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1、英美文学批评Theory2PsychoanalysisPsychologicalcriticismPsychologicalcriticismdealswithaworkofliteratureprimarilyasanexpression,infictionalform,ofthestateofmindandthestructureofpersonalityoftheindividualauthor.PsychoanalysisSincethe1920s,averywidespreadformofpsychologicalliterarycriticis
2、mhascometobepsychoanalyticcriticism,whosepremisesandprocedureswereestablishedbySigmundFreud(1856-1939).Freudhaddevelopedthedynamicformofpsychologythathecalledpsychoanalysisasameansofanalysisandtherapyforneuroses,butsoonexpandedittoaccountformanydevelopmentsandpracticesinthehistory
3、ofcivilization,includingwarfare,mythology,andreligion,aswellasliteratureandtheotherarts.Literatureandtheotherarts,likedreamsandneuroticsymptoms,consistoftheimagined,orfantasized,fulfillmentofwishesthatareeitherdeniedbyrealityorareprohibitedbythesocialstandardsofmoralityandpropriet
4、y.Theforbidden,mainlysexual("libidinal")wishescomeintoconflictwith,andarerepressedby,the"censor"(theinternalizedrepresentativewithineachindividualofthestandardsofsociety)intotheunconsciousrealmoftheartist'smind,butarepermittedbythecensortoachieveafantasiedsatisfactionindistortedfo
5、rmswhichservetodisguisetheirrealmotivesandobjectsfromtheconsciousmind.ThedisguisedfantasiesthatareevidenttoconsciousnessarecalledbyFreudthe“manifest”contentofadreamorworkofliterature;theunconsciouswishesthatfindasemblanceofsatisfactioninthisdistortedformhecallsthe“latent”潜在的conten
6、t.Freud’sTheoriesLikeiceberg,thehumanmindisstructuredsothatitsgreatweightanddensityliebeneaththesurface(belowthelevelofconsciousness)ThefoundationofFreud’scontributiontomodernpsychologyishisemphasisontheunconsciousaspectsofthehumanpsyche.Freud’ssecondmajorpremiseisthatallhumanbeha
7、viorismotivatedultimatelybywhatwewouldcallsexuality.ErnestJonespointsoutthatHamletasapsychoneuroticmaybetracedtothehero’sseverelyrepressedOedipalfeelings.TalkingcureFreud’sthirdpremiseisthatbecauseofthepowerfulsocialtaboosattachedtocertainsexualimpulses,manyofourdesiresandmemories
8、arerepressed(thatis,activelyexclu