiIltendedtosolvetheetemaldjlemmasOfh．cevs．fadtllfultranslation，dy蚰micvs．fo彻alcquivalcncc，goodillterprctersVs．slavishtraIlslators，andSoon．nme趾sthatthe船印∞ofap删cular仃anslationtaskmayrequ眈a“frce”ora“faith雠”traIlslation，oraIly也i119bet、^recnthese柳ocxtrc】mes，dcpendiIlgoⅡthepuIpOseforwhichthetranslationisncedcd．(ibid，29)4．4．2IntJ曩tex缸lalco矗e呦cehlVe皿ecr’ste抛s，thetargettextshOuldconfo皿to也estaIIdardofintratcxtIlalcoherence(alsocalledcohe件nce珊le)，whichspedfiesthatatranslationshouldbeacceptableinasensethatiscohercntwi也thercceivcrS’sitllatioⅡ．BeiIlg“coherentwith”issynOⅡymouswitllbeing“partof’thereceiVer’ssitllation．T1lisme趾stherccciVershouldbeabletounderstandthetargcttext；itshOuldmakesenseintIIecommuIlicativesituation粕dcIlltureinwhich．tisreceived但6dlhackcr1995：34)．AcommunicativeinteractioncanonlybercgardedaSsuccessfIllif也erccciVeTs蛔terpretitasbe协gsumcientlycoherentwithtlleirsitIIation．4．4．3IⅡtertextualoohe咖ceSinceatranslationisanofI'erofi玎如衄atjonat'outapreceding豳rofiIlfomation，itisexpectedtobearsome菇nd0frelationshipwithtbe啪c印咖dingsourcetcxt．vemeercallsthisrelationship“intencxtualcoheren∞”or“f：idelity”．nisisregardedasafllrthcrprinciple⋯the“矗deHtymle”．T1lepointisthatintenextualcohercnceshouldexistbetweensourceaIIdta唱ettext，wllile也eformittakesdependsbotllonthetranslator’sinterpretationofthesourcctext柚d伽the仃anslation戤opDs． hltertextualcoherenceisconsidcredsubordinatet0intr_atextual∞herencc，andboth盯e蛐bordinatetOtlle岛rop∞mle．InfⅡmsubtitIe扛anslatiOn，thesubtjtlcr’stcxt，0rthe醌印∞ofTTsubtitle，co—deteIIIliⅡcdbythedircctoT’sintentionandaudjence’sexpec协tionaswdlasmetechnicalconstrailltsimpOsedOnsubtitlin舀tendst0beill‰ative，withemphasisonmessageratlleftlIandescriptive0rexplaIlator)，soastofacilitateviewiⅡg；t珀nslatcdsubtitlcsmust矗rsnybeintemallycoherentenougll，i．e．，thesubtitlescaIlnotbeself-contradictory，sothatitc强beacceptedbyViewers；aIldsecondly，itmustfiIinthecultumlsituatjonoftheviewerssOthatitcanbeacccptedbyviewersinthelimitedViewingtimea11dspace；subtitlermustproVideinfonnatioⅡreleVanttotheof培inaldialoguesothatViewersknowwhat’shappellingonthescreen．Thedegreeofcohe咖cebetweensubtitleaⅡdthedialogues0faddressees’isdeteHlliⅡedbythe＆Dp∞ofthesubtitledfilm．Insubtitletra嬲latioll，priOrityisgiventocoherenceofTTitselfasweUasta玛etcultureratherth柚f：idelityofTTtOST．4．5Adequacy，tllestandardofevaluationIntheproccssoftrarIslation，tr衄slatorisusuaUygIlidedbyhisassumptionsoft11etargettextTeadeTs’Ⅱeeds，expectationsandpreviousknowledge．Theassumptionsmaybedi疵renttotheintentionoftheoriginalauthof．