武汉大学2011年考博英语真题.pdf

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武汉大学2011年博士研究生入学考试题考试科目：英语PartIReadingComprehension(2*20=40%)Directions:Inthispartofthetest,therewillbe5passagesforyoutoread.Eachpassageisfollowedby4questionsorunfinishedstatements,andeachquestionorunfinishedstatementisfollowedbyfourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.YouaretodecideonthebestchoicebyblackeningthecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEETPassageOneWallsandwallbuildinghaveplayedaveryimportantroleinChineseculture.Thesepeople,fromthedimmistsofprehistoryhavebeenwall-conscious;fromtheNeolithicperiod—whenrampartsofpoundedearthwereused—totheCommunistRevolution,wallswereanessentialpartofanyvillage.Notonlytownsandvillages,thehousesandthetempleswithinthemweresomehowwalled,andthehousesalsohadnowindowsoverlookingthestreet,thusgivingthefeelingofwanderingaroundahugemaze.Thenamefor"city"inChinesemeanswall,andoverthesewalledcities,villages,housesandtemplespresidesthegodofwallsandmounts,whosedutieswere,andstillare,toprotectandberesponsibleforthewelfareoftheinhabitants.Thusagreatandextremelylaborioustasksuchasconstructingawall,whichwassupposedtorunthroughoutthecountry,mustnothaveseemedsuchanabsurdity.However,itisindeedacommonmistaketoperceivetheGreatWallasasinglearchitecturalstructure,anditwouldalsobeerroneoustoassumethatitwasbuiltduringasingledynasty.Forthebuildingofthewallspannedthevariousdynasties,andeachofthesedynastiessomehowcontributedtotherefurbishingandtheconstructionofawall,whosefoundationshadbeenlaidmanycenturiesago.Itwas duringthefourthandthirdcenturyB.C.thateachwarringstatestartedbuildingwallstoprotecttheirkingdoms,bothagainstoneanotherandagainstthenorthernnomads.Especiallythreeofthesestates:theQin,theZhaoandtheYan,correspondingrespectivelytothemodernprovincesofShanxi,ShanxiandHebei,overandabovebuildingwallsthatsurroundedtheirkingdoms,alsolaidthefoundationsonwhichQinShihHuangDiwouldbuildhisfirstcontinuousGreatWall.TherolethattheGreatWallplayedinthegrowthofChineseeconomywasanimportantone.Throughoutthecenturiesmanysettlementswereestablishedalongthenewborder.Thegarrisontroopswereinstructedtoreclaimwastelandandtoplantcropsonit,roadsandcanalswerebuilt,tomentionjustafewoftheworkscarriedout.Alltheseundertakingsgreatlyhelpedtoincreasethecountry'stradeandculturalexchangeswithmanyremoteareasandalsowiththesouthern,centralandwesternpartsofAsia—theformationoftheSilkRoute.Builders,garrisons,artisans,farmersandpeasantsleftbehindatrailofobjects,includinginscribedtablets,householdarticles,andwrittenwork,whichhavebecomeextremelyvaluablearchaeologicalevidencetothestudyofdefenseinstitutionsoftheGreatWallandtheeverydaylifeofthesepeoplewholivedanddiedalongthewall.1.Chinesecitiesresembledamazebecause_____A.theyweredesignedtoprotecttheirkingdomsB.thehouseshavenoexternalwindowsC.thenameforcitiesmeans"wall"D.wallshavealwaysbeenimportantthere2.ConstructingawallthatranthelengthofthecountryA.honoredthegodofwallsandmountsB.wasanabsurdlylaborioustaskC.mayhavemadesensewithinChinesecultureD.madethecountrylooklikeahugemaze3.TheGreatWallofChina_______ A.usedexistingfoundationsB.wasbuiltinasingledynastyC.wasbuiltbytheQin,theZhaoandtheYanD.wasrefurbishedinthefourthandthirdcenturiesB.C.4.Cropswereplanted_______A.onwastelandB.toreclaimwastelandC.onreclaimedwastelandD.alongthecanalsPassageTwoAwardedtheNobelPrizeforphysicsin1918,GermanphysicistMaxPlanckisbestrememberedastheoriginatorofthequantumtheory.Hisworkhelpedusherinaneweraintheoreticalphysicsandrevolutionizedthescientificcommunity'sunderstandingofatomicandsubatomicprocesses.Planckintroducedanideathatledtothequantumtheory,whichbecamethefoundationof20thcenturyphysics.InDecember1900,Planckworkedoutanequationthatdescribedthedistributionofradiationaccuratelyovertherangeoflowtohighfrequencies.Hehaddevelopedatheorywhichdependedonamodelofmatterthatseemedverystrangeatthetime.Themodelrequiredtheemissionofelectromagneticradiationinsmallchunksorparticles.Theseparticleswerelatercalledquantums.Theenergyassociatedwitheachquantumismeasuredbymultiplyingthefrequencyoftheradiation,v,byauniversalconstant,h.Thus,energy,orE,equalshv.Theconstant,h,isknownasPlanck'sconstant.Itisnowrecognizedasoneofthefundamentalconstantsoftheworld.Planckannouncedhisfindingsin1900,butitwasyearsbeforethefullconsequencesofhisrevolutionaryquantumtheorywererecognized.Throughouthislife,Planckmadesignificantcontributionstooptics,thermodynamicsandstatisticalmechanics,physicalchemistry,andotherfields.In1930hewaselectedpresidentoftheKaiserWilhelmSociety,whichwasrenamedtheMaxPlanckSocietyafterWorldWarII.ThoughdeeplyopposedtothefascistregimeofAdolfHitler,PlanckremainedinGermanythroughoutthewar.HediedinGottingenonOctober4,1947. 5.InwhichofthefollowingfieldsdidMaxPlanckNOTmakeasignificantcontribution?A.OpticsB.ThermodynamicsC.StatisticalmechanicsD.Biology6.Theword"revolutionary,"whichisunderlinedinthepassage,means_A.dangerousB.extremistC.momentousD.militarist7.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatPlanck'sworkledtothedevelopmentofwhichofthefollowing?A.TherocketB.TheatomicbombC.TheinternalcombustionengineD.Thecomputer8.Theimplicationinthispassageisthat_____A.onlyaGermanphysicistcoulddiscoversuchatheoryB.quantumtheory,whichledtothedevelopmentof20thcenturyphysics,isbasicallyamathematicalformulaC.Planck'sconstantwasnotdiscerniblebefore1900D.radiationwashardtostudyPassageThreeObesitygenerallyisdefinedasanaccumulationoffat(adiposetissue)beyondwhatisconsiderednormalforaperson'sage,sex,andbodytype.Intoday'ssocietyobesityisconsideredadisease,notamoralfailing.Itoccurswhenenergyintakeexceedstheamountofenergyexpendedovertime.Onlyinasmallminorityofcasesisobesitycausedbysuchillnessesashypothyroidism,ortheresultoftakingmedications,suchassteroids,thatcancauseweightgain.Themoreapersonweighs,themorebloodvesselsthebodyneedstocirculatebloodthroughoutthebody.Thehearttakesonaheavyburdenasithastopumphardertoforcethebloodflowthroughsomanyvessels.Asaresult,theheartgrowsinsizeandbloodpressuretendstorise.Obesityisalsoafactorin osteoarthritis(becauseoftheextraweightplacedonthejoints),gout,boneandjointdiseases(includingrupturedintervertebraldiscs),varicoseveins,respiratoryailments,andgallbladderdisease,complicationsduringpregnancyanddelivery,andhigheraccidentaldeathrate.本资料由博宸考博英语辅导收集并整理编辑，更多系统化的考博英语辅导资料或服务请百度搜索博宸考博。