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1、英美文学批评Theory2PsychoanalysisPsychologicalcriticismPsychologicalcriticismdealswithaworkofliteratureprimarilyasanexpression,infictionalform,ofthestateofmindandthestructureofpersonalityoftheindividualauthor.PsychoanalysisSincethe1920s,averywidespreadformofpsychologicalliterarycriticismhascometob
2、epsychoanalyticcriticism,whosepremisesandprocedureswereestablishedbySigmundFreud(1856-1939).Freudhaddevelopedthedynamicformofpsychologythathecalledpsychoanalysisasameansofanalysisandtherapyforneuroses,butsoonexpandedittoaccountformanydevelopmentsandpracticesinthehistoryofcivilization,includi
3、ngwarfare,mythology,andreligion,aswellasliteratureandtheotherarts.Literatureandtheotherarts,likedreamsandneuroticsymptoms,consistoftheimagined,orfantasized,fulfillmentofwishesthatareeitherdeniedbyrealityorareprohibitedbythesocialstandardsofmoralityandpropriety.Theforbidden,mainlysexual("libi
4、dinal")wishescomeintoconflictwith,andarerepressedby,the"censor"(theinternalizedrepresentativewithineachindividualofthestandardsofsociety)intotheunconsciousrealmoftheartist'smind,butarepermittedbythecensortoachieveafantasiedsatisfactionindistortedformswhichservetodisguisetheirrealmotivesandob
5、jectsfromtheconsciousmind.ThedisguisedfantasiesthatareevidenttoconsciousnessarecalledbyFreudthe“manifest”contentofadreamorworkofliterature;theunconsciouswishesthatfindasemblanceofsatisfactioninthisdistortedformhecallsthe“latent”潜在的content.Freud’sTheoriesLikeiceberg,thehumanmindisstructuredso
6、thatitsgreatweightanddensityliebeneaththesurface(belowthelevelofconsciousness)ThefoundationofFreud’scontributiontomodernpsychologyishisemphasisontheunconsciousaspectsofthehumanpsyche.Freud’ssecondmajorpremiseisthatallhumanbehaviorismotivatedultimatelybywhatwewouldcallsexuality.ErnestJonespoi
7、ntsoutthatHamletasapsychoneuroticmaybetracedtothehero’sseverelyrepressedOedipalfeelings.TalkingcureFreud’sthirdpremiseisthatbecauseofthepowerfulsocialtaboosattachedtocertainsexualimpulses,manyofourdesiresandmemoriesarerepressed(thatis,activelyexclu