Soitis吼dcrstalldablethatthetranslatorca舰oto恤rtllesameamolllltorl【indof蛐mati帆髂theorigillalauthoLF研that，繇印∞m80r把hascometochallen寥tlleconceptofequiValence．Accordingto船Dp∞历e口r咄theintendedpurposesofthetargettextdetemjnethetranslations锄te百esandtllecriterionfortrallslationevaluationis“adequacy”iⅡsteadof“equiValcnce”．Adequacyre】晤rStothcqualitiesofatargettextwimrcgardtothetranslationpu耳’ose．TraIlslationshouldbeadequatetothetr锄slation繇印D占．ComparedwjmequiValence，adequacyisadyn锄ic∞nccptrclatedtothcprocessoftmnslationreferringtotlle“goal-Oriented”selcctiOnofsignstllatarcconsidefedtobe印propriateforthec咖municatiVepurp_oseinthet啪slation．Equivalenceisstaticandrcsult—orienteddcs州bingarelationsllipof“equal∞mmunicativevalue”be咐eenhvotexts，orwords，sentences，syntacticstnlctureoftheor蟾协alandthet眦slationaⅡdctc(Nord，2001：35)．In鼬Dp∞脯∞“岛equiValencemeansadequacytoa鼬DP哪thatIequirestheTTtoseⅣethesamecommumcativefIInctionorfIlnctionsastheStthusp碍serVing“invariaⅡce’’offIlnctionbe咐eensource执dtargettext．r11latis，meconceptofequivalenccjsreducedto “f岫ctionalequivalence”ontlletcxt1evel．kthisway'equiValenceissubjecttoadequacy趾ddeter皿nedby瓢叩∞．WithjntheframeofS岛叩口s肪∞r把，purposeisessentialinthe“aluationoffuncti咖．TIaIlslationisde缸edtobeadequatcorinadequatewithrcgardtothepuq’oseOrthecommullicatiVefllnctionitjssupposedt0achjcve．4．6Medtsof蕊印哪绒口nr妇Byta：l【ingpfecedenccoVcrpuIposeandfllIlctionintranslation，＆DpD妣eD以ebrillgsanewpe瑙pectiVeontTanslationstudies．Comparedtometraditjonalformalandpredomi直l卸tlylinguistictranslatioⅡmcofies，itrenects，“amorcfIlnctionally柚dsodo-culturally0fientedconoeptoftraIlslation”(Bal【er，1998：35)．4．6．1Anewile矗lIitionOftI翟ⅡsIa60n鄹渤∞啪∞mdef妯estm璐latingasanintcntional，int唧ersonal，panlyverbal血ter饥lturalinteractiOnbascdonasourcctext扭steadOftIealingtranslationasaone-to-one咖sfercncebe晰eenMo1蛆guages．Itllighli曲tStheinvolvementofmultiplepersonalalldcultIlralfactOrsin也eprocessoftr姐slation，enhanceSpeople’sawarenessoftllecomplexity，cOnstrajntaIldrelationsinVOlVcdiIltr孤slation．hltllisway繇印Ds踊∞，把11aswidenedthescopeof缸柚slationstIIdiesaIldmovedbeyondthelingllisticbDunda彤AttentionsarecalledtothOsefactorsinvolvedintheprocessOfme仃趾slati蚰aⅡddetemjlljIlgthercsultof灯anslatioⅡ．withdueattentionsgiventotllerelationshipsofthe孤thor，rcaderand仃蚰slator’int啪alaⅡdextemalfactorsthatcondmOnthcshapingofa打allslatjon，thisapproachto仃anslati0ⅡstlldiesprovestobemoredescriptiveaIldpragmatic，aIldshifts的mthe“hypometicalidealtrallslationstoactualtexts”(Gentzer'2004：7∞．4．6．2Ch柚寥ofthestatlIsofsour∞妞tandtargett甑t舶叩。叫lBD啦hasbroughtanewoonceptforthestatusofmesourcetextandtargettext．