博宸专业化的运营团队将为您制定切合自身特点的个性化复习方案Obesitycanalterhormonelevels,affectimmunefunction,andcauseimpotenceinmenandreproductiveproblemsinwomen.Womenwhoare30%overweightaretwiceaslikelytodieofendometrialcancer,andthosewhoare40%overweighthavefourtimestherisk.Obesewomenalsoaremorelikelytoincurcancersofthebreast,cervix,ovaries,andgallbladder.Obesemenaremorelikelytodevelopcancersoftherectum,colon,esophagus,bladder,pancreas,stomach,andprostate.Obesitycanalsocausepsychologicalproblems.Sufferersareassociatedwithlaziness,failure,orinadequatewillpower.Asaresult,overweightmenandwomenblamethemselvesforbeingheavy,thuscausingfeelingsofguiltanddepression.ScientificevidencehasfoundanassociationbetweenBMI(body-massindex)andhigherdeathrates.However,therelativeriskofbeingheavydeclineswithage.Someresearchershavefoundthatdatalinkingoverweightanddeathareinconclusive,whileotherresearchershavefoundthatlosingweightmayberiskierthandangersposedbyextrapounds.Someresearcherscounterthatoverweightindirectlycontributestoover300,000deathsayear.ApollbyShapeUpAmericafoundthat78%ofoverweightorobeseadultshaveabandoneddietingasameansoflosingweight.Dietsdonotteachpeoplehowtoeatproperly.Theymerelyrestrictfoodintaketemporarily,sowhenthedietends,weightgainresumes.9.Themainideaofthispassageis______A.obesitycanleadtomanyserioushealthproblemsB.obesityisconsideredtobeadiseaseC.obesitycanteachpeopledieting D.obesityputsaburdenontheheart10.Accordingtothepassage,________A.medicationssuchassteroidsareoftenrelatedtoobesityB.obesitydoesnotaffectaperson'schancesofgettingcancerC.adiagnosisofobesityisbasedonanormalweightforone'sageandsexD.obesityisbecominglessofaproblemintoday'ssociety11.Accordingtothepassage,whydoesdietingnotresultinpermanentweightloss?A.Dietscausefeelingsofdeprivation.B.Therearetoomanydietsandeachhasdifferentrequirements.C.Dietsleadtoguiltanddepression.D.Dietsdon'tteachpeoplegoodeatinghabits.12.Whatdoestheunderlinedsentencefromthefifthparagraphsuggestaboutobesity?A.Losingalotofweightisnotwiseforolderpersons.B.Stomachstaplingandothersurgicalmethodsforweightlossaresuperiortodieting.C.Allobesepeopleneedtoshedtheirextrapounds.D.Obesepeopleshouldconsulttheirdoctorsabouttheprosandconsoflosingweight.PassageFourElaine,Justin'smom,hadsetdownthehouseruleswithself-confidentassurance.Onlythemostobtusepersonwouldhavefailedtounderstand:notattoos,nobodypiercingsandnoco-edsleepoverswhilelivinginthehouseofElaineTuckerBrown.Still,thedayJustinturned18,heliedtohismotheraboutwherehewasgoingandheadedstraighttothetattooparlor,asifimpervioustohismother'swrath.Hegotalightblueheartthesizeofanorangepermanentlyetchedonhisarm.Abovethisworkofartwastheword,"Blessed."No,Justinwasnotstupid,buthewasobstinate.Elainesawthisasanactofsheerdefiance.Shewasincensed,herangerexacerbated bythefactthatJustinhadbreezedintothehouse,foundherinthekitchen,takenoffhisshirtwithasmileandsaid,"Gotit!""No,Justin.Letmetellyouwhatyou'vegot,"Elainesaidangrily."You'vegotfiveminutestogoupstairsandpackabag.I'mtakingyoutoPop-Pops."TheridetoPop-Pop'shousewaschilly,tosaytheleast.ElaineberatedJustinforeverythingshecouldthinkof,whichwasn'tmuchbecausehewasastraightAseniorwithafullacademicscholarshiptohistopcollegepick.Hehadakindheartandstartedafoundationintheninthgrade,whichdonatedusedsportingequipmenttounderprivilegedkidsinSouthAfrica.Elainepulleduptoherfather'sdoorandorderedJustinout.Not10minuteslater,hercellphonerang."Elaine,haveyoulostit?Youarekickingaboyasgoodashimoutthehouseforatattoo—thatsays'Blessed'noless?"herfatherasked,incredulous."Youwillmisshimsomuch.Don'tcutoffyournosetospiteyourface,Elaine.Comepickthisyoungmanup."Elaine,havinggrownupobeyingmostofherparents'demands,turnedhercararoundandwentbacktopickupherson.Justinwassurprisinglycontrite."Sorryforbeingsodisrespectful,Mont,"hesaidearnestly."Iwilltrytofollowhouserulesfromnowon.13.Whattitlewouldbestfitthispassage?A."HouseRules"B."VisitingPop-Pop"C."StraightA's"D."BodyPiercings"14.WhatwasJustin'sattitudewhenheshowedhismotherthetattoo?A.cautiouslyjubilantB.willfullydefiantC.convincinglycontriteD.noticeablymelodramatic15.WhichofthefollowingdetailsdoesnotmakethereadersympathetictoJustin?A.Heisdescribedasobstinate.B.Heisportrayedaskind-hearted.C.Heisdescribedasastraightstudent.D.Heisdescribedasreceivingafullscholarshiptocollege.16.Whichofthefollowingisthebestinterpretationoftheunderlinedidiominthe paragraph?A.Callingsomethingbadthatisnot.B.Tryingtoteachsomethingtoodifficult.C.Lovingapersonlessforwhathehasdone.D.Pursuingrevengeandhurtingyourselfintheprocess.PassageFiveCoca-Cola,whichsold10billioncasesofsoftdrinksin1992,nowfindsitselfasking,wherewillsalesofthenext10billioncasescomefrom?Theanswerliesoverseas,whereincomelevelsandappetitesforWesternproductsareatanalltimehigh.Often,thecompanythatgetsintoaforeignmarketearliestdominatesthatcountry'smarket.CokepatriarchRobertWoodruffrealizedthisandunleashedabrilliantploytomakeCoketheearlybirdinmanyofthemajorforeignmarkets.AttheheightofWorldWarII,Woodruffproclaimed,"WhereverAmericanboyswerefighting,they'dbeabletogetaCoke."BythetimePepsitriedtomakeitsfirstinternationalpitchinthe1950s,Cokehadestablisheditsbrandnamealongwithapowerfuldistributionnetwork.Duringthelast40years,manynewmarketshaveemerged.Inordertotapintotheseopportunities,bothCokeandPepsihaveattemptedtofindwaystocutthroughtheredtapethatthwartstheireffortstoconductbusinessinthesenewregions.Onekeymaneuverinthesodawarsoccurredin1972,whenPepsisignedanagreementwiththeSovietUnionthatmadeitthefirstWesternproducttobesoldtoconsumersinRussia.ThislandmarkagreementgavePepsitheupperhand.Atpresent,Pepsihas23plantsintheformerSovietUnionandistheleaderinthesoft-drinkindustryinRussia.ItoutsellsCoca-Colabyaratioof6to1andisseenthereasalocalbrand,similartoCoke'shomegrownreputationinJapan.However,Pepsihasalsoencounteredsomeobstacles.AnexpectedincreaseinbrandloyaltyforPepsisubsequenttoitsadvertisingblitzinRussiahasnotmaterialized,eventhoughPepsiproducedcommercialstailoredtotheRussianmarketandsponsoredtelevisedconcerts.SomeanalystsbelievethatPepsi'sdominationoftheRussianmarkethas moretodowithpricing.WhilePepsisellsfor250Rubles(about25cents)abottle,Coca-Colasellsfor450Rubles.Likewise,Pepsisellstheir2litereconomybottlefor1,300Rubles,whileCoca-Cola's1.5litersismarketedat1,800'babies.Ontheotherhand,Coca-ColaonlymadeitsfirstinroadsintoRussia2yearsago.What'smore,althoughCoca-Cola'sbottleandlabelgiveitahigh-classimage,RussiansdonotperceiveCoca-ColaasapremiumbrandintheRussianmarket.Consequently,ithassofarbeenunabletocaptureamarketshare.17.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowinghavebeenusedtoattractcustomerstobuyoneofthetwobrandsofsoftdrinkmentionedinthepassageEXCEPTA.offeringsoftdrinksforalimitedtimeatspeciallyreducedpricesB.beingthefirstcountrytoenteraforeignmarketC.designingabottleandlabeltocreateahigh-classimageD.staginganadvertisingblitzincludingcommercialstailoredtothelocalmarket18.ThepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingabouttheRussiansoftdrinkmarket?A.PriceisanunimportantfactorintheRussiansoftdrinkmarket.B.Russianconsumersaremorelikelytopurchaseinternationalsoftdrinks.C.TheRussiansoftdrinkmarketissaturatedwithlocalbrands.D.Twolitereconomybottlesaremoremarketablethanoneandahalflitereconomybottles,ifsoldatalowerprice.19.