A5tllesourcctextisjustano如rofinfomation，thesourcetextisnottllesupremeyardsticl【for仃a_Ilslation．Theta喀ettextbecomestllefocus．ThetraIlslatorcanadapthistra|lslations仃ategyaccordmgtOtlletr孤slationpuq)osc．Tr蛐slatorcaⅡbereleased矗omthe“restrictionsimposedbyanarrowlyde血edconceptofloyaltytothesourcetextal衄e”(Baker'2004：238)aIldhavetheinitia曲ein仃anslation．TraIlslati曲isessentiallvaresult0fseledionstrate舀esaⅡdadecjsi。nmabngProcess． 4．6．311既蹦I咐inch∞singtmnsIaⅡ蛐s№te画骼AccordiIlgtO丽印∞n11e，trallslatorshouldⅡ锄slatebyⅡ1epurpose趾dfunctionoftargettext．whatisdecisivejstodeterm妯emetr柚sIationpurposc醐daccordin酉y协e戗mslationmethods．Soduetothed曲咖tpu强10ses舀Ventohim，atranslatorcanchoosedi丑’erents衄lte酉esintransla￡血培mes姗e￡ext．Undersuchdrcums妞Ⅱce，‘s：k黔mlecanbeas01utiontOthe仃aditionalandmuchdebatingdilemmasoffreeVs．1iteraltr柚slationanddynanlicequival％ccvs．fomalequiValence血妇nslationhist0呼AsthemethodsoftraIlslationaredctermiIlcdby也epuIposc，趾yofthetwoextremesisjustifiedins鲫Ds腩∞，fB．T}anslationmethodscanbeVarious嚣theyVaryaccordingtotlle出盘erempurposesthetranslatorbtendtoachieVe．】s靶叩∞绕∞r耙accauⅡtsfbrthedi纸rentmcthodsindif五erenttranslationsituations．htllissense骗叩∞腩印一eta】(esamOretoler柚tattitudetotranslationpfactic骼，especi出lytllosethatareusuallyconsideredt0beaga斑sttheexis血lgtranslationcritcriabutpr0Ⅳedtobesatisfactory觚dsuccessfIll协out∞me(陈小慰，2000：9．12)．4．6．4Enli班tenmenttoh毽nslationcriⅡcismIn跏∞曲∞庇，equivalenceisnoloⅡgertllesolestandardtoevaluateatranslation．Translationisjudgedintermsofthefunctionandco咖unicativee羝ditisintendedtoachieVe．ntunlsdo、釉me恤ditionalapproachestllatlaydownprescriptiVemlcsforanidealt瑚mslation．AsuccessfIll仃刁msla如nismetitedasl咖gasitfills(hcpurposeoftLaIlSlatioⅡ锄dse锄scoherentt0theta唱mrcadcr，ssituatjon．mtllisscnse田觇删∞，电hascOmetowidenthenaIfowVisionsoftraditionaltraⅡslationcrmdsm，implyingtheacceptanceQfmultipleversions孤dtheeValuationofiIldi“dIlalversionswithrcspectto也epurposesforwhicheachversionisintended(Bakcr’2004：208)蛆dexpandingthepossibilityoftranslation．№souTcetexthaSonlyonecorrcctorpedbcttranslation．MeaIlwhile，withloyaltyasa∞mpmmise，itst”ssesthetranslator’srcsponsibilityfortraIlslation．L0yahyobligesthetraIlslatortOtakeaccountoftheinterestsofthosedid’erentpaniesinvolvedilltr趾slation，especiallytheta鸦ettextrcceiVersaIldtheautllOLwhiletlle繇Dp∞principlehigllli曲tstller01esofthe仃allslatorintheprocessof咖slation，theloyaltyprincipleseⅣestodem锄dthe昀nslator’srespectfortheautllorand1imitstheexcessiVepmcticcofsuqectivityi11trallsla“0n．S舡矽osisnotunderthesubjectiVedisposaloftranslatoLAnadcquatetmsla曲nshouldcoordiIlatetheiⅡtentionoftheoriginalauthor，tllet砌slatorandaswell卸theexpectationoftheread哪．So ∞mpare(1withthelraditjona王liIlgl】jsticapproach，whichfocusesonthetextsaIldauthl)r，5缸IpDs踊eDr话laysmOrcemph硒isOnthepu耳'0seOf仃anslation，the妇nslator’thetargetaudicncealldthesjtuationinwhicht】1etraIlslationisproduced．Inthisway'ithasbrou曲tanewperspectivcon垃anslationcritidsm． 5．A且analysisofthesubtiUetranslationof上，匆7．DAc∞rdingto骗叩∞啦∞rfe，ttIeint∞tionOfinitiatoraIlde砰ectation0ftheTTrcceiverdet咖iIletheS缸，p伽ofa嘶slatiomlaction：山e泐Dsoftmnslationandthetra咀slatordcte衄ine也eshapeOfaTrlIfthisistobeptltiIltosubtitle乜mslation，也e出rectofassumestlleroleofillitiator，theforeignViewerstheTTreceiVer’bomofwh锄detemlinethe圈晒阳sofsubtitle仃anslation；theS幻口Dsofsubt“1e位mslatioⅡandttlesubtincrastlletranslatortogetllerdeteminettleshapeOfthetranslatedsubtitles．Illsubtinetr观slationofmrD，inpanicul甄its脚DsisdetemiⅡedby11leintcntionofitsdircctorzhangYhnouastheinitiatorand也eexpectationoftheEn寸ish—speakingviewers淞tllerccejVersoftlleEnglishsubtitles；itsshapeisdct锄illedbyits舒．n印sand工jndaJaivin，tlletra∞latOLThispartist0粕alyzehowthefactorsmentionedabovedete衄illethe繇Dp∞andshapeOf拄imslatcdsubtitlesin丑打oaIldtllehawthestrategiesarc锄ployedtofIllfillits鼢s．5．1’】：heintent．onofZhangYlmou’sAsChinesesocietybecomesincrc弱抽西ycons哪ptionoriemed，丘lnlmakersare掣aduallyunde瑁pjngc：hangesaIldconcemsmoreabOut也eneedoftllemarketaIld也ecxpectationoftheaud碗Icc．zhangYhOu，whohasconquefedtheaudienceofhomeandabroadwhhbjsanjsticmmssuchas删勋嘞H川(红高粱)，砌沁聃eR耐如眦em(大红灯笼高高挂)趾d九D叫(菊豆)，isalso岫der窖0ingsuchgreatchallges．Heoncesaidin姐interview：“、釉en1waSin．I砸wall，Hou)(iaoxiarI(侯孝贤)onccexpressedhisopilliononwbjchIquitea伊ee：Filmma】【ingisaniIldus仃ywllichisr印resentedbyitsmainstreamproduds．Themaill—streamproductshavetobestrongifthewholefilmindustryiStosuⅣivethcmarket．”(蔡尚伟，2005：108)。Zll趾gweiping(张伟平)，zhangYimou’spanner，OⅡcediscussedtheissuewimhim，“Dowemakefilmsforaudienceorcxpens?”Andtlleyreachedthea乒eementtllat“Wbneedsupportsfromaudicnc岛weneedboxo蚯ce．nat’swhywemadeadjus缸nentwhenshooting胁m”(李。thcchinesevcrsionis：“张艺谋在一次采访中提到：‘我在台湾的对嫉，侯孝贤说过这样一个观点，对此我根赞同：电影是一个工业．代表这个行业的是主流产品，所以，市场要存货．首先主流产品要强大～．’’’ 宏字，2004)。ReleasedinDeccmb盯20也，2003，tl博fihmroisthefi璐tfilmtotallymadeinacommercialwaybyhim．nw勰joiIInypresentedbysil-Me蜘)poleOrganizationLtd(银都机构有限公司)，ElitcEntenail皿eⅡtc0．Ltd(精英娱乐有限公司)卸dBeijingNewPictureDist曲ution(北京新画面影业有限公司)in2002aIldwasreleasedoverSeasbyMir锄axFilmsin2004．zh锄goncementi衄edhisintenti衄ofmrD：‘仕rDisnotgoingtowina11upperh抽dwithitStlleme．What’smoreimpon强tisifitisfascinatingaⅡdattractive；ifit谢UarouseF∞trcsponse劬m加dience．Ifitis，1willbesatisfied．”(赵丽莎，2002)圆“Ihopewhenyou’rcinthemcatrcwatd疵喀themm，you’rctotallyabsorbedinitwithoutfeelingbored．”(ibid尸“Acoupleofyearslater’whenyoumentiona￡ilm，youmigllthavefbFgottenthestory孤dits也eme，butyoumi乒trememberseveralimagesorttlelookofcharadersjnit．Soourpurposeatthattimewasthati11日毒阳，therearemorctll蛆threeplaceswhercaudiencecanstillrem锄bersevemlyearS1atcLIfitreanyhappeIls，that’senough．”(ibid)螂ztlaIlgⅥmouwanted胁rDtowinboxo茁cenOt0nlyathomebutabroad．hwascommentedthat月≥加hadaclearpurpose，namely，tofightintowcstemfnmm缸ket，inp删cul碣theAmeric蛆m柚泓．Ⅵmmi曲tasweusaythatf幻mverybeginlling月毒，Dwasdesignedforwest锄audiencc．(梅毅，2002)@Fromtllequotationsabove，wec蛆seethatzh趾gcaredmoreforboxo砸cetll孤aw赶ds柚dhopedtlleaudiencearoundtlleworldtopaymoreattentiontotllestoryitselfratller也蛆tlletheme；totheimageramerthanthedialogue．Actually，HBrDtumedouttOhavelived印tollish叩es．AudienceofhomeandabroadwasfasciIlatedbytlleexquisiteimagc，ViVidsouⅡde饪cct锄dso0n．wjthin20days0fitsrele鹞e，tlleboxo彤ceinmainlandChinareachedRMB200million殛口n．缸forinu．S．，althou曲itsrele雒ewaspostponedsomehowbyMiramaxFilmCorp．Companyfor2years，its廿llgainedprominentboxo￡ficc’witllU．S．$18，900millioninolhechjncseve墙ioⅡis：-⋯张伟平-⋯曾与张艺谋讨论：“以后⋯-一定要搞清楚，我们的片子是给观众拍的还是给专家拍的?”张伟平回忆；“我们最后选成共识，我们需要观众的支持，需要票房。所以到《英雄》⋯-我们调整了。othechinesevcrsionis：《英雄》也不是靠主题取胜，更关键的是《英雄》是不是好看、精彩，⋯·是不是吸引人，观众看后是不是会产生很大的反响，如果能够达至Ⅱ这个耳的，我就很喜欢、很满足了。oⅡ地oine％vefsionis：我就是想让它⋯·没有任何闷的感觉，一直吸引你，⋯-。ot1Iec拙Ieseve琏ionis：一部电影，过了几年再说起来，你的脑子里可能就是几秒钟的东西，它的故事、主题可能都忘了，能够记住的就是几秒钟的画面或者某个人物的样子，所以我们当时就有～个目标：在《英雄》这部电影里，能够有超过3处这样的点，能让观众几年后还能记住的点，这就行了。olhccMn∞evc巧ionis：《英雄》最初的目的就非常清楚一就是要打入西方电影市场，尤其是美国市场。可以说，《英雄》一开始就是为西方观众量身打造的。 tllefirSttllreedays_日BrD，叩eratedinaccordancewitllc0咖ercialprindplein也emarket，hasplayedtheovenureforChincse咖缸，1．IthasbecomealaIldmarkof血edcvelopmento懈mtowards_lIldustrialization幻mainlandChiIla-(李道新，447)。5．2ExpectationOftheaudien∞naditionaUy’Ameri啪viewersdon’tc缸esomucllabouttheplotofstor)r；theyjustwalltthefilmstobefIlnny弛dattradive．F研themwatchingfilmsisforfun．胁阳wasreleasedinAmericainAugust，2004during也e鲫mmerVacation，somostofitsaudieⅡce血ringthatperiodisHdsandyoungpeoplewh0enjoyimagcryinlpactratherthanth锄eor也e虹鲥ficanceof五lms．(支林飞，张大诺，2004)。neaudicnceof月erDexpectst11esubtitletobeinf0劢ative，illfornlatiVe蕾0rthemto111lderStandthecomplexplotdevelopmentofthestory，andatthes锄etimenottopreVentthem盘omproccssing锄denjoyingstoryelementitsc坞bec锄sewhat’sgoingoninothcrch锄els，forexample，theVisu矗image，thesounde盘毫ct，鼬c'alsOdemandstheirattcn矗vewatchiIlgandappreciatiOn．Botlltheexpectationofzh曲gⅥmou’s姐dtllatOfaudiencedete肌inethatthe瓢印∞oftranslatedsubtitlesin胁rDistoaidaudienceoVercomethedimcultiescausedbyChiⅡese1anguageaⅡditscIllturcunderttletechnicalconstraintsoftimeandspaccsotllattheycanundefstandwhatishap州mingwitlltheleaste￡EortandeⅡjoy也eothcrelements，e．g．theaction，thesccne，tbespeciale筇ccta11dthemusicasmuch踮possible．髓at’swhyin也cl娜slatedsubfinesOfm踢也el柚guageoftheTriscondseandtheculturalel锄entsareusuallyne百ectedsincetheyareneithcrtIle妣usofzhangYimou’silItentionnort呈leexpectationof也eaudience’s．5．3LindaJaivin，theslIbtitlerof日匆roIjndaJaivin，aIIA璐仃aliansill010西st，proVidedtheEn出ishsubtiuefor胁，D．Shelivedin尉wan幻m1977-1979，iIIHongKong舶m1979—1985，aIId协BeijiIlg肋m1985—1986alldspcaks锄dreadsfluentMaJldarin．Apanfrom日己，D，shesubtitledmany。lllcchille转ve体ionis：《英雄》以其完全符合商业规律的市场化运作手段，真正拉开了中国电影“大片”的序幕并成为中国内地电影-⋯产业化发展道路上的里程碑。。fhccMne卵vcIsionjs：美国人看电影，不在意故事。就是要热阉、好看，对他们来说，看电影就是玩而且暑期主要是小孩和年轻人．他们更是注重视觉冲击。 。山erimponaIltcllinesef!ilms，e．g．，肋，，如船D，曰e口删础d励r珐(天地英雄)directcdbyHePiIlgchenKaigc’s砀e西印8rDr口蒯f^e4跚鼯加(荆轲刺秦王)强dn厂g¨埠f，岣，o唧翻矗加P(霸王别姬)．Shenlinksagoodsubt赴1er，“soakedinwordsalldcIlltures”，shouldtr孤slate“lengthy，f船t，clllture-heavydialogIleintobriefbutP0tcⅡt锄deVocativelittle印i目砌s”withinnomorcthan“40chamctersperline”(JaiVin)．HermasterofChineseIallgllagea11dculturcaswell弱abund衄twOrkexpcIieⅡccgIIaranteedthatshecollldunderstalld柚dca】町outthetra皿slationbriefimposedbyitsinitiatorzll壮gYhnou，wllichguarantecdtlIesuccessof辄bti廿ing．HerinteIpretation卸dtlle圃硷p∞ofthesubtitledtranslationof上如r口determinetheshaDeofitssubtitles．5．4AnanalysisOfthest髓tegies吣edintmnslating口咖htheproccssofsub州etr狃slation，Ⅱlcsubtitlcrh踮todealwitlllinguisticandcultIlralelementsforviewefStounderstandwitllint11elimitedprocess主ngtimeandspacc．11lispanistoaⅡalyzehawhgllisticaIld饥lturalfactorsarctreatedtOful丘llthe鼬DpDsOftlIetr拙slatedsubtitlesof月奢加．5．4．1lingnis6cfact吣p塔proVedprcViously，immcdiate咖prehensibnityisaⅡapplicableprjncjplejnfilIllsubtitling．nenhowtoapplythispri玎ciple?Aswc】nlow，toalargeextent，vi。werS’Ieadingadivities缸ei丑nuencedbytheHnguistic卿lexityofsu％tlesinte珊sofsemaIltics龃dsyntax。Fawcettarglles，“M乱l【ingcomprehensiOn《awfittentext8lInoStillstantalleouswillproduce粤砒nmaticalandle)【icalstnlctIIreofgreatsimplidt，’(Fa【wcen，2000：72)．Fromhisremarks，itc壮beinfe】鹏dthatsubtinetmslatorsshould臼叮toselecttllesentcncestnlctllre趾dvocabul盯ywhicharcsimple，胁iliarandeaSytoprocesstoEn酉ishVicwcrs．nefoIlowingpartistoaIlalyzethetreatIIlentofsubtiⅡetrallslationof胁阳intlleaspectsOfsyntaxandsem蛆tics．5．4．1．