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto_____________A.reviewthemarketinghistoryoftwosoftdrinkgiantsB.contrasttwodifferentapproachestomarketingsoftdrinksintheglobalmarketC.refutethetraditionalexplanationforPepsi'ssuccessintheRussiansoftdrinkmarketD.comparehowwelltwosoftdrinkcompanieshavesucceededinanewforeignmarket20.Thebestdefinitionof"materialized"whichisunderlinedinthepassageshouldbe A.matteredB.happenedC.fulfilledD.marketedPartIIEnglish-ChineseTranslation(5X4=20%)Directions:Readthefollowingpassage,andthentranslatetheunderlinedparts,numberedfrom(I)to(I),fromEnglishintoChinese.PleasewriteyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETManychangesaretakingplaceinAmericans'foodstyles.(l)TheUnitedStatesistraditionallyfamousforitsverysolidandunchangingdietofmeatandpotatoes.Nowwehavemanydifferentalternativestochoosefrom:variousethnicfoods,nutrition-balancedhealthfood,andconvenientanddeliciousfastfood,inadditiontothetraditionalhome-cookedmeal.EthnicrestaurantsarecommonplaceintheUnitedStates.BecausetheUnitedStatesisacountryofimmigrants,thereisanimmensevarietyinitscateringcultures.AnylargeAmericancityisfilledwithrestaurantsservinginternationalcooking.(2)Healthfoodgainedpopularitywhenpeoplebegantothinkmoreseriouslyabouttheirphysicalwell-being.Theveryterm"healthfood"isironicbecauseitimpliesthatthereisalso"unhealthy"food.Healthfoodincludesnaturalfoodwithminimalprocessing,i.e.,therearenopreservativestohelpitlastlongerorotherchemicalstomakeittasteorlookbetter.(3)Mosthealthfoodenthusiastsarevegetarians:Theyeatnomeat:theyprefertogettheiressentialproteinsfromothersources,suchasbeans,cheese,andeggs.Fast-foodrestaurantscanbeseenalloverthecountry.SpeedisaveryimportantfactorinthelifeofanAmerican.Peopleusuallyhaveaveryshortlunchbreakortheyjustdonotwanttowastetheirtimeeating.Andthefoodinfast-foodrestaurantsisalwayscheap.Americans'attitudetowardfoodischanging,too.Thetraditionalbigbreakfastislosingpopularity.Peoplearerediscoveringthesocialimportanceoffood.⑷Dinner withfamilyorfriendsisagainbecomingaveryspecialwayofenjoyingandsharing.Likesomanypeopleinothercultures,manyAmericansaretakingtimetorelaxandenjoythefinertastesatdinner,eveniftheystillrushthroughlunchatahamburgerstand.PartIIIChinese-EnglishTranslation(20%)Directions:TranslatethefollowingparagraphfromChineseintoEnglish.PleasewriteyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET本资料由博宸考博英语辅导收集并整理编辑，更多系统化的考博英语辅导资料或服务请百度搜索博宸考博，本校所有历年试题及强化解析请查看网站。博宸教育公司专业化的运营团队将为您制定切合自身特点的个性化复习方案。20世纪，人类创造的物质文明和精神财富，超过了以往任何一个时代。令人遗憾的是，人类在这100年中也经历了前所未有的苦难，特别是遭受了两次世界大战的浩劫。但是世界的历史从来是由世界人民创造和书写的，因而正义总会战胜邪恶，光明总会战胜黑暗，进步总会战胜落后，人类必然会不断地克服艰难险阻，向着美好的未来开拓前进。在21世纪，世界人民虽然仍面临着许多严峻的挑战，可人类也面临着巨大的发展机遇。只要世界人民同心协力，形成战胜一切挑战的巨大力量，人类文明进步的航船就必将乘风破浪地前进。世界是丰富多彩的。各国人民走过了不同的历史发展道路，有着不同的文化背景、社会制度和价值观念，延续着不同的生活方式。这种多样性正是世界充满竞赛、活力和创新的根本原因。各国之间应该加强交流和了解，在相互尊重和平等相待的基础上共同前进，而不应让这种多样性成为阻碍各国人民携手共进的隔阂，更不应人为地从中挑起对立和冲突。尊重和发展世界文明的多样性，并在这种多样性中找到共同利益之所在，是人类社会向前发展的伟大动力。PartIVShortEssayWriting(20%)Directions:Moreandmorepeoplenowbelievethatthepurposeofuniversityeducationistoactivateacreativemind.Doyouacceptthisidea?Youarerequiredtomakecommentson‘thisideainabout200words.Don’tforgettogiveatitletoyourcomments.PleasewriteyourshortessayontheANSWERSHEET.