1syntax1)Simpl墒ca廿蚰ofsyn臼LcticstrⅡctures31 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6．Conclusi∞11lispaperconducts柚analysis0fcmdalfactorsdete皿仰ng血eS地即j明dtbc伽alsllapcoffnmsubtiⅡesint嘴etcultllre如m也cperSpectiveof船即蚋∞，如．AnanalvsisismadewitllaumenIiccxamp】es‰translatcd轧lbtitlesofj珀，Dt0jllus仃atehow锄dwhytheemploymentofstIategjcSdealiⅡg谢thlingvjsticand叫dtumlfactorscanbe锄uencedbynsSk叩∞，Gen盯丑l也诬paperimendsto柚gwertheequesⅡo勰inthestudyofs让曲ktmsl8tion：LWhatisthenaturcofsubljnctf锄shli叽?2．Whode丘ncsme乳印∞alldlheshapeofsubtme妇nslation?3．WhatwmthesllbtiueⅡaⅡslaⅡonachievejnta玛ettext?Intemsof船删∞r避subtitlet砌slatillgisapu叩osefIllactivity'111crcgIllaT蕊DP∞ofsubtmcistopfovide，witllinlhecoIls廿ain协oftiIIleandspace，t11erel“antinf0珊ationconvcyingthcauthor’sintemioninthemostemcientway踊印舢doesnotmeaIlmatagoodtranslaⅡngmustbead印tedtothe伽嚣etculture冲utthattbestyleoftrans王8cjonisjustwhatthefcceiverneeds，Toful衄lthe鹃口p甜，thesub霉incrmtlsttranslater嚣pecl砸g也cla嘈etcⅡIturcwithpanicularstratcgydcpendingon∞chspccificc媳e，whiclIisthcapplic撕OnOf‘‘鼬Dp甜n娃e”，namedbyve珊ecr．nistheinten曲nofthedirectorasiDitiator柚dcxpectationofaudienceasTTreceiversthatdc位1etlIc矾印邮oItheprinc|plem蜘^ioneddb0Ve．Thesubti_【l珂astr蛐BlatoLwhoc洲esouttIansl埘叫bdefmadebydi删OLtogethcfwiththc敛pP∞offilmsubtiⅡetr她sl撕on，dete玎ninesthe6nalsha口eoftransl甜edstlbdtles．Asa臼ansl8t0‘也esubtillcrhastopf。se卯e山ccoberen∞ofcommuⅡica王i。nbcfweenaddrcssecsonscreen。andatⅡIesaⅢetiⅢetorelayacoherentdiscourse舶mscrceⅡwritortoⅢ鹤s肌dnoIsiⅡordert0acllieveintratextIlalcoherence．FideUtynllc(jntertextualcoh髓ence)interprcts血erelationshjpbe懈伽thesource柚dtargettexts．ncsourccisdfalog【lesilIafiIm柚dthctargcttcxtisⅡanslatedsubtiucs．neremustbecohcrencebetw℃锄TTa1IdsT’medegrceofwhichisdeIe皿iⅡedbyIhe跏posofrrLhnertexhlalcoherenceisc衄sideredsll_bordiⅡatetoh删extu“∞hefence，andbOtharesubordiⅡatet0th。s妞posnlle，whjchiⅡdjcatcst11atiIlfil|nsu州nB仃anSja6衄，sub0Idi越tet0the尉6叩邯九Ile，whjchiⅡdicatcstbatiII￡ilmsub石netranslati衄， acceptabilityisprioTto_fidelity．TheanalySisof月arDisconductcdtoinustratehowthe繇眵∞ofafilmcaⅡinnucncetlle缸alsh印eofsubtitles．111ispaper触alyzeszlIangYimou—thedirector’s弱sumptionofthe6lm，whicllgreatlyi棚uencedthesuWtles．neiIl仃oductionofthesubtitIef，nldaJaivill，ismadetoprovetllatherrichexp翻cnccsandhi曲bilingllalqualitygtlarantecdmefIllly蛐dcrS伽1djng0fthcdireclof’sinle埘0n，n锄elytram_Slationbrie￡Herperfo瑚锄cetogetherwithtlle鼬叩∞Of胁rDdete珈【li雎s也efinalfomofsubtitlesonscreeⅡ．Bycxmninjngthe协mslaledsubtitksofmro白omthetr髓tmentof1illguisticfactorsandcunllralfactors，theauthorofthispaper∞ncludesstrate百esemployed．Itisnote_wonhymatstrate酉esarcnotindependent丘omeachotller’珀t11er，tlleyareinter-woVeⅡ．111e衄derl吨p血ciplesofallthcsestrate百es缸e矗rstdeduction，whicllisduetomel血dtedspace姐daudi∞ccpmccssingc助ns，alldsecond，dOmesticatiOn，wim趾eyetothewidegapast0thesource蛆dta玛etlinguistic锄dculturaltraditions．neyint唧retthedhctor’sint训0nthat肫roshouldwinboxo伍ceratherthanaw缸ds；gainaPplause盘呲au‘liencerathermanfromcr王tics；impressaudiencewjthitsiⅡlage，actioⅡ姐dsounde讯斌ratllertllaIlw妯itsdialogue；attracttheViewerswiththestoryitselfrathcrtllantheth锄eanditsculture．Jud酉ng蛔Ⅱ扛aditionalperspcctiVes，tlleTTisfar6．omidcal，but，judgiIlg蜘mtheper印ec廿veof鼬叩∞曲eD，fe，tlleTTisadcquatelytr柚slatedsinceith猫ful丘lledits鼬叩Ds0fsubtitletranslationwitllitsgreatsuccessinboxo蚯ceinwestemma呔et，nisapitytllat，duetothel蛔itedresearchabilityandlangIlagesHllSoftlleauthor，thepressingtime孤d1ackofaccesstOmaterials，mistal【es曲dobsctlrityarellIlavoidableinthispaper．11lispaperanalyzestlle仃孤slationofchinesesubtitlesintoEn舀isllonesin6lmsf如mtheperspectiVeofS勋p∞f^∞r括．Itistlleauthor’ssiIlcerewishthatifpossible，inthefllturc，fIlnherresearchcaⅡbedoneoncomparativestIldyoⅡChinese-En甜ishtraIlslation趾dEn垂ish·Chillcse戗mslalionoffnmsubtmes． BibliogmphyBaker，Mona(ed．)．勘“妇船曲掣cfDp幽盯胁耵f4锄鼢硪甜【C】．sh卸911ai：shaIlgllaiFbrei印LangllageEducationPr髓s，2004．Balcer'Mona(cd．)．勘砒咖砌砂c却Pd妇巧开口^s缸砌n胁出甜【C】．bndon抽dNew№rk：Routle电e，19垒8．Carroll，M衅勋施加∥劬鲫砌g鼢n如胁，口r撕胁托P【DB／OL】．h逝Z妞盟!甄Q!g也地垃￡也§理匹§!圭§丝蚀垒璺：3＆垫亟!!塾地!cattr)rsse，P删ck．胁‰e胁＆mns肠幻丌?朋锄D如蛔删cDns泐诅砌凇【A】．Gambier，Y沁s&Golllieb，Henrik．胁缸拥耐妇开口船z口咖距?Cbnc印妈P胁cffc鸽口脚R部已口枷【q．Amstefd锄：JohnBenjaⅡliIlsPublishingcomp蛆y，2001．1—11．ceron，am．n耽m口嘶g舶6睹胁?聊D纠嘶妇zcDn嘲咖玎s姗d砌g扣肋胁砌n【A】．G锄bier'Yves&G0111ieb，Hcnril(．施黝孵黝妇乃翻幽如埠?＆珑c印氇A盘c妇强4ndR伽口脚【C】．AmsterdaIIl：JohnBcnj锄insPublishingC0mpany'2001．173．177．cintas，JorgeDi舵．跏如孵，Dr跏口脚加＆绷册g?胁e勘缸D，口GDDdD缸妇“eL泣【A】．G锄bier'hcs＆Golmcb，H锄ik．胁如拥删4mnsj口矗铡?c鲫c印趣P，口c比鸽彻d鼢阳础【q．Amstcrd锄：Joh王lBenj锄insPublisllingcomp锄y，2001．199．211．Fawcett，Peter．胁嬲坛f泐l觑崩P西口口拗已哪明．劢em忍s纫∞2000，6e2)。GeⅡtzler，Edwin．c拥f∽驴D厂口，)，m行咖如，l砌∞一部【M】．shan曲ai：sha咄aiForei印LanguagcEducationPress，2004．Gentzler，Edwin．锄把，即Dm，ymns缸砌，l强e口r泗【M】．LDndon：RouⅡedge，1993．GolIlieb，He甜ik．彳一g坛幽'卅占4ndn7肌6砒泌加口，l彳月g啦d勋rW[A】．Gambier，Yves&Golllieb'Henrik．胁‰硎口m，l幽如行?C鲫c印玛m础硒口蒯R∞en砌【c】Amsterd锄：JohnBenj锄jnsPublishingCc唧pally’2001．249—258．Gotcljcb，He血k．瓤6打砌g卅阼例踟姚坶砂D括c咖如e【A】．DollcruBCay＆L0ddegaard，AnⅡe．zh如￡ng开口嬲缸如超n咒d胁把翟理矗醒fq．Amsoerdam：JohnBenj锄insPublishingCompany，1992．161-170．帅Dhammadi，舢i．刀zeMFww口s腩已jbcnsD，5h6矗“螈．乃H恤胁口Mewgr-D—ent甜4印r。口c矗(DB／oL】．鱼±l坠：Z纽婴鳗Pi堕：塑堡舀鲤强a坦照g鲢壁鱼g：鱼